Temalı Parklarda Aşırı Kalabalıklaşmanın Deneyimsel Sonuçları

Yıl 2022, , 196 - 210, 25.08.2022

Hümeyra Doğru Daştan , Burcu Selin Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.24010/soid.1079069

Öz

Ulaşım ve iletişim teknolojilerindeki hızlı gelişmelerin etkisiyle artan turizm hareketliliğinin bir sonucu olan aşırı kalabalıklaşma temalı parklar açısından ziyaretçi deneyimini olumsuz etkileyen önemli bir sorun olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışma, nitel araştırma yöntemi uygulanarak kalabalığın temalı park ziyaretleri bağlamındaki sonuçlarını bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Veriler, görüşme tekniği türlerinden yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği ile elde edilmiştir. Florida’daki temalı parkları ziyaret eden 35 katılımcıdan elde edilen veriler NVivo programı yardımıyla içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Aşırı kalabalıklaşmanın temalı park ziyaretleri bağlamındaki sonuçları deneyimsel sonuçlar, güvenlik ve emniyetle ilgili sonuçlar, sosyal sonuçlar ve hareketlilik ve yetenekle ilgili sonuçlar olmak üzere dört ana tema altında toplanmaktadır. Araştırma, temalı parklarda kalabalıklaşmanın deneyime etkisini bütüncül olarak ele alan ilk nitel araştırma olarak önemli teorik katkılar sunarken, sektör temsilcileri için de uygulamaya yönelik öneriler içermektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aşırı kalabalıklaşma, Kalabalık algısı, Temalı parklar, Ziyaretçi deneyimi, Sosyal sürdürülebilirlik

Destekleyen Kurum

Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK)

Proje Numarası

1059B141801030

Teşekkür

Bu makale, TÜBİTAK 2214-A Yurt Dışı Doktora Sırası Araştırma Burs Programı (Proje numarası: 1059B141801030) kapsamında desteklenen ve araştırması Florida Üniversitesi’nde gerçekleştirilen doktora tezinden üretilmiştir. Desteklerinden dolayı TÜBİTAK’a teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

Experiential Consequences of Overcrowding in Theme Parks

Öz

As a result of increased international tourism arrivals stemmed from rapid improvements in transportation and communication technologies, overcrowding has been one of the most important issues affecting visitor satisfaction for theme parks. This study aims to explore the outcomes of overcrowding in the scope of theme parks with a holistic view by adopting qualitative method. Data was gathered with semi-structured interviews from 35 participants who visited theme parks located in Florida. Data was subjected to content analysis with NVivo software. The outcomes of overcrowding in theme park settings were categorized under four themes – namely, experiential outcomes, safety-related outcomes, social outcomes and capability-related outcomes. The study provides theoretical contributions since it is the first qualitative study examining the effect of overcrowding on theme park experience holistically and offers practical suggestions for sector representatives.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Overcrowding, Perceived crowding, Theme parks, Visitor experience, Social sustainability

