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WOMEN IN THE INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY AND SLAVE TRADE BETWEEN 1500 AND 1850: A CHRONOLOGICAL EVALUATION

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 34, 451 - 474, 31.01.2018
https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.345163

Öz

The study focuses on the transformation in societies’
slavery related practices, particularly female slavery, depending upon social
periods which can be listed as tribalism, classical antiquity, feudalism and
capitalism. Particularly after tribalism which means urbanization, slavery has
been treated as a manpower for production, a service for household duties and
concubinage for masters’ desires by societies. During these periods, female
slavery has dramatically transformed from household slavery to concubinage.
This situation, particularly in capitalism, has turned into brutal practices.



The main aim of the study is to show women’ situation
in three main slave trades and to analyse why practical differences occur in
them. The method of study is chronological evaluation in order to assess the
differences among social periods, genders and societies’ women related
perceptions. The study highlights the roles of slave trades not only for
victims but also for societies. The practical brutalism in slave trades both
female and male victims until the mid-19th century was one of the
darkest side of history. In this regard, the study analyses every social period
to consider, highlight and evaluate not only for understanding why there are
practical differences between genders and but also for demonstrating the
history of slavery and slave trade. 

Kaynakça

  • Anwar, Alam (2008). “Factors and Consequences of Nuclearization of Family at Hayatabad Phase-II, Peshawar”. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, Vol:24(3), p.555-559.
  • Aristotle (1999). Politics. Transl: Benjamin Jowett, Kitchener:Batoche Books.
  • Burkert, Walter (1996). Creation of the Sacred: Tracks of Biology in Early Religions 1. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Bush, Barbara. (2000). “'She Devil’ or ‘Sable Venus’? British Slavery and the ‘Fabulous Fiction’ of Black Women’s Identities c.1650–1850.” Women’s History Review. Vol9(4), pp:761-789.
  • Chocolate Class (2017). “The Bitter Truth about Chocolate: A Long History of Forced Labor.” https://chocolateclass.wordpress.com/tag/triangular-trade/ (Access Date: 16.10.2017).
  • Christopher Fyfe (Ed.) (2000) “Anna Maria Falconbridge, Narrative of Two Voyages to the River Sierra Leone During the Years 1791–1792–1793, and the Journal of Isaac Dubois with Alexander Falconbridge: An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa -. Letter 111, Granville Town, 13 May, 1791” Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Christopher, Emma (2006). Slave Ship Sailors and their Captive Cargoes, 1730–1807. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Covey, Herbert C. ve Dwight Eisnach (2009). What the Slaves Ate: Recollections of African American Foods and Foodways from the Slave Narratives. California: Greenwood Press.
  • Curtin, Philip D. (1990). The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex. Essays in Atlantic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Eltis, David (2007). “A Brief Overview of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade”. http://www.slavevoyages.org/assessment/essays. (Access Date: 03.05.2012).
  • Eltis, David. (2000). The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Finkelman, Paul and Joseph Calder Miller (1998). Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery. İçinde: "Capitalism and Slavery." http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=WHIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CBT2350051064&userGroupName=oak30216&jsid=f5ee9347e0f56d911229321a64b95cde. (Access Date: 11.10.2017).
  • Goucher, Candice et al. (1998), In the Balance: Themes in Global History. In: “Commerce and Change: The Creation of a Global Economy and the Expansion of Europe,” Boston: McGraw-Hill.
  • Hawthorne, Walter (1999). “The Production of Slaves Where There Was No State: The Guinea-Bissau Region, 1450–1815”. Slavery & Abolition. Vol:20, p.97-124.
  • Hawthorne, Walter (2003). Planting Rice and Harvesting Slaves: Transformations along the Guinea- Bissau Coast, 1400–1900. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
  • History World. “Women In Patriarchal Societies The Origins Of Civilizations”. http://history-world.org/Civilization,%20women_in_patriarchal_societies.htm. (Access Date:06.12.2012).
  • Hodgson, Geoffrey Martin (2001). How Economics Forgot History: the Problem of Historical Specificity in Social Science. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Hoffman, Michael (1993). “They were White and They were Slaves: The Untold History of the Enslavement of Whites in Early America”. http://rvfonline.co.uk/pdfs/theywereslaves.pdf. (Access Date: 12.05.2012).
