Beşerî Sermaye Göstergeleri, İşgücü Verimliliği ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Dinamik Etkileşimler: Almanya İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz

Öz

Ekonomik büyüme, Ar-Ge harcamaları, sağlık harcamaları ve işgücü verimliliği arasındaki etkileşim, sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve politika tasarımı açısından önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışma, 1996-2022 dönemine ait yıllık verilerle Almanya ekonomisinde değişkenler arasındaki ilişkileri zaman serisi yöntemleriyle incelemektedir. ARDL sınır testi, uzun dönemde işgücü verimliliğinin ekonomik büyümeyi pozitif ve anlamlı biçimde etkilediğini göstermektedir. Kısa dönemde Ar-Ge harcamalarının etkisi pozitif, sağlık harcamalarının etkisi negatiftir. FMOLS ve CCR sonuçları, Ar-Ge harcamaları ile işgücü verimliliğinin ekonomik büyümeyi pozitif ve anlamlı etkilediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Toda-Yamamoto testi tüm değişkenler arasında çift yönlü nedensellik belirlerken, Hatemi-J testi ekonomik büyümenin pozitif şoklarından Ar-Ge, sağlık harcamaları ve işgücü verimliliğine; sağlık harcamalarından ise ekonomik büyümeye doğru nedensellik bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışma, değişkenleri bütüncül biçimde ele alması ve farklı ekonometrik yöntemleri kullanmasıyla literatüre katkı sunmaktadır. Bulgular, Ar-Ge yatırımlarının artırılması, verimlilik politikalarının geliştirilmesi ve sağlık harcamalarının büyümeyi destekleyecek biçimde etkinleştirilmesi gerektiğine işaret etmektedir. Çalışma, yenilik, sağlık ve verimlilik politikalarının eşgüdümlü yürütülmesinin önemini Almanya özelinde vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Almanya
• Ekonomik Büyüme
• Ar-Ge Harcamaları
• Sağlık Harcamaları
• İşgücü Verimliliği

Etik Beyan

Yazarlar, bu çalışmanın özgün olduğunu ve bilimsel araştırma ve yayın etiği ilkelerine uygun olarak hazırlandığını beyan ederler.

Dynamic interactions between human capital indicators, labor productivity and economic growth: An empirical analysis for Germany

Öz

The interaction between economic growth, R&D expenditures, healthcare expenditures, and labor productivity is crucial for sustainable development and policy design. This study examines the relationships between variables in the German economy using time series methods with annual data from 1996-2022. The ARDL bounds test shows that in the long run, labor productivity positively and significantly affects economic growth. In the short run, the effect of R&D expenditures is positive, while the effect of healthcare expenditures is negative. FMOLS and CCR results reveal that both R&D expenditures and labor productivity positively and significantly affect economic growth. The Toda-Yamamoto test identifies bidirectional causality among all variables, while the Hatemi-J test shows causality from positive shocks to economic growth to R&D, healthcare expenditures, and labor productivity; and from healthcare expenditures to economic growth. The study contributes to the literature by addressing the variables holistically and using different econometric methods. The findings indicate the need to increase R&D investments, improve productivity policies, and make healthcare expenditures more effective in supporting growth. The study highlights, specifically in the context of Germany, the importance of coordinating policies on employment, innovation, health, and productivity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Germany
• Economic Growth
• R&D Expenditure
• Healthcare Expenditure
• Labour Productivity

Etik Beyan

The author declares that this study has been prepared in accordance with the principles of research and publication ethics.

Kaynakça

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