Proje Numarası

1059B141801030

Kaynakça

• Andereck, K. L., ve Becker, R. H. (1993), ‘Perceptions of Carry‐Over Crowding in Recreation Environments’ Leisure Sciences, 15(1), ss. 25-35.
• Baum, A. ve Paulus, P. B. (1987), ‘Crowding’ İçinde D. Stokols ve I. Altman (Editörler), Handbook of Environmental Psychology, ss. 533–570, New York: Wiley.
• Bajada, T. ve Titheridge, H. (2017), ‘The attitudes of tourists towards a bus service: implications for policy from a Maltese case study’ Transportation research procedia, 25, ss. 4110-4129.
• Brehm, J. W. (1966), A Theory of Psychological Reactance, 1. Baskı, New York, NY:Academic.
• Brown, A., Kappes, J. ve Marks, J. (2013), ‘Mitigating theme park crowding with incentives and information on mobile devices’ Journal of Travel Research, 52(4), ss. 426-436.
• Creswell J. W. (2013), Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design Choosing Among Five Approaches, 4. Baskı, Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications.
• Eder, R. ve Arnberger, A. (2012), ‘The Influence of Place Attachment and Experience Use History on Perceived Depreciative Visitor Behavior and Crowding in an Urban National Park’ Environmental Management, 50(4), ss. 566-580.
• Emang, D., Lundhede, T. H. ve Thorsen, B. J. (2020), ‘The Role of Divers’ Experience for Their Valuation of Diving Site Conservation: The Case of Sipadan, Borneo’ Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 32(1), ss. 1-12.
• Flint, D. J., Woodruff, R. B. ve Gardial, S. F. (2002), ‘Exploring the Phenomenon of Customers' Desired Value Change in A Business-To-Business Context’ Journal of marketing, 66(4), ss. 102-117.
• Goodwin, H. (2017), ‘The Challenge of Overtourism. Responsible tourism partnership working paper’ http://haroldgoodwin.info/pubs/RTP'WP4Overtourism01'2017.pdf (23.01.2022).
• Hayllar, B. ve Griffin, T. (2005), ‘The Precinct Experience: A Phenomenological Approach’ Tourism Management, 26(4), ss. 517-528.
• Hui, M. K. ve Bateson, J. E. (1990), ‘Testing a Theory of Crowding in the Service Environment’ İçinde M. E. Goldberg, G. Gorn, ve R. W. Pollay (Editörler), Advances in Consumer Research, ss. 866-873, Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research.
• Jin, Q., Hu, H. ve Kavan, P. (2016), ‘Factors Influencing Perceived Crowding of Tourists and Sustainable Tourism Destination Management’ Sustainability, 8(10), ss. 976-993.
• Johnson, A. K. ve Dawson, C. P. (2004), ‘An Exploratory Study of the Complexities of Coping Behaviour in Adirondack Wilderness’ Leisure Sciences, 26(3), ss. 281-293.
• Lee, H. ve Graefe, A. R. (2003), ‘Crowding at an Arts Festival: Extending Crowding Models to the Frontcountry’ Tourism Management, 24(1), ss. 1-11.
• Lincoln, Y. S. ve Guba, E. G. (1985), Naturalistic Inquiry, Beverly Hills: Sage Yayınları.
• Manning, R. E. (1999), Studies in Outdoor Recreation: Search and Research for Satisfaction, 1. Baskı, Oregon: Oregon State University Press.
• Martin, H. (2017), ‘Too Many tourists: Crowding is a Big Headache at National Parks and Theme Parks’, www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-overtourism-20171028-story.html (24.01.2022).
• McKinsey ve Company (2017), ‘Coping with Success: Managing Overcrowding in Tourist Destinations. World Travel and Tourism Council, New York’, www.mckinsey.com/industries/travel-transport-and-logistics/our-insights/coping-with-success-managing-overcrowding-in-tourism-destinations (23.01.2022).
• Milano, C. (2018), ‘Overtourism, malestar social y turismofobia.Un debate controvertido’ Paso Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 16(1), ss. 551-534.
• Milman, A., Tasci, A. D. ve Wei, W. (2020), ‘Crowded and popular: The two sides of the coin affecting theme-park experience, satisfaction, and loyalty’ Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 18, ss. 1-15.
• Morgan, D. J. ve Lok, L. (2000), ‘Assessment of a comfort indicator for natural tourist attractions: The case of visitors to Hanging Rock, Victoria’ Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(5), ss. 393-409.
• Mowen, A. J., Vogelsong, H. G. ve Graefe, A. R. (2003), ‘Perceived Crowding and Its Relationship to Crowd Management Practices at Park and Recreation Events’ Event Management, 8(2), ss. 63-72.
