YAŞLANMADA BELLEK YANILMASI VE BİLİŞSEL TEMELLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR DERLEME

Yıl 2024, , 393 - 410, 31.01.2024

Emre Erol , Handan Can

https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.1321398

Öz

Bellek yanılması, hiç yaşanmayan bir olayın yaşanmış gibi ya da gerçekten yaşanan bir olayın olduğundan farklı şekilde hatırlanması olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Mevcut derleme çalışmasının amacı, yaşlanma ve bu süreçte sıklıkla karşılaşılan Hafif Bilişsel Bozukluk (HBB) ve Alzheimer Tipi Demans (ATD) ile bellek yanılması arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Bu amaçla mevcut çalışmada sağlıklı ileri yetişkinler, HBB ve ATD hastalarını bellek yanılması açısından karşılaştıran alanyazındaki çalışmalar derlenmiştir. Kodlama ve geri çağırma süreçlerinde olduğu gibi bellek yanılması üzerinde de medial temporal lob ve frontal korteksin etkili olduğu görülmektedir. Bu beyin bölgelerinde yaşlanma ve bu sürece eşlik eden HBB ve ATD gibi nörolojik hastalıklarda gözlemlenen yetersizliklerin, bellek yanılmalarının oluşumu üzerinde etkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca bellek yanılması açısından bu üç grup (sağlıklı ileri yetişkinler, HBB, ATD) arasında görülen farklılıklar; kodlama, geri çağırma ya da izleme süreçlerine atfedilerek açıklanmaktadır. Son olarak alanyazında bu konuda yürütülen çalışmalardan elde edilen sonuçlar ve bunlara getirilen açıklamalar, Aktivasyon-İzleme Teorisi ve Belirsiz İz Teorisi çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

bellek yanılması, yaşlanma, hafif bilişsel bozukluk, alzheimer tipi demans

A Review on False Memory in Aging and Its Cognitive Foundations

Öz

False memory refers to the recollection of an event that did not occur, or the recollection of an event that occurred differently from how it actually happened. The aim of the present review is to examine the relationship between false memory and aging and the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Dementia of Alzheimer-type (DAT) that are frequently encountered in this process. For this purpose, the current study reviewed studies in the literature comparing healthy older adults, MCI, and DAT patients in terms of false memory. As in encoding and retrieval processes, the medial temporal lobe and frontal cortex seem to be effective on false memory. Studies have demonstrated that the deficits observed in these brain regions across aging, as well as in neurological conditions such as MCI and DAT, may have an impact on the formation of false memories. In addition, the differences observed between these three groups (healthy older adults, MCI, DAT) in terms of false memories are explained by attributing them to encoding, retrieval or monitoring processes. Finally, the results obtained from the studies conducted in the literature on this subject and the explanations brought to them are discussed within the framework of the Activation-Monitoring Theory and the Fuzzy Trace Theory.

