Aşırı Genelleme Olgusu Araştırmalarında Kullanılan Duygusal Kelimelerin Değerlik, Uyarılma ve Dominantlık Seviyeleri

Öz

Depresyondaki bireyler, belirli olaylardan ziyade çoğunlukla aşırı genel anılar hatırlama eğilimindedir (Aşırı Genelleme Olgusu, Williams ve ark., 2007). Aşırı genelleme olgusu (AGO) araştırmalarında en yaygın kullanılan ölçümlerden biri olan Otobiyografik Bellek Testi (ABT), beş olumlu ve beş olumsuz ipucu kelimeden oluşmaktadır. AGO çalışmalarında olumlu ve olumsuz ipuçları arasında anı özgüllüğü bakımından fark bulunamaması sık karşılaşılan bir durumdur ve bu durum kısmen yöntemsel sorunlardan kaynaklanıyor olabilir. ABT kullanan 61 çalışmanın incelenmesi, 85’ten fazla ipucu kelimenin standart bir seçim yöntemi olmaksızın belirlendiğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışmada, AGO araştırmalarında kullanılan ABT ipuçlarının özellikleri incelenmiştir. Kırk üniversite öğrencisi (20 kadın), bu ipuçlarını değerlik, uyarılma ve baskınlık boyutlarında değerlendirmiş ve depresyon ölçeklerini doldurmuştur. Bulgular, değerlik, uyarılma ve baskınlık puanlarının katılımcıların depresyon düzeylerine göre değiştiğini göstermektedir. Bu sonuçlar, OGM araştırmalarında kullanılan kelimeler için standart bir seçim yöntemine duyulan güçlü gereksinime işaret etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• aşırı genelleme olgusu
• otobiyografik bellek testi
• değerlik
• uyarılma

VALENCE, AROUSAL, AND DOMINANCE OF EMOTIONAL CUE WORDS USED IN OVERGENERAL MEMORY RESEARCH

Öz

People in depression tend to retrieve overly general memories instead of specific events (Overgeneral Memory, Williams et al., 2007). The most commonly used measures in overgeneral memory (OGM) research, the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT), consists of five positive and five negative cue words. OGM studies often fail to find differences in specificity between positive and negative cues and this could partly result from a methodological issue. An examination of 61 studies using AMT revealed that more than 85 cues were chosen without using a standardized selection method. We explored the characteristics of these AMT cues used in OGM research. Forty university students (20 female) rated the cues for valence, arousal and dominance and filled out depression measures. We found that valence, arousal and dominance ratings were modulated by participants’ depression level. Our results suggest a strong need to have a standardized selection method for words used in OGM research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• overgeneral memory
• autobiographical memory test
• valence
• arousal

Kaynakça

1. Anderson, R. J., Clayton McClure, J. H., Boland, J., Howe, D., Riggs, K. J., Dewhurst, S. A. (2023). The relationship between depressive symptoms and positive emotional anticipation of goal achievement. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 14(1), 20438087231164963.
2. Bartoli, E. & Smorti, A. (2018). Facing the Language-Memory Problem in the Study of Autobiographical Memory. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 53(3), 374-396.
3. Beck, A. T., Kendall, P. C., Hollon, S. D., Hammen, C. L., Ingram, R. E. (1987). Issues and recommendations regarding use of the Beck Depression Inventory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11(3), 289-299.
4. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Ball, R., Ranieri, W. F. (1996). Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories-IA and-II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67(3), 588-597.
5. Bradley, M. M. & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 49-59.
6. Conway, M. A. & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107(2), 261-288.
7. Dritschel, B., Beltsos, S., McClintock, S. M. (2014). An “alternating instructions” version of the Autobiographical Memory Test for assessing autobiographical memory specificity in non-clinical populations. Memory, 22(8), 881-889.
8. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175-191.