  • Imam Muhammad Ibn Ismail Ibn Ibrahim Ibn al-Mughirah Ibn Bardiziyeh al-Bukhari (2003). The Sahih Hadith Collection of al-Bukhari. Transl: Ustadha Aisha Bewley. http://www.sunnipath.com/library/Hadith/H0002P0000.aspx. (Access Date: 03.05.2012).
  • Jack P. Greene ve Philip D. Morgan. (ed.) (2009). Atlantic History: A Critical Appraisal. Philip D. Morgan “Africa and the Atlantic, c. 1450-1820”, New York: Oxford University Press. p:223-248.
  • Langer, William. (1948). An Encyclopaedia of World History. Massachusetts: The Riverside Press.
  • Liverpool Museum. “The History of The Transatlantic Slave Trade”. http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/index.aspx. (Access Date: 12.05.2012).
  • Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000). Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lovejoy, Peter E. “International Slave Trade: Causes and Consequences”. http://www.inmotionaame.org/texts/viewer.cfm?id=1_001T&page=1&bhcp=1. (Access Date: 03.05.2012).
  • Lovejoy, Peter E. and David Richardson (1995). “Competing Markets for Male and Female Slaves: Prices in the Interior of West Africa, 1780-1850”. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 28(2), p:261-293.
  • Mandacı, Ebru (2016). Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Çağı’nda Kadın. İstanbul:Tulpars Yayınevi.
  • Mannix, Daniel. (1962). Black Cargoes. New York: The Viking Press.
  • Muhammad, Patricia M. (2003). “The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: A Forgotten Crime Against Humanity As Defined By International Law”. The American University International Law Review. Vol. 19(4), p:883-947. http://www.auilr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37&Itemid=3. (Access Date: 01.05.2012)
  • Murdock, George Peter (1959). Africa: Its People and Their Culture History. New York: McGraw-Hill Co.
  • National Archives (1672). “The King Grants the Right to Trade in Africa”. CO 268/1, ff. 8, 10 (24 Sept 1672). http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/africa_caribbean/docs/charter_royal_african.htm. (Access Date: 30.04.2012).
  • National Archives (1677).“George Hingston an agent employed by the Royal African Company. The Arthur Captain Doegood Commander. 21st of February 1677. Document reference: T 70/1213.” http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/slavery/pdf/Arthur_Translation.pdf. (Access Date: 11.05.2012).
  • National Archives. “Britain and Trade”. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/africa_caribbean/britain_trade.ht. (Access Date: 29.04.2012).
  • National Archives. “Royal African Company”. http://www.inmotionaame.org/glossary/index.cfm?id=385. (Access Date: 29.04.2012).
  • Nunn, Nathan (2008). “The Long-Term Effects of Africa’s Slave Trades”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol: 123(1), p.139-176.
  • Phillips, William D. (1985). Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Pr.
  • Piccione, Peter A. (1995). “The Status of Women in Ancient Egyptian Society.” http://web.archive.org/web/19970630114400/http://www.library.nwu.edu/class/history/B94/B94women.html. (Access Date: 17.02.2012)
  • Raday, Frances (2003). “Culture, Religion, and Gender”. International Journal of Constitutional Law, vol:1(4), p: 663-715.
  • Research News. “When Europeans were Slaves: Research Suggests White Slavery was Much More Common than Previously Believed”. http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm. (Access Date:10.05.2012).
  • Rives, James B (2007). Religion in the Roman Empire. Oxford Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Rodriguez, Junius P (1997). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. California: ABC-CLIO Inc.
  • Rouge, David. (Feb. 20, 2007). “Saharan Salt Caravans Ply Ancient Route”. Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/02/21/us-mauritania-caravan-idUSL162118220070221. (Access Date: 01.05.2012).
  • Slave Voyage. “A Timeline of the Transatlantic Slave Trade and its Abolition.” http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/assessment/estimates.faces . (Access Date: 28.04.2012).
  • Thomas, Hugh (1997). The Slave Trade: The History of The Atlantic Slave Trade 1440-1870. First Edition. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc.
  • UK (2009). “A Timeline of the Transatlantic Slave Trade and its Abolition”. www.plymouth.gov.uk/advocating_abolition_timeline_transatlantic_slave_trade.pdf. (Access Date: 10.05.2012).
  • Vansina, Jan (1966). Kingdoms of the Savanna. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Wahab, Elias Olukorede et al. (2012). “Causes and Consequences of Rapid Erosion of Cultural Values in a Traditional African Society”. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Anthropology. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/janth/2012/327061/. (Access Date:06.12.2012).
  • Walvin, James. (2006). Atlas of Slavery. Edinburg: Pearson Longman.

