AVRUPA SENDİKALAR KONFEDERASYONU’NUN YENİ EKONOMİK YÖNETİŞİM MODELİ VE KEMER SIKMA POLİTİKALARI KARŞISINDAKİ TUTUMU

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 17, 209 - 244, 30.11.2020

Ceyhun Güler

https://doi.org/10.21441/sosyalguvence.823618

Öz

Bu çalışmada, 2008 yılı itibariyle ortaya çıkan küresel finans ve borç krizinin Avrupa Birliği (AB) üzerindeki etkileri, yeni ekonomik yönetişim modeli ve kemer sıkma politikalarının AB karar ve politika oluşturma sürecine yansımaları, krizle mücadele noktasında benimsenen stratejilerin AB istihdam piyasası ve sosyal politikasında ortaya çıkardığı sorunlar ve Avrupa Sendikalar Konfederasyonu (European Trade Union Confederation- ETUC)’nun kriz karşısındaki tutumu tartışmaya açılacaktır. Bu doğrultuda yaşanan finans ve borç krizi sonrasında ortaya çıkan sorunlar ve ETUC’un kriz sürecinde benimsediği sendikal stratejiler bütüncül bir anlayışla ele alınmaya çalışılacaktır. ETUC tarafından benimsenen strateji ve politikaların krizle mücadele aşamasındaki etkinliği ve ETUC’un AB tarafından ortaya konulan ekonomik yönetişim anlayışı ve kemer sıkma politikalarından nasıl etkilendiği birincil belgelere dayalı olarak Konfederasyon belgeleri üzerinden incelenecektir. Ayrıca ETUC'un geçmiş dönem faaliyetleri incelenirken bazı arşiv belgelerine de yer verilecektir. Böylece ETUC’un 2008 Finansal Krizi sonrasında yaşanan gelişmeler karşısındaki tutumu betimleyici bir anlayışla, derinlemesine ve bütüncül bir şekilde tartışılmaya çalışılacaktır. 2017 yılında onaylanan Avrupa Sosyal Haklar Sütunu (European Pillar of Social Rights)’nuyla birlikte ETUC’un Avrupa sosyal boyutu tartışmalarının canlanması noktasındaki çabaları da bu çalışmada üzerinde durulan konular arasında yer alacaktır. Bu süreçte ETUC tarafından benimsenen stratejiler, sadece krizin ortaya çıkardığı sorunlarla mücadele noktasında değil ETUC’un AB karar mekanizmalarını etkileyebilen bir aktör olarak var oluşunu devam ettirme çabası doğrultusunda da anlaşılmaya çalışılacaktır. Böylece çalışmada ETUC’un gelecek dönem önceliklerine ve faaliyetlerine yönelik bir tartışmaya da yer verilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avrupa Sendikal Hareketi, Avrupa Birliği Sosyal Modeli, Finansal Kriz, Kemer Sıkma Politikaları, AB Yeni Ekonomik Yönetişim Modeli, ETUC