9. Faul, L. & LaBar, K. S. (2023). Mood-congruent memory revisited. Psychological Review, 130(6), 1421.
10. Faul, L., Ritchey, M., Kensinger, E. A. (2025). The relationship between subjective vividness and remembered visual characteristics of emotional stimuli across the lifespan. Emotion, 25(6), 1579-1595.
11. Feldman Barrett, L. & Russell, J. A. (1998). Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), 967-984.
12. Gollan, J. K., Hoxha, D., Hunnicutt-Ferguson, K., Norris, C. J., Rosebrock, L., Sankin, L., Cacioppo, J. (2016). The negativity bias predicts response rate to Behavioral Activation for depression. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, (52), 171-178.
13. Griffith, J. W., Sumner, J. A., Debeer, E., Raes, F., Hermans, D., Mineka, S., Zinbarg, R. E., Craske, M. G. (2009). An item response theory/confirmatory factor analysis of the Autobiographical Memory Test. Memory, 17(6), 609-623.
14. Hallford, D., Rusanov, D., Yeow, J., Barry, T. (2021). Overgeneral and specific autobiographical memory predict the course of depression: An updated meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 51(6), 909-926.
15. Hamann, S. & Canli, T. (2004). Individual differences in emotion processing. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14(2), 233-238.
16. Holland, A. C. & Kensinger, E. A. (2010). Emotion and autobiographical memory. Physics of Life Reviews, 7(1), 88-131.
17. Kapci, E. G., Uslu, R., Turkcapar, H., Karaoglan, A. (2008). Beck Depression Inventory II: evaluation of the psychometric properties and cut-off points in a Turkish adult population. Depression and Anxiety, 25(10), E104-E110.
18. Kapucu, A., Amado, S., Eroğlu, S., İyilikçi Arıkan, E. (2018). Kodlama öncesi veya geri getirme öncesi sevk edilen korku ve kızgınlık duygularının tanıma belleği performansına etkileri. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 33(82), 85-99.
19. Kim, H., Harris, C. B., Barber, S. J. (2025). Autobiographical memory specificity in younger and older adults as a function of cue type. Memory, 1-14.
20. Luminet, O. (2022). Towards a better integration of emotional factors in autobiographical memory. Memory, 30(1), 49-54.
21. Mather, M. & Sutherland, M. R. (2011). Arousal-biased competition in perception and memory. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(2), 114-133.
22. Ricarte, J. J., Hernández, J. V., Latorre, J. M., Danion, J. M., Berna, F. (2014). Rumination and autobiographical memory impairment in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 160(1-3), 163-168.
23. Ricarte, J. J., Latorre, J. M., Ros, L. (2014). Effects of instructions and cue subjectiveness on specificity of autobiographical memory recall. Anales De Psicología, 30(3).
24. Roberts, J. E., Yanes-Lukin, P., Kyung, Y. (2018). Distinctions between autobiographical memory specificity and detail: Trajectories across cue presentations. Consciousness and Cognition, 65(August), 342-351.
25. Ros, L., Romero, D., Ricarte, J. J., Serrano, J. P., Nieto, M., Latorre, J. M. (2018). Measurement of overgeneral autobiographical memory: Psychometric properties of the autobiographical memory test in young and older populations. PLOS ONE, 13(4), e0196073.
26. Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161-1178.
27. Simpson, S. & Sheldon, S. (2020). Testing the impact of emotional mood and cue characteristics on detailed autobiographical memory retrieval. Emotion, 20(6), 965-979.
28. Sumner, J.A. (2012). The mechanisms underlying overgeneral autobiographical memory: An evaluative review of evidence for the CaR-FA-X model. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(1), 34-48.
29. Sumner, J. A., Mineka, S., McAdams, D. P. (2013). Specificity in autobiographical memory narratives correlates with performance on the autobiographical memory test and prospectively predicts depressive symptoms. Memory, 21(6), 646-656.
30. Sumner, J.A., Mineka, S., Zinbarg, R. E., Craske, M. G., Vrshek-Schallhorn, S., Epstein, A. (2014). Examining the long-term stability of overgeneral autobiographical memory. Memory, 22(3), 163-170.
31. Talarico, J. M., LaBar, K. S., Rubin, D. C. (2004). Emotional intensity predicts autobiographical memory experience. Memory & Cognition, 32(7), 1118-1132.
32. Verma, G. K. & Tiwary, U. S. (2017). Affect representation and recognition in 3D continuous valence-arousal-dominance space. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 76(2), 2159-2183.
33. Walker, W. R., Skowronski, J. J., Thompson, C. P. (2003). Life is pleasant—and memory helps to keep it that way!. Review of General Psychology, 7(2), 203-210.
34. Wardell, V., Madan, C. R., Jameson, T. J., Cocquyt, C. M., Checknita, K., Liu, H., Palombo, D. J. (2021). How emotion influences the details recalled in autobiographical memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(6), 1454-1465.
35. Wessel, I., Postma, I. R., Huntjens, R. J. C., Crane, C., Smets, J., Zeeman, G. G., Barnhofer, T. (2014). Differential correlates of autobiographical memory specificity to affective and self-discrepant cues. Memory, 22(6), 655-668.
36. Williams, J. M. G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Herman, D., Raes, F., Watkins, E., Dalgleish, T. (2007). Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 122-148.
37. Williams, J. M. G. & Broadbent, K. (1986). Autobiographical memory in suicide attempters. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(2), 144-149.
38. Williams, J. M. G., Healy, H. G., Ellis, N. C. (1999). The effect of imageability and predicability of cues in autobiographical memory. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 52(3), 555-579.
39. Williams, J. M. G. & Scott, J. (1988). Autobiographical memory in depression. Psychological Medicine, 18(3), 689-695.