1500 ve 1850 Yılları Arasındaki Kölelik ve Köle Ticaretinde Kadın: Kronolojik Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 34, 451 - 474, 31.01.2018
https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.345163

Öz

Bu çalışma,,
kabilecilik, klasik antik dönem, feodalizm ve kapitalizm sosyal dönemlerinde
toplumların kölelikle ve özellikle kadın köleliği ile ilgili uygulamalarındaki
dönüşüm üzerinde durmuştur. Özellikle kabilecilik döneminden sonra ki bu
yerleşik hayat anlamına gelmekte, kölelik üretim için iş gücü, ev işleri için
bir servis ve köle sahiplerinin cinsel talepleri doğrultusunda bir uygulama
olarak algılanmıştır. Bu sosyal dönemler sırasında, kadın köleliği ciddi
şekilde evirilmiş ve ev hizmetlerini yürütmek olan görev tanımı harem kadını
şekline bürünmüştür. Bu durum, kapitalizm döneminde de vahşi bir şekil
almıştır.



Bu çalışmanın
temel amacı üç ana köle ticareti dönemini anlatmak ve ortaya çıkan uygulamaya
yönelik farkları analiz etmektir. Çalışmada, toplumların sosyal dönemler,
cinsiyetler ve kadın köleliği ile ilgili olarak ortaya koydukları algı
farklarını ortaya koymak için kronolojik bir değerlendirme yapılacaktır.
Çalışma, köle ticaretinin etkisini sadece köleler için değil aynı zamanda
toplumlar için de vurgulayacaktır. 19. Yüzyılın ortalarına kadar köle
ticaretinde kadın ve erkek kurbanların maruz kaldıkları vahşi uygulama tarihin
en karanlık noktalarından biridir. Bu bağlamda, çalışma, her sosyal dönemi
sadece cinsiyetler arasında neden köle ticaretinde farklar var anlamak için
değil aynı zamanda kölelik tarihini ve köle ticaretlerini göstermek için analiz
edecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Anwar, Alam (2008). “Factors and Consequences of Nuclearization of Family at Hayatabad Phase-II, Peshawar”. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, Vol:24(3), p.555-559.
  • Aristotle (1999). Politics. Transl: Benjamin Jowett, Kitchener:Batoche Books.
  • Burkert, Walter (1996). Creation of the Sacred: Tracks of Biology in Early Religions 1. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Bush, Barbara. (2000). “'She Devil’ or ‘Sable Venus’? British Slavery and the ‘Fabulous Fiction’ of Black Women’s Identities c.1650–1850.” Women’s History Review. Vol9(4), pp:761-789.
  • Chocolate Class (2017). “The Bitter Truth about Chocolate: A Long History of Forced Labor.” https://chocolateclass.wordpress.com/tag/triangular-trade/ (Access Date: 16.10.2017).
  • Christopher Fyfe (Ed.) (2000) “Anna Maria Falconbridge, Narrative of Two Voyages to the River Sierra Leone During the Years 1791–1792–1793, and the Journal of Isaac Dubois with Alexander Falconbridge: An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa -. Letter 111, Granville Town, 13 May, 1791” Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Christopher, Emma (2006). Slave Ship Sailors and their Captive Cargoes, 1730–1807. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Covey, Herbert C. ve Dwight Eisnach (2009). What the Slaves Ate: Recollections of African American Foods and Foodways from the Slave Narratives. California: Greenwood Press.
  • Curtin, Philip D. (1990). The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex. Essays in Atlantic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Eltis, David (2007). “A Brief Overview of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade”. http://www.slavevoyages.org/assessment/essays. (Access Date: 03.05.2012).
  • Eltis, David. (2000). The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Finkelman, Paul and Joseph Calder Miller (1998). Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery. İçinde: "Capitalism and Slavery." http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=WHIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CBT2350051064&userGroupName=oak30216&jsid=f5ee9347e0f56d911229321a64b95cde. (Access Date: 11.10.2017).
  • Goucher, Candice et al. (1998), In the Balance: Themes in Global History. In: “Commerce and Change: The Creation of a Global Economy and the Expansion of Europe,” Boston: McGraw-Hill.
  • Hawthorne, Walter (1999). “The Production of Slaves Where There Was No State: The Guinea-Bissau Region, 1450–1815”. Slavery & Abolition. Vol:20, p.97-124.
  • Hawthorne, Walter (2003). Planting Rice and Harvesting Slaves: Transformations along the Guinea- Bissau Coast, 1400–1900. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
  • History World. “Women In Patriarchal Societies The Origins Of Civilizations”. http://history-world.org/Civilization,%20women_in_patriarchal_societies.htm. (Access Date:06.12.2012).
  • Hodgson, Geoffrey Martin (2001). How Economics Forgot History: the Problem of Historical Specificity in Social Science. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Hoffman, Michael (1993). “They were White and They were Slaves: The Untold History of the Enslavement of Whites in Early America”. http://rvfonline.co.uk/pdfs/theywereslaves.pdf. (Access Date: 12.05.2012).
  • Imam Muhammad Ibn Ismail Ibn Ibrahim Ibn al-Mughirah Ibn Bardiziyeh al-Bukhari (2003). The Sahih Hadith Collection of al-Bukhari. Transl: Ustadha Aisha Bewley. http://www.sunnipath.com/library/Hadith/H0002P0000.aspx. (Access Date: 03.05.2012).