Anahtar Kelimeler

false memory, aging, mild cognitive impairment, dementia of alzheimer-type

Kaynakça

• Atkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1971). The control of short-term memory. Scientific American, 225(2), 82-90.
• Balota, D. A., Cortese, M. J., Duchek, J. M., Adams, D., Roediger III, H. L., McDermott, K. B., Yerys, B. E. (1999). Veridical and false memories in healthy older adults and in dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 16(3-5), 361-384.
• Balota, D. A., Dolan, P. O., Duchek, J. M. (2000). Memory changes in healthy young and older adults. The Oxford Handbook of Memory, 395-410.
• Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge University Press.
• Benjamin, A. S. (2001). On the dual effects of repetition on false recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27(4), 941-947.
• Bernstein, D. M., Laney, C., Morris, E. K., Loftus, E. F. (2005). False beliefs about fattening foods can have healthy consequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(39), 13724-13731.
• Bhatt, R., Laws, K. R., McKenna, P. J. (2010). False memory in schizophrenia patients with and without delusions. Psychiatry Research, 178(2), 260-265.
• Brainerd, C. J. & Reyna, V. F. (2002). Fuzzy-trace theory and false memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(5), 164-169.
• Brainerd, C. J. & Reyna, V. F. (2005). The science of false memory. Oxford University Press.
• Brainerd, C. J., Stein, L. M., Silveira, R. A., Rohenkohl, G., Reyna, V. F. (2008). How does negative emotion cause false memories?. Psychological Science, 19(9), 919-925.
• Brennen, T., Dybdahl, R., Kapidžić, A. (2007). Trauma-related and neutral false memories in war-induced posttraumatic stress disorder. Consciousness and Cognition, 16(4), 877-885.
• Budson, A. E., Desikan, R., Daffner, K. R., Schacter, D. L. (2001). Perceptual false recognition in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology, 15(2), 230-243.
• Budson, A. E., Dodson, C. S., Daffner, K. R., Schacter, D. L. (2005). Metacognition and false recognition in Alzheimer’s disease: further exploration of the distinctiveness heuristic. Neuropsychology, 19(2), 253-258.
• Butler, K. M., Mcdaniel, M. A., Dornburg, C. C., Price, A. L., Roediger, H. L. (2004). Age differences in veridical and false recall are not inevitable: The role of frontal lobe function. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, 921-925.
• Coane, J. H., Monahan, K. T., Termonen, M. L. (2015). Hunts, heinz, and fries priming ‘ketchup’: the effects of lexicality on Brand name-product associations and Brand memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 29(3), 455-470.
• Collins, A. F., Gathercole, S. E., Conway, M. A., Morris, P. E. (Ed.) (1993). Theories of memory (Vol. 1). Psychology Press.
• Connelly, S. L., Hasher, L., Zacks, R. T. (1991). Age and reading: the impact of distraction. Psychology and Aging, 6(4), 533-541.
• Deese, J. (1959). Influence of inter-item associative strength upon immediate free recall. Psychological Reports, 5(3), 305-312.
• Dehon, H. & Brédart, S. (2004). False memories: young and older adults think of semantic associates at the same rate, but young adults are more successful at source monitoring. Psychology and Aging, 19(1), 191-197.
• Dehon, H., Larøi, F., Van der Linden, M. (2010). Affective valence influences participant's susceptibility to false memories and illusory recollection. Emotion, 10(5), 627-639.
• Devitt, A. L. & Schacter, D. L. (2016). False memories with age: Neural and cognitive underpinnings. Neuropsychologia, 91, 346-359.
• Dewhurst, S. A., Bould, E., Knott, L. M., Thorley, C. (2009). The roles of encoding and retrieval processes in associative and categorical memory illusions. Journal of Memory and Language, 60(1), 154-164.
• Ece, B., Öner, S., Gülgöz, S. (2020). Toplumsal olaylara dair episodik ve semantik bellek süreçlerinin heyecanlanma düzeyi ile ilişkisinin yaş ve heyecanın ölçüm türü açısından incelenmesi. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 40(1), 247-283.
• El Haj, M., Colombel, F., Kapogiannis, D., Gallouj, K. (2020). False memory in Alzheimer’s disease. Behavioural Neurology, 2020.
• Ergis, A. M. & Eusop-Roussel, E. (2008). Early episodic memory impairments in Alzheimer’s disease. Revue Neurologique, 164, 96-101.
• Evrard, C., Colombel, F., Gilet, A. L., Corson, Y. (2016). Intact semantic priming of critical lures in Alzheimer’s disease: Implications for false memory. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 71(4), 671-674.
• Evrard, C., Gilet, A. L., Colombel, F., Dufermont, E., Corson, Y. (2018). Now you make false memories; now you do not: the order of presentation of words in DRM lists influences the production of the critical lure in Alzheimer’s disease. Psychological Research, 82, 429-438.
• Fandakova, Y., Shing, Y. L., Lindenberger, U. (2013). Differences in binding and monitoring mechanisms contribute to lifespan age differences in false memory. Developmental Psychology, 49(10), 1822-1832.
• Gallo, D. (2006). Associative illusions of memory: False memory research in DRM and related tasks. Psychology Press.
• Gilet, A. L., Evrard, C., Colombel, F., Tropée, E., Marie, C., Corson, Y. (2017). False memories in Alzheimer’s disease: Intact semantic priming but impaired production of critical lures. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72(6), 986-990.