Kaynakça

• Akçay, Ü. ve Güngen, A. R. (2014), Finansallaşma, Borç Krizi ve Çöküşü: Küresel Kapitalimin Geleceği, 2. Baskı, Ankara: Notabene.
• Armstrong, K. (2014), The Lisbon Strategy and Europe 2020: From the Governance of Co-ordination to the Co-ordination of Governance”, The EU’s Lisbon Strategy: Evaluating Success, Understanding Failure, Ed. Paul Copeland and Dimitris Papadimitriou, Hampshire: Palgrave, 208- 228.
• Bieler, A. (2014), Transnational Labour Solidarity In (The) Crisis, Global Labour Journal, 5 (2), 114-133.
• Bieler, A. and Erne, R. (2014) ‘Transnational solidarity? The European working class in the Eurozone crisis’, in Transforming Classes. Socialist Register 2015, Leo Panitch and Greg Albo (eds.), London: Merlin Press, 157-77.
• Busch K., Hermann C., Hinrichs K. and Schulten T. (2013), Euro Crisis, Austerity Policy and the European Social Model How Crisis Policies in Southern Europe Threaten the EU’s Social Dimension, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, http://www.europe-solidarity.eu/documents/ES_crisis.pdf , (09.12.2019).
• BusinessEurope, CEEP, UEAPME and ETUC (2014), Social Partner Involment in European Economic Governance, Declaration by the European Social Partners, Brussels.
• Clauwaert, S. and Schömann, I. (2011), European Social Dialogue And Transnational Framework Agreements As A Response To The Crisis?, ETUI Policy Brief, Issue 4/2011, 1-7.
• Costa, H. A. (2012), From Europe As A Model To Europe As Austerity: The İmpact Of The Crisis On Portuguese Trade Unions, Transfer, 18(4), 397-410.
• Çelik, Aziz (2014), Avrupa Birliği Sosyal Politika ve Türkiye, İstanbul: Kitap yayınevi.
• Delors, J. (1985), The Trust of Commission Policy: Statement by Jacques Delors, President of the Commission, to the European Parliament, 14 January 1985, Strasbourg.
• Degryse, C. and Tilly, P. (2013), 1973-2013 40 Years of History of the European Trade Union Confederation, Brussels: ETUI.
• Dribbusch, H. (2015), Where Is The European General Strike? Understanding The Challenges of Trans-European Trade Union Action Against Austerity, Transfer 2015, Vol. 21(2) 171–185.
• Dufresne, A. (2015), The Trade Union Response to The European Economic Governance Regime. Transnational Mobilization and Wage Coordination, Vol. 21 (2), 141-156.
• EC (2019), The Fiscal Compact – Taking Stock, https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/fiscal-compact-taking-stock_en (01.12.2019).
• EC (2020), European Pillar of Social Rights: Building A More Inclusive and Fairer European Union, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/priorities/deeper-and-fairer-economic-and-monetary-union/european-pillar-social-rights_en (08.01.2020).
• ESM (2019), About Us-History- The Context, https://www.esm.europa.eu/about-us/history, (07.12.2019).
• ETUC(1973a), New European Trade Union Confederation: Notes on Its Background and Prospects, Brussels.
• ETUC (1973b), Foundation of New European Trade Union Federation, Brussels.
• ETUC (1986), The Members of the Val Duchesse Working Party on New Technologies and Social Dialogue, 25 March 1986.
• ETUC (1988), 6th Statutory Congress, Report on Activities 85/87, Stockholm, 9-13 May 1988, Brussels.
• ETUC (2008), Time to Act Together, Resolution Adopted by the ETUC Executive Committee in their meeting held in Brussels on 24-25 June 2008, Brussels.
• ETUC (2009), Towards a New Social Deal in Europe, Brussels: ETUC.
• ETUC (2010a), ETUC Resolution- Solidarity for Greece, Adopted by the Executive Committee on 9-10 March 2010, Brussels.
• ETUC (2010b), ETUC Resolution on a New Social Impetus for the Internal Market Strategy 2010-2015, Adopted by the Executive Committee on 9-10 March 2010, Brussels.
• ETUC (2010c), ETUC Resolution on the Economic Crisis: New Sources of Finance, Adopted by the Executive Committee on 9-10 March 2010, Brussels.
• ETUC (2010d), ETUC Resolution on the Worsening Crisis- European at Risk, Adopted by the Executive Committee on 1-2 June 2010, Brussels.
• ETUC (2011a), Activity Report: 2007-2011, 12th Congress Athens 16-19 May 2011, Brussels.
• ETUC (2011b), ETUC Declaration on the current economic situation, adopted by the Executive Committee on 19-20 October 2011, Brussels.
• ETUC (2012), A Social Compact for Europe, Adopted by the Executive Committee on 5-6 June 2012, Brussels.
• ETUC (2013a), Interregional Trade Union Council, Brussels: ETUC.
• ETUC (2013b), A new path for Europe: ETUC plan for investment, sustainable growth and quality jobs, Adopted at the meeting of the ETUC Executive Committee on 7 November 2013, Brussels.
• ETUC (2013c), ETUC position on Europe 2020 Strategy – an Assessment, Adopted at the Meeting of 5-6 March 2013, Brussels.
• ETUC (2014a), Comments on Brussels Euro-demonstration 04/04/2014 #NewPathDemo, https://www.etuc.org/en/pressrelease/comments-brussels-euro-demonstration-04042014-newpathdemo (08.12.2019).
• ETUC (2014b), Review of European Economic Governance (ETUC position), Adopted at the ETUC Executive Committee on 2-3 December 2014, Brussels.
• ETUC (2015), Document on the role of the ETUC for the next mandate 2015-2019 Adopted at the ETUC 13th Congress on 2 October 2015, Paris.
• ETUC (2017), The ETUC Rome Declaration, Declaration adopted by ETUC Extraordinary Enlarged Steering Committee in Brussels on 22 May 2017, ETUC Mid Term Conference, 29-31 May 2017, Rome.
• ETUC (2019a), Activity Report 2015-2019, Adoptedby 14th Congress 21-24 May 2019, Vienna.
• ETUC (2019b), European pillar of social rights https://www.etuc.org/en/issue/european-pillar-social-rights?type=All&field_document_type_target_id=All&page=1 (05.01.2020).
• ETUC (2019c), ETUC Action Programme 2019-2023, 14th Congress 21-24 May 2019, Vienna.
• ETUI (1991), The European Trade Union Confederation. Its history, structure and policy. 2nd upd. ed., ETUI, Brussels.
• ETUI (2013a), Austerity, Rights and Democracy, ETUI, Brussels.
• ETUI (2013b), Benchmarking Working Europe 2013, ETUI, Brussels.
• ETUI (2018), Benchmarking Working Europe 2018, ETUI, Brussels.
• ETUI (2019), Benchmarking Working Europe 2019, ETUI, Brussels.
• Eurostat (2019a), Youth Unemployment rate by sex (total), https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tesem140/default/line?lang=en, (08.12.2019).
• Eurostat (2019b), Uneployment rate by sex (total), https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tesem120/default/line?lang=en, (08.12.2019).
• Eurostat (2019c), People at risk of poverty or social exclusion by sex (total), https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tepsr_lm410/default/table?lang=en, (08.12.2019).
• Fontecha, L. M. (2017), The European Pillar of Social Rights, ERA Forum 2017, 149-153, https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs12027-017-0473-4.pdf, (03.01.2020).
• Gabaglio, E. (2003), What is The ETUC?, Paris: L’Archipel.
• Geary, J. (2016), Economiccrisis, Austerity And Trade Union Responses: The Irish Case In Comparative Perspective, European Journal of Industrial Relations 2016, Vol. 22(2) 131– 147.
• Glassner, V., Keune M. and Marginson P. (2011), Collective Bargaining In A Time of Crisis: Developments İn The Private Sector In Europe, Transfer, 17(3), 303-321.
• Golden, D. (2014), Labour And Transnational Action In Times Of Crisis: From Case Studies To Theory: Report On The International Workshop On Labour Transnationalism, Transfer, Vol 20 (3), 471-473.
• Gökçe Ahmet (2018), Endüstri İlişkileri İklimi ve İkili Bağlılık, Bursa: Dora.
• Gürbüz, S. ve Şahin, F. (2017), Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri: Felsefe, Yöntem, Analiz, Ankara: Seçkin.
• Helle, I. (2015), A New Proletariat In The Making? Reflections On The 14 November 2012 Strike And The Movements Of 1968 And 1995, Transfer, Vol.21 (2), 229-242.
• Hyman, R. (2007) How Can Trade Unions Act Strategically, Transfer: European Review Of Labour And Research, Vol 13, 193–210.
• Hyman, R. (2015), AusteritarianismIn Europe: What Options for Resistance?, Paper for the Institute for New Economic Thinking conference, ‘Liberté, egalité, fragilité’, Paris, 8-11 April 2015, 1-42.
• Jordan, J., Maccarrone, V. And Erne, R. (2020), Towards a Socialization of the EU’s New Economic Governance Regime? EU Labour Policy Interventions