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YOLSUZLUĞUN KAMU BORÇLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: GELİŞMİŞ VE GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELER ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR İNCELEME

Yıl 2024, , 233 - 248, 18.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.17753/sosekev.1490043

Öz

Kamu borçlarının sürdürülebilirliği ve etkin kamu borç yönetimi hem gelişmekte olan ülkeler hem de gelişmiş ülkeler için büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu açıdan değerlendirildiğinde kamu borçları ülkeler için fırsatları ve riskleri beraberinde barındırmaktadır. Kamu borçlarını ekonomide çeşitli ekonomik faktörler doğrudan etkilemektedir. Fakat günümüzde ampirik çalışmalar yolsuzluk gibi faktörlerin de kamu borçlarını doğrudan etkilediğini göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yolsuzluğun kamu borçları üzerindeki etkisi panel veri yöntemiyle araştırılmıştır. Çalışma, 2000-2020 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Analiz kısmında serilerin durağanlıkları, yatay kesit bağımlılıkları belirlendikten sonra seriler arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişki panel eşbütünleşme testleri ile tespit edilmiştir. Eşbütünleşme ilişkisi Westerlund (2008) Durbin Hausman Panel Testi, uzun dönemli eşbütünleşme katsayıları ise Panel Güçlendirilmiş Ortalama Grup Etkisi (AMG) yöntemiyle tahmin edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre gelişmiş ülkelerde yolsuzluk algılama düzeyinin kamu borç yükü üzerindeki etkisinin anlamsız olduğu, tam aksine gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yolsuzluk algılama düzeyindeki %1 artışın kamu borç yükünü %0,09 düzeyinde azalttığı tespit edilmiştir. Bunun yanında hem gelişmiş ve hem de gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ekonomik büyüme, ticari dışa açıklık ve kamu kesimi borçlanma gereğinin kamu borç yükü üzerinde etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bu sonuçlar özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yolsuzluk düzeyini azaltacak politikaların yürütülmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Aksu, H., & Başar, S. (2005). Yolsuzlukların bütçe açıkları üzerindeki etkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F Dergisi, 20(1), 285-296.
  • Alamro, H. (2024). The effect of corruption on public debt sustainability: Evidence from the European Union’s countries [Special issue]. Journal of Governance & Regulation, 13(1), 333–340.
  • Amudsen, I. (2000). Corruption definitions and concepts. Chr. Michelsen Institute Development Studies and Human Rights, Bergen, Norway. https://etico.iiep.unesco.org/sites/default/files/201805/corruption_definitions_and_concepts.pdf adresinden 12.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Apergis, E., & Apergis, N. (2019). New evidence on corruption and government debt from a global country panel: A non-linear panel long-run approach. Journal of Economic Studies, 46(5), 1009-1027.
  • Appiah-Kubi, S.N.K., Malec, K., Phiri, J., Krivko, M., Maitah, K., Maitah, M., & Smutka, L. (2022). Key drivers of public debt levels: Empirical evidence from Africa. Sustainability, 14(3), 1220.
  • Bağdigen, M., & Beşkaya, A. (2005). The impact of corruption on government revenues: The Turkish case. Yapı Kredi Economic Review, 16(2), 31-54.
  • Baklouti, N., & Boujelbene, Y. (2021). Corruption, democracy, and public debt: A case of the Arab countries. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 13, 574–586.
  • Benfratello, L., Del Monte, A., & Pennacchio, L. (2015). Corruption and public debt: an empirical analysis. University of Naples “Federico II” and CSEF WP. https://www.siecon.org/sites/siecon.org/files/oldfiles/uploads/2015/10/Pennacchio.pdf, adresinden 03.03.2024 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Benfratello, L., Del Monte, A., & Pennacchio, L. (2018). Corruption and public debt: A cross-country analysis. Applied Economics Letters, 25(5), 340-344.