• Gilet, A. L., Evrard, C., Colombel, F. (2022). DRM Paradigm: Evidence that Alzheimer’s Patients Think of the Critical Lure as Often as Healthy Older Participants. Experimental Aging Research, 48(3), 211-219.
• Goldstein, E. B. (2014). Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience. Cengage Learning.
• Gonsalves, B. & Paller, K. A. (2002). Mistaken memories: remembering events that never happened. The Neuroscientist, 8(5), 391-395.
• Göz, İ., Karahan, S. K., Tekcan, A. İ. (2016). Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder are less prone to false memories. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 10, 62-68.
• Graf, P. & Schacter, D. L. (1985). Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11(3), 501-518.
• Hildebrandt, H., Haldenwanger, A., Eling, P. (2009). False recognition helps to distinguish patients with Alzheimer’s disease and amnestic MCI from patients with other kinds of dementia. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 28(2), 159-167.
• Hodges, J. R. (2000). Memory in the dementias. The Oxford Handbook of Memory, 441-459.
• Hudon, C., Belleville, S., Souchay, C., Gély-Nargeot, M. C., Chertkow, H., Gauthier, S. (2006). Memory for gist and detail information in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 20(5), 566-577.
• James, L. E. & Goring, S. A. (2018). Language and cognitive aging. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology.
• Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., Lindsay, D. S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114(1), 3-28.
• Joormann, J., Teachman, B. A., Gotlib, I. H. (2009). Sadder and less accurate? False memory for negative material in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(2), 412-417.
• Kaup, A. R., Mirzakhanian, H., Jeste, D. V., Eyler, L. T. (2011). A review of the brain structure correlates of successful cognitive aging. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 23(1), 6-15.
• Kensinger, E. A. & Corkin, S. (2004). The effects of emotional content and aging on false memories. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 4(1), 1-9.
• Kensinger, E. A. & Schacter, D. L. (1999). When true memories suppress false memories: Effects of ageing. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 16(3-5), 399-415.
• Kirkpatrick, E. A. (1894). An experimental study of memory. Psychological Review, 1(6), 602-609.
• Knott, L. M., Howe, M. L., Toffalini, E., Shah, D., Humphreys, L. (2018). The role of attention in immediate emotional false memory enhancement. Emotion, 18(8), 1063-1077.
• Koutstaal, W. (2003). Older adults encode -but do not always use- perceptual details: Intentional versus unintentional effects of detail on memory judgments. Psychological Science, 14(2), 189-193.
• Koutstaal, W. & Schacter, D. L. (1997). Gist-based false recognition of pictures in older and younger adults. Journal of Memory and Language, 37(4), 555-583.
• Laney, C. & Loftus, E. F. (2010). False memory. The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology, 187-194.
• Loftus, E. F. (2005). Planting misinformation in the human mind: A 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory. Learning & Memory, 12(4), 361-366.
• Loftus, E. F. & Pickrell, J. E. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25(12), 720-725.
• Mather, M. (2010). Aging and cognition. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 1(3), 346-362.
• McDonough, I. M., Wong, J. T., Gallo, D. A. (2013). Age-related differences in prefrontal cortex activity during retrieval monitoring: Testing the compensation and dysfunction accounts. Cerebral Cortex, 23(5), 1049-1060.
• Moritz, S., Woodward, T. S., Rodriguez-Raecke, R. (2006). Patients with schizophrenia do not produce more false memories than controls but are more confident in them. Psychological Medicine, 36(5), 659-667.
• Naveh-Benjamin, M., Brav, T. K., Levy, O. (2007). The associative memory deficit of older adults: the role of strategy utilization. Psychology and Aging, 22(1), 202-208.
• Noel, M., Larøi, F., Gallouj, K., El Haj, M. (2018). Relationships between confabulations and mental time travel in Alzheimer’s disease. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 30(4), 302-309.
• Odegard, T. N., Cooper, C. M., Lampinen, J. M., Reyna, V. F., Brainerd, C. J. (2009). Children’s eyewitness memory for multiple real‐life events. Child Development, 80(6), 1877-1890.
• Park, D. C. & Festini, S. B. (2017). Theories of memory and aging: A look at the past and a glimpse of the future. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 72(1), 82-90.
• Park, D. C., Smith, A. D., Lautenschlager, G., Earles, J. L., Frieske, D., Zwahr, M., Gaines, C. L. (1996). Mediators of long-term memory performance across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 11(4), 621-637.
• Parkin, A. J., Bindschaedler, C., Harsent, L., Metzler, C. (1996). Pathological false alarm rates following damage to the left frontal cortex. Brain and Cognition, 32(1), 14-27.
• Payne, J. D., Schacter, D. L., Propper, R. E., Huang, L. W., Wamsley, E. J., Tucker, M. A., Walker, M. P., Stickgold, R. (2009). The role of sleep in false memory formation. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 92(3), 327-334.
• Peters, M. J., Jelicic, M., Verbeek, H., Merckelbach, H. (2007). Poor working memory predicts false memories. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 19(2), 213-232.
• Petersen, R. C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of İnternal Medicine, 256(3), 183-194.
