DESPERATE LOVERS VERSUS TYRANT BELOVEDS: THE MASTER-SLAVE ANALOGY IN THE POEMS OF JOHN KEATS AND FELICIA HEMANS

Yıl 2021, , 125 - 152, 31.01.2021

Hediye Özkan

https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.781469

Öz

Although love of nature as a source of inspiration is one of the primary themes in Romantic period, romantic love, which conveys the passion, pleasure, or the pain of love, often appears as a common theme in Romantic poetry. Romantic poetry becomes as a fertile space where some of the poets explore romantic love as a powerful, intense, and irresistible emotion that gives pain and melancholy rather than pleasure and happiness. I argue that the uneasy relationship between the lovers and beloveds in Romantic poetry, particularly in poems of John Keats and Felicia Hemans parallels with a long-lasting theme, the pain of love, depicted through the sultan-servant or master-slave analogy in Ottoman Divan poetry. Discussing the function of master-slave analogy in Ottoman Divan poetry and theorizing love within philosophical and scientific contexts with the ideas of Ficino and Hegel, this paper examines how Keats and Hemans employ this analogy in their poems and explore the pain of love to demonstrate the power dynamics between the lovers and beloveds.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Romantic Poetry, Divan Poetry, Love, John Keats, Felicia Hemans

Umutsuz Âşıklara Karşı Zalim Maşuklar: John Keats ve Felicia Hemans’ın Şiirlerindeki Efendi-Köle Benzetmesi

Öz

İlham kaynağı olarak tabiata duyulan aşk Romantik dönemin ana temalarından biri olsa da, sevgiliye duyulan aşk, tutkuyu hazzı ve aşk acısını ileten Romantik şiirde oldukça sık rastlanan tematik bir öğedir. Romantik şiir bazı şairlerin sevgiliye duyulan aşkı haz ve mutluluk yerine melankoli ve acı veren güçlü, yoğun ve karşı konulamaz bir his olarak ele aldıkları verimli bir alan oluşturmaktadır. Özellikle John Keats ve Felicia Hemans’ın şiirlerindeki âşık ve maşuk arasındaki huzursuz ilişki, Osmanlı Divan şiirinde sultan-kul ya da efendi-köle benzetmesi ile resmedilen aşk acısı teması ile benzerlik göstermektedir. Divan şiirindeki efendi-köle benzetmesini tartışan ve Ficino ve Hegel’in aşk üzerine düşüncelerini filozofik ve bilimsel çerçeveler içinde ele alan bu çalışma, Keats ve Hemans’ın âşık ve maşuk arasındaki güç dinamiğini göstermek için bu benzetmeyi ve aşk acısını şiirleriyle bütünleştirdiklerini inceler. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

John Keats, Felicia Hemans, romantik şiir, Divan şiiri, aşk

Kaynakça

• Abrahamow, B. (2003). Divine love in Islamic mysticism: the teachings of Al-Ghazâlî and Al-Dabbâgh. Routledge.
• Andrews, W. G. (1976). Introduction to Ottoman poetry. Bibliotheca Islamica.
• Andrews, W. G. (1985). Poetry’s voice, society’s song: Ottoman lyric poetry. Washington University Press.
• Andrews, W. G., Black, N., Kalpaklı, M. (2006). Ottoman lyric poetry: an anthology. Washington University Press.
• Batislam, D. H. (2003). Divan şiirinde âşık, sevgili, rakip üçlüsü ve ölüm. Folklor/Edebiyat, 9(34), 186-199.
• Byron, G. (2003). Rethinking the dramatic monologue: Victorian women poets and social critique. In A. Chapman (Ed.), Victorian Women Poets (pp. 79-98), Brewer.
• de Man, P. (1979). Autobiography as De-facement. MLN Comparative Literature, 94(5), 919-930.
• Ficino, M. (1944). Commentary on Plato’s symposium: the text and a translation, with an introduction. (Trans: S. R. Jayne), University of Missouri.
• Gates, A. L. (2014). Fixing memory: the effigial forms of Felicia Hemans and Jeremy Bentham. Women’s Writing, 21(1), 58-73.
• Gómez, M. A., Juan-Navarro, S., Zatlin, P. (2008). Introduction: Juana of Castile: from romanticism to the Twenty-First century. In M. A. Gómez, S. Juan-Navarro, P. Zatlin (Eds.), Juana of Castile: History and Myth of the Mad Queen (pp. 9-28), Bucknell University Press.
• Halman, T. S. (2005). Nightingales & pleasure gardens: Turkish love poems. Syracuse University Press.
• Hegel, G. W. F. (2001). Miscellaneous writings of G. W. F. Hegel. (Trans: J. B. Stewart), Northwestern University Press.
• Hemans, F. (1853). Records of woman and other poems. William Blackwood and Sons.
• Keats, J. (1820). Lamia, Isabella, the eve of St. Agnes, and other poems. Taylor and Hessey.
• Keats, J. (1899). The complete poetical works and letters of John Keats. Houghton, Mifflin and Company.
• Keats, J. (1909). Keats: poems published in 1820. M. Robertson (Ed.). The Clarendon Press.
• Lee, J. A. (1973). Colours of love: an exploration of the ways of loving. New Press.
• Lemanski, J. (2019). An analogy between Hegel’s theory of recognition and Ficino’s theory of love. British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 27(1), 95-11.
• Luu, H. (2014). Fantasies of “woman”: Hemans’s deconstruction of “femininity” in Records of Woman. Women’s Writing, 21(1), 41-57.
• Mellor, A. K. (1993). Romanticism & gender. Routledge.
• Moseley, A. (2001). Philosophy of love. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://iep.utm.edu/love/.
• Regan, P. C. (2016). The mating game: a primer on love, sex, and marriage. SAGE Publications.
• Scott, G. F. (2001). The fragile image: Felicia Hemans and romantic ekphrasis. In S. Nanora, J. Melnyk (Eds.), Felicia Hemans: Reimagining Poetry in the Nineteenth Century (pp. 36-54), Palgrave Macmillan.
• Semerenko L., Pliushchai, A. (2018). Myth and beauty in the intertextual structure of John Keats’ poetry. Серія, 15(1), 177-181.
• Sılay, K. (1997). Singing his words: Ottoman women poets and the power of patriarchy. In M. C. Zilfi (Ed.), Women in the Ottoman Empire: Middle Eastern Women in the Early Modern Era (pp. 197-213), Brill.
• Singer, K., Sweet, N. (2014). Beyond domesticity: Felicia Hemans in the wider world. Women’s Writing, 21(1), 1-8.
• Sternberg, R. J. (1986). The triangular theory of love. Psychological Review, 93(2), 119-135.
• Ulmer, W. A. (2017). John Keats: reimagining history. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Williamson, M. T. (2001). Impure affections: Felicia Hemans’s elegiac poetry and contaminated grief. In N. Sweet, J. Melnyk (Eds.), Felicia Hemans: Reimagining Poetry in the Nineteenth Century (pp. 19-35). Palgrave Macmillan.
• Williamson, M. T. (2014). Felicia Hemans’s public poetry, Winckelmann’s History of the Art of Antiquity and the imaginative plenitude of the victory ode. Women’s Writing, 21(1), 25-40.
• Wordsworth, W., Coleridge, S. (1802). Preface to Lyrical Ballads. Lyrical Ballads with Pastoral and Other Poems. T. N. Longman and O. Rees.
• Wordsworth, William (1984). William Wordsworth: the major works. S. Grill (Ed.). Oxford University Press.