  • Berksoy, T., & Yıldırım, N. E. (2017). An overview of corruption: Problems and solutions. Journal of Awareness, 2(1), 1-18.
  • Cooray, A., & Schneider, F. (2013). How does corruption affect public debt? An empirical analysis (Working Paper, No. 1322), Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Department of Economics. Linz.
  • Cooray, A., Dzhumashev, R., & Schneider, F. (2017). How does corruption affect public debt? An empirical analysis. World Development, 90, 115-127.
  • Del Monte, A., & Pennacchio, L. (2020). Corruption, government expenditure and public debt in OECD countries. Comparative economic studies, 62, 739-771.
  • Delavallade, C. (2006). Corruption and distribution of public spending in developing countries. Journal of Economics and Finance, 30(2), 222-239.
  • Dimakou, O. (2015). Bureaucratic corruption and the dynamic interaction between monetary and fiscal policy. European Journal of Political Economy, 40, 57-78.
  • Eberhardt, M., & Bond, S. (2009). Cross-section dependence in nonstationary panel models: A novel estimator. MPRA Paper No 17870. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17870/ adresinden 15.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Ekouala, U. M. (2023). The role of socio‐political factors in public debt accumulation: Evidence from CEMAC countries. International Studies of Economics, 18(3), 306-325.
  • Fisman, R., & Svensson, J (2002). Are corruption and taxation really harmful to growth? Firm level evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 63-75.
  • Ghura, D. (1998). Tax revenue in Sub-Sharan Africa: Effects of economic policies and corruption (Working Paper No. 135). IMF.
  • Ghura, D. (2002). Tax revenue in Sub-Saharan Africa: Effects of economic policies and corruption. In M. S. Gupta & M. G. T. Abed (Eds.), Governance, corruption, and economic performance (pp.386-395). IMF.
  • González-Fernández, M., & González-Velasco, C. (2014). Shadow economy, corruption and public debt in Spain. Journal of Policy Modeling, 36(6), 1101-1117.
  • Grechyna, D. (2012). Public corruption and public debt: Some empirical evidence. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2052974 adresinden 16.03.2024 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Hashem, E. A. (2014). The effects of corruption on government expenditures: Arab countries experience. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(4), 120-130.
  • Henri, N. N. (2018). Impact of corruption on public debt: Evidence from Sub-Saharan African countries. American Journal of Economics, 8(1), 14-17.
  • Hwang, J. (2002). A Note on the relationship between corruption and government Revenue. Journal of Economic Development, 27(2), 161-178.
  • Imam, P., & Jacobs D. F. (2007). Effect of corruption on tax revenues in the Middle East. IMF Working Paper, WP/07/270, 1-34.
  • International Monetary Fund (2023). Global debt database - general government debt all country data. https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/GG_DEBT_GDP@GDD/SWE adresinden 06.12.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Jain, A. K. (2001). Corruption: A review. Journal of Economic Surveys, 15(1), 71-121.
  • Kim, E., Ha, Y., & Kim, S. (2017). Public debt, corruption and sustainable economic growth. Sustainability, 9(3), 433.
  • Mauro, P. (1998). Corruption and composition of government expenditure. Journal of Public Economics, 69, 263-279.