• Pierce, B. H., Sullivan, A. L., Schacter, D. L., Budson, A. E. (2005). Comparing source-based and gist-based false recognition in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology, 19(4), 411-419.
• Plancher, G., Guyard, A., Nicolas, S., Piolino, P. (2009). Mechanisms underlying the production of false memories for famous people’s names in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 47(12), 2527-2536.
• Plancher, G., Guyard, A., Nicolas, S., Piolino, P. (2009). Mechanisms underlying the production of false memories for famous people’s names in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 47(12), 2527-2536.
• Qualls, S. H. E. & Abeles, N. E. (2000). Psychology and the aging revolution: How we adapt to longer life. American Psychological Association.
• Rajah, M. N., Languay, R., Grady, C. L. (2011). Age-related changes in right middle frontal gyrus volume correlate with altered episodic retrieval activity. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(49), 17941-17954.
• Raz, N. (2000). Aging of the brain and its impact on cognitive performance: Integration of structural and functional findings. F. I. M. Craik, T. A. Salthouse (Ed.), The Handbook of Aging and Cognition içinde (1-90. ss.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
• Reyna, V. F. & Brainerd, C. J. (1995). Fuzzy-trace theory: An interim synthesis. Learning and Individual Differences, 7(1), 1-75.
• Roediger III, H. L., Balota, D. A., Watson, J. M. (2001). Spreading activation and arousal of false memories. H. L. Roediger III, J. S. Nairne, I. Neath, A. M. Surprenant (Ed.), The Nature of Remembering: Essays in Honor of Robert G. Crowder içinde (95-115. ss.), American Psychological Association.
• Roediger III, H. L., Jacoby, J. D., McDermott, K. B. (1996). Misinformation effects in recall: Creating false memories through repeated retrieval. Journal of Memory and Language, 35(2), 300-318.
• Roediger, H. L. & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(4), 803-814.
• Roediger, H. L., Watson, J. M., McDermott, K. B., Gallo, D. A. (2001). Factors that determine false recall: A multiple regression analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 8(3), 385-407.
• Rönnlund, M., Nyberg, L., Bäckman, L., Nilsson, L. G. (2005). Stability, growth, and decline in adult life span development of declarative memory: cross-sectional and longitudinal data from a population-based study. Psychology and Aging, 20(1), 3-18.
• Schacter, D. L. (1997). False recognition and the brain. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 6(3), 65-70.
• Schacter, D. L., Curran, T., Galluccio, L., Milberg, W. P., Bates, J. F. (1996). False recognition and the right frontal lobe: A case study. Neuropsychologia, 34(8), 793-808.
• Smith, S. M., Gerkens, D. R., Pierce, B. H., Choi, H. (2002). The roles of associative responses at study and semantically guided recollection at test in false memory: The Kirkpatrick and Deese hypotheses. Journal of Memory and Language, 47(3), 436-447.
• Solso, R. L. & Massaro, D. W. (Eds.). (1995). The science of the mind: 2001 and beyond. Oxford University Press on Demand.
• Tat, M. J., Soonsawat, A., Nagle, C. B., Deason, R. G., O’Connor, M. K., Budson, A. E. (2016). The influence of strategic encoding on false memory in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease dementia. Brain and Cognition, 109, 50-58.
• Thomas, A. K. & Bulevich, J. B. (2006). Effective cue utilization reduces memory errors in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 21(2), 379-389.
• Tsukiura, T., Shigemune, Y., Nouchi, R., Kambara, T., Kawashima, R. (2014). Age‐related differences in prefrontal, parietal, and hippocampal activations during correct rejections of faces. Japanese Psychological Research, 56(1), 2-14.
• Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. E. Tulving, W. Donaldson (Ed.), Organization of Memory içinde (381-403. ss.), Academic Press.
• Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 26(1), 1-12.
• Underwood, B. J. (1965). False recognition produced by implicit verbal responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(1), 122-129.
• Waldie, B. D. & Kwong See, S. T. (2003). Remembering words never presented: False memory effects in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 10(4), 281-297.
• Watson, J. M., Balota, D. A., Sergent-Marshall, S. D. (2001). Semantic, phonological, and hybrid veridical and false memories in healthy older adults and in individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neuropsychology, 15(2), 254-267.
• Weintraub, S., Wicklund, A. H., Salmon, D. P. (2012). The neuropsychological profile of Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harbor Oerspectives in Medicine, 2(4), a006171.
• Wilson, I. A., Gallagher, M., Eichenbaum, H., Tanila, H. (2006). Neurocognitive aging: prior memories hinder new hippocampal encoding. Trends in Neurosciences, 29(12), 662-670.
• Wisdom, J. P., Cavaleri, M. A., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Green, C. A. (2012). Methodological reporting in qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods health services research articles. Health Services Research, 47(2), 721-745.
• Yassa, M. A., Mattfeld, A. T., Stark, S. M., Stark, C. E. (2011). Age-related memory deficits linked to circuit-specific disruptions in the hippocampus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(21), 8873-8878.