  • Jack P. Greene ve Philip D. Morgan. (ed.) (2009). Atlantic History: A Critical Appraisal. Philip D. Morgan “Africa and the Atlantic, c. 1450-1820”, New York: Oxford University Press. p:223-248.
  • Langer, William. (1948). An Encyclopaedia of World History. Massachusetts: The Riverside Press.
  • Liverpool Museum. “The History of The Transatlantic Slave Trade”. http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/index.aspx. (Access Date: 12.05.2012).
  • Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000). Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lovejoy, Peter E. “International Slave Trade: Causes and Consequences”. http://www.inmotionaame.org/texts/viewer.cfm?id=1_001T&page=1&bhcp=1. (Access Date: 03.05.2012).
  • Lovejoy, Peter E. and David Richardson (1995). “Competing Markets for Male and Female Slaves: Prices in the Interior of West Africa, 1780-1850”. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 28(2), p:261-293.
  • Mandacı, Ebru (2016). Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Çağı’nda Kadın. İstanbul:Tulpars Yayınevi.
  • Mannix, Daniel. (1962). Black Cargoes. New York: The Viking Press.
  • Muhammad, Patricia M. (2003). “The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: A Forgotten Crime Against Humanity As Defined By International Law”. The American University International Law Review. Vol. 19(4), p:883-947. http://www.auilr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37&Itemid=3. (Access Date: 01.05.2012)
  • Murdock, George Peter (1959). Africa: Its People and Their Culture History. New York: McGraw-Hill Co.
  • National Archives (1672). “The King Grants the Right to Trade in Africa”. CO 268/1, ff. 8, 10 (24 Sept 1672). http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/africa_caribbean/docs/charter_royal_african.htm. (Access Date: 30.04.2012).
  • National Archives (1677).“George Hingston an agent employed by the Royal African Company. The Arthur Captain Doegood Commander. 21st of February 1677. Document reference: T 70/1213.” http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/slavery/pdf/Arthur_Translation.pdf. (Access Date: 11.05.2012).
  • National Archives. “Britain and Trade”. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/africa_caribbean/britain_trade.ht. (Access Date: 29.04.2012).
  • National Archives. “Royal African Company”. http://www.inmotionaame.org/glossary/index.cfm?id=385. (Access Date: 29.04.2012).
  • Nunn, Nathan (2008). “The Long-Term Effects of Africa’s Slave Trades”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol: 123(1), p.139-176.
  • Phillips, William D. (1985). Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Pr.
  • Piccione, Peter A. (1995). “The Status of Women in Ancient Egyptian Society.” http://web.archive.org/web/19970630114400/http://www.library.nwu.edu/class/history/B94/B94women.html. (Access Date: 17.02.2012)
  • Raday, Frances (2003). “Culture, Religion, and Gender”. International Journal of Constitutional Law, vol:1(4), p: 663-715.
  • Research News. “When Europeans were Slaves: Research Suggests White Slavery was Much More Common than Previously Believed”. http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm. (Access Date:10.05.2012).
  • Rives, James B (2007). Religion in the Roman Empire. Oxford Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Rodriguez, Junius P (1997). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. California: ABC-CLIO Inc.
  • Rouge, David. (Feb. 20, 2007). “Saharan Salt Caravans Ply Ancient Route”. Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/02/21/us-mauritania-caravan-idUSL162118220070221. (Access Date: 01.05.2012).
  • Slave Voyage. “A Timeline of the Transatlantic Slave Trade and its Abolition.” http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/assessment/estimates.faces . (Access Date: 28.04.2012).
  • Thomas, Hugh (1997). The Slave Trade: The History of The Atlantic Slave Trade 1440-1870. First Edition. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc.
  • UK (2009). “A Timeline of the Transatlantic Slave Trade and its Abolition”. www.plymouth.gov.uk/advocating_abolition_timeline_transatlantic_slave_trade.pdf. (Access Date: 10.05.2012).
  • Vansina, Jan (1966). Kingdoms of the Savanna. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Wahab, Elias Olukorede et al. (2012). “Causes and Consequences of Rapid Erosion of Cultural Values in a Traditional African Society”. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Anthropology. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/janth/2012/327061/. (Access Date:06.12.2012).
  • Walvin, James. (2006). Atlas of Slavery. Edinburg: Pearson Longman.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Furkan Yıldız

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 34

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldız, F. (2018). WOMEN IN THE INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY AND SLAVE TRADE BETWEEN 1500 AND 1850: A CHRONOLOGICAL EVALUATION. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(34), 451-474. https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.345163