  • Naz, M., & Yasmin, B. (2021). Corruption and public debt in developing countries: Role of institutional quality. Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development, 42(3), 59-90.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias‐adjusted lm test of error cross‐section independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
  • Peseran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142, 50-93.
  • Rivi, M. T., Ogboru, I., & Rivi, D. J. (2020). An analysis of the long-run relationship between corruption and debt sustainability in Nigeria. RAIS Journal for Social Sciences, 4(2), 71-88.
  • Sönmez Özekicioğlu, S., & Yaraşır Tülümce, S. (2020). The ımpacts of corruption on budget balance and public debt in Turkey: An empirical analysis. Journal of Management and Economics Research, 18(3), 46-60.
  • Şahbaz, A., Koç, A., & Ata, A. Y. (2013). Yolsuzluk ve kamu borcu ilişkisi: AB ülkeleri üzerine ampirik bir inceleme. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 13(26), 205-219.
  • Şimşek, H. A. (2009). Teoride ve Uygulamada Kamu Borçlanması. Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Tanzi, V. (1998a). Corruption and the Budget: Problems and Solutions. In Jain A.K. (Eds.) Economics of Corruption, Recent Economic Thought Series, 65 (pp. 111-128). Springer.
  • Tanzi, V. (1998b). Corruption around the world: Causes, consequences, scope, and cures. (IMF Working Paper No. WP/98/63). Washington D.C. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/30/Corruption-Around-the-World-Causes-Consequences-Scope-and-Cures-2583 adresinden 10.03.2024 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Tanzi, V. (1999). Governance, corruption and public finance: An overview. In S. Schiavo-Campo (Eds.), Governance corruption and public financial management (pp.1-17). Asian Development Bank.
  • Tanzi,V., & Hamid, D. (2000). Corruption, growth, and public finances. (IMF Working Paper No. WP/00/182). Washington D.C. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/30/Corruption-Growth-and-Public-Finances-3854 adresinden 10.03.2024 tarihinde erişildi.
  • The World Bank (2023). World development indicators, government deficit, net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP). https://databank.worldbank.org/id/84f2043e?Report_Name=Government-deficit# adresinden 06.12.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Topal, M. H., & Keyifli, N. (2016). Yolsuzluk ve kamu borçları: OECD ülkeleri için ampirik bir kanıt. M. Mercan, A. Ayata & S. E. Altınok Çalışkan (Editörler) 2. Uluslararası Osmaneli Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi (ss. 501-512). Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Transparency International (2024a). https://www.transparency.org/en/what-is-corruption adresinden 21.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Transparency International (2024b) Corruption Perceptions Index 2023. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023 adresinden 21.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Van, V. T. T., Ha, N. T. T., Quyen, P. G., Anh, L. T. H., & Loi, D. T. (2020). The relationship between public debt, budget deficit, and sustainable economic development in developing countries: The role of corruption control. Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi Pembangunan, 21(1), 84-104.
  • Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel cointegration tests of the fisher effect. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23, 193-233.
  • Xuejiao, Z., & Hua, D. X. (2015). E-Government and Corruption: A Longitudinal Analysis of Countries. International Journal of Public Administration, 38(6), 410-421.
  • Yıldız, F. (2024). Kamu borçlarının belirleyicileri Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri analizi. Özgür.
  • Zhao, X., & Xu, H. D. (2015). E-government and corruption: A longitudinal analysis of countries. International Journal of Public Administration, 38(6), 410–421.

The Impact of Corruption on Public Debt: An Empirical Investigation on Developed and Developing Countries

Yıl 2024, , 233 - 248, 18.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.17753/sosekev.1490043

Öz

The sustainability of public debt and effective public debt management are of great importance for both developing and developed countries. From this point of view, public debts bring opportunities and risks for countries. Public debt is directly affected by various economic factors in the economy. However, empirical studies show that factors such as corruption also directly affect public debt. This study investigates the effect of corruption on public debt in developed and developing countries by panel data method. The analysis covers the period from 2000 to 2020. After determining the stationarity levels and cross-sectional dependence of the series in the analysis part, the long-run relationship between the series was determined by panel cointegration tests. The cointegration relationship between the variables was estimated by Westerlund (2008) Durbin Hausman Panel Test, and the cointegration coefficients were estimated by the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) method. The results of the analyses indicate that the effect of corruption perception on public debt burden in developed countries is statistically insignificant. On the contrary, 1% increase in corruption perception in developing countries increased the public debt burden by 0.09% decrease. Furthermore, economic growth, trade openness and public sector borrowing requirements are found to be effective on public debt burden in both developed and developing countries. These results suggest that policies to reduce the level of corruption should be implemented, particularly in developing countries.

Kaynakça

  • Aksu, H., & Başar, S. (2005). Yolsuzlukların bütçe açıkları üzerindeki etkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F Dergisi, 20(1), 285-296.
  • Alamro, H. (2024). The effect of corruption on public debt sustainability: Evidence from the European Union’s countries [Special issue]. Journal of Governance & Regulation, 13(1), 333–340.
  • Amudsen, I. (2000). Corruption definitions and concepts. Chr. Michelsen Institute Development Studies and Human Rights, Bergen, Norway. https://etico.iiep.unesco.org/sites/default/files/201805/corruption_definitions_and_concepts.pdf adresinden 12.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Apergis, E., & Apergis, N. (2019). New evidence on corruption and government debt from a global country panel: A non-linear panel long-run approach. Journal of Economic Studies, 46(5), 1009-1027.
  • Appiah-Kubi, S.N.K., Malec, K., Phiri, J., Krivko, M., Maitah, K., Maitah, M., & Smutka, L. (2022). Key drivers of public debt levels: Empirical evidence from Africa. Sustainability, 14(3), 1220.
  • Bağdigen, M., & Beşkaya, A. (2005). The impact of corruption on government revenues: The Turkish case. Yapı Kredi Economic Review, 16(2), 31-54.
  • Baklouti, N., & Boujelbene, Y. (2021). Corruption, democracy, and public debt: A case of the Arab countries. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 13, 574–586.
  • Benfratello, L., Del Monte, A., & Pennacchio, L. (2015). Corruption and public debt: an empirical analysis. University of Naples “Federico II” and CSEF WP. https://www.siecon.org/sites/siecon.org/files/oldfiles/uploads/2015/10/Pennacchio.pdf, adresinden 03.03.2024 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Benfratello, L., Del Monte, A., & Pennacchio, L. (2018). Corruption and public debt: A cross-country analysis. Applied Economics Letters, 25(5), 340-344.
  • Berksoy, T., & Yıldırım, N. E. (2017). An overview of corruption: Problems and solutions. Journal of Awareness, 2(1), 1-18.
  • Cooray, A., & Schneider, F. (2013). How does corruption affect public debt? An empirical analysis (Working Paper, No. 1322), Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Department of Economics. Linz.
  • Cooray, A., Dzhumashev, R., & Schneider, F. (2017). How does corruption affect public debt? An empirical analysis. World Development, 90, 115-127.
  • Del Monte, A., & Pennacchio, L. (2020). Corruption, government expenditure and public debt in OECD countries. Comparative economic studies, 62, 739-771.
  • Delavallade, C. (2006). Corruption and distribution of public spending in developing countries. Journal of Economics and Finance, 30(2), 222-239.
  • Dimakou, O. (2015). Bureaucratic corruption and the dynamic interaction between monetary and fiscal policy. European Journal of Political Economy, 40, 57-78.
  • Eberhardt, M., & Bond, S. (2009). Cross-section dependence in nonstationary panel models: A novel estimator. MPRA Paper No 17870. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17870/ adresinden 15.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Ekouala, U. M. (2023). The role of socio‐political factors in public debt accumulation: Evidence from CEMAC countries. International Studies of Economics, 18(3), 306-325.
  • Fisman, R., & Svensson, J (2002). Are corruption and taxation really harmful to growth? Firm level evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 63-75.
  • Ghura, D. (1998). Tax revenue in Sub-Sharan Africa: Effects of economic policies and corruption (Working Paper No. 135). IMF.
  • Ghura, D. (2002). Tax revenue in Sub-Saharan Africa: Effects of economic policies and corruption. In M. S. Gupta & M. G. T. Abed (Eds.), Governance, corruption, and economic performance (pp.386-395). IMF.
  • González-Fernández, M., & González-Velasco, C. (2014). Shadow economy, corruption and public debt in Spain. Journal of Policy Modeling, 36(6), 1101-1117.
  • Grechyna, D. (2012). Public corruption and public debt: Some empirical evidence. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2052974 adresinden 16.03.2024 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Hashem, E. A. (2014). The effects of corruption on government expenditures: Arab countries experience. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(4), 120-130.
  • Henri, N. N. (2018). Impact of corruption on public debt: Evidence from Sub-Saharan African countries. American Journal of Economics, 8(1), 14-17.
  • Hwang, J. (2002). A Note on the relationship between corruption and government Revenue. Journal of Economic Development, 27(2), 161-178.
  • Imam, P., & Jacobs D. F. (2007). Effect of corruption on tax revenues in the Middle East. IMF Working Paper, WP/07/270, 1-34.
  • International Monetary Fund (2023). Global debt database - general government debt all country data. https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/GG_DEBT_GDP@GDD/SWE adresinden 06.12.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Jain, A. K. (2001). Corruption: A review. Journal of Economic Surveys, 15(1), 71-121.
  • Kim, E., Ha, Y., & Kim, S. (2017). Public debt, corruption and sustainable economic growth. Sustainability, 9(3), 433.
  • Mauro, P. (1998). Corruption and composition of government expenditure. Journal of Public Economics, 69, 263-279.
  • Naz, M., & Yasmin, B. (2021). Corruption and public debt in developing countries: Role of institutional quality. Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development, 42(3), 59-90.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias‐adjusted lm test of error cross‐section independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
  • Peseran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142, 50-93.
  • Rivi, M. T., Ogboru, I., & Rivi, D. J. (2020). An analysis of the long-run relationship between corruption and debt sustainability in Nigeria. RAIS Journal for Social Sciences, 4(2), 71-88.
  • Sönmez Özekicioğlu, S., & Yaraşır Tülümce, S. (2020). The ımpacts of corruption on budget balance and public debt in Turkey: An empirical analysis. Journal of Management and Economics Research, 18(3), 46-60.
  • Şahbaz, A., Koç, A., & Ata, A. Y. (2013). Yolsuzluk ve kamu borcu ilişkisi: AB ülkeleri üzerine ampirik bir inceleme. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 13(26), 205-219.
  • Şimşek, H. A. (2009). Teoride ve Uygulamada Kamu Borçlanması. Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Tanzi, V. (1998a). Corruption and the Budget: Problems and Solutions. In Jain A.K. (Eds.) Economics of Corruption, Recent Economic Thought Series, 65 (pp. 111-128). Springer.
  • Tanzi, V. (1998b). Corruption around the world: Causes, consequences, scope, and cures. (IMF Working Paper No. WP/98/63). Washington D.C. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/30/Corruption-Around-the-World-Causes-Consequences-Scope-and-Cures-2583 adresinden 10.03.2024 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Tanzi, V. (1999). Governance, corruption and public finance: An overview. In S. Schiavo-Campo (Eds.), Governance corruption and public financial management (pp.1-17). Asian Development Bank.
  • Tanzi,V., & Hamid, D. (2000). Corruption, growth, and public finances. (IMF Working Paper No. WP/00/182). Washington D.C. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/30/Corruption-Growth-and-Public-Finances-3854 adresinden 10.03.2024 tarihinde erişildi.
  • The World Bank (2023). World development indicators, government deficit, net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP). https://databank.worldbank.org/id/84f2043e?Report_Name=Government-deficit# adresinden 06.12.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Topal, M. H., & Keyifli, N. (2016). Yolsuzluk ve kamu borçları: OECD ülkeleri için ampirik bir kanıt. M. Mercan, A. Ayata & S. E. Altınok Çalışkan (Editörler) 2. Uluslararası Osmaneli Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi (ss. 501-512). Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Transparency International (2024a). https://www.transparency.org/en/what-is-corruption adresinden 21.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Transparency International (2024b) Corruption Perceptions Index 2023. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023 adresinden 21.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Van, V. T. T., Ha, N. T. T., Quyen, P. G., Anh, L. T. H., & Loi, D. T. (2020). The relationship between public debt, budget deficit, and sustainable economic development in developing countries: The role of corruption control. Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi Pembangunan, 21(1), 84-104.
  • Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel cointegration tests of the fisher effect. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23, 193-233.
  • Xuejiao, Z., & Hua, D. X. (2015). E-Government and Corruption: A Longitudinal Analysis of Countries. International Journal of Public Administration, 38(6), 410-421.
  • Yıldız, F. (2024). Kamu borçlarının belirleyicileri Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri analizi. Özgür.
  • Zhao, X., & Xu, H. D. (2015). E-government and corruption: A longitudinal analysis of countries. International Journal of Public Administration, 38(6), 410–421.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Maliye Kuramı
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Serhat Gözen 0000-0002-1004-2103

Ersin Nail Sağdıç 0000-0002-4022-8515

Fazlı Yıldız 0000-0003-1387-7883

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 2 Aralık 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 18 Kasım 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Gözen, S., Sağdıç, E. N., & Yıldız, F. (2024). YOLSUZLUĞUN KAMU BORÇLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: GELİŞMİŞ VE GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELER ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR İNCELEME. EKEV Akademi Dergisi(100), 233-248. https://doi.org/10.17753/sosekev.1490043