• Moyle, B. ve Croy, G. (2007), ‘Crowding and Visitor Satisfaction during the Off-season: Port Campbell National Park’ Annals of Leisure Research, 10(3-4), ss.518-531.
• Neal, D. M. (1993), ‘A Further Examination of Anonymity, Contagion, and Deindividuation in Crowd and Collective Behavior’ Sociological Focus, 26(2), ss.93–107.
• Neuts, B. ve Nijkamp, P. (2012), ‘Tourist Crowding Perception and Acceptability in Cities: An Applied Modelling Study on Bruges’ Annals of Tourism Research, 39(4), ss. 2133-2153.
• Patton, M. Q. (2002), Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods, 3. Baskı, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
• Popp, M. (2012), ‘Positive and negative urban tourist crowding: Florence, Italy’ Tourism Geographies, 14(1), ss. 50-72.
• Rapoport, A. (1975), ‘Toward a Redefinition of Density’ Environment and Behavior, 7(2), ss. 133-158.
• Rupf, R., Haegeli, P., Karlen, B. ve Wyttenbach, M. (2019), ‘Does Perceived Crowding Cause Winter Backcountry Recreationists to Displace?’ Mountain Research and Development, 39(1), ss. 60-70.
• Schmidt, D. E. ve Keating, J. P. (1979), ‘Human Crowding and Personal Control: An Integration of the Research’ Psychological Bulletin, 86(4), ss. 680-700.
• Sekaran, U. (2003), Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach, New York, NY:John Wiley & Sons. Stokols, D. (1972), ‘On the Distinction between Density and Crowding: Some Implications for Future Research’ Psychological Review, 79(3), ss. 275-277.
• Strauss, A. L. (2003), Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists, 14. Baskı, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Strauss, A. L. ve Corbin, J. M. (1998), Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, 3. Baskı, California, CA: Sage Publications.
• Sun, Y. Y. ve Budruk, M. (2017), ‘The Moderating Effect of Nationality on Crowding Perception, Its Antecedents, and Coping Behaviours: A Study of an Urban Heritage Site in Taiwan’ Current Issues in Tourism, 20(12), ss. 1246-1264.
• Şener, S., Bahçeci, V., Doğru, H., Sel, Z. G., Ertaş, M., Songür, S. ve Tütüncü, Ö. (2017), ‘Turizm alanındaki nitel araştırmaların güvenirlik ve geçerlik ölçütleri kapsamında değerlendirilmesi’, Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 28(1), ss. 7-26.
• Tseng, Y. P., Kyle, G. T., Shafer, C. S., Graefe, A. R., Bradle, T. A. ve Schuett, M. A. (2009), ‘Exploring the Crowding–Satisfaction Relationship in Recreational Boating’ Environmental management, 43(3), ss. 496-507.
• UNWTO [United Nations World Tourism Organization] (2020), ‘Impact Assessment of The Covid-19 Outbreak on International Tourism’, www.unwto.org/impact-assessment-of-the-covid-19-outbreak-on-international-tourism (23.01.2022).
• UNWTO [United Nations World Tourism Organization] (2021), ‘International Tourism Highlights, 2020 Edition’ www.unwto.org/publications (23.01.2022).
• Usher, L. E., Goff, J. ve Gómez, E. (2016), ‘Exploring surfers’ perceptions of municipal regulations using grounded theory’ Annals of Leisure Research, 19(1), ss.98-116.
• Vaske, J. J. ve Donnelly, M. P. (2002), ‘Generalizing the Encounter--Norm--Crowding Relationship’ Leisure Sciences, 24(3-4), ss. 255-269.
• Williams, E. N. ve Morrow, S. L. (2009), ‘Achieving Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research: A Pan-Paradigmatic Perspective’, Psychotherapy Research, 19 (4-5), ss.576- 582.
• Yeh, S. S., Aliana, L. M. W. ve Zhang, F. Y. (2012), ‘Visitors’ Perception of Theme Park Crowding and Behavioral Consequences’ Advances in Hospitality and Leisure, 8(1), ss. 63-83.
• Zhang, Y., Li, X. R., Su, Q. ve Hu, X. (2017), ‘Exploring a Theme Park's Tourism Carrying Capacity: A Demand-side Analysis’ Tourism Management, 59(1), ss. 564-578.
• Zehrer, A. ve Raich, F. (2016), ‘The Impact of Perceived Crowding on Customer Satisfaction’ Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 29(1), ss. 88-98.
• Ziegler, J. A., Dearden, P. ve Rollins, R. (2016), ‘Participant Crowding and Physical Contact Rates of Whale Shark Tours on Isla Holbox, Mexico’ Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(4), ss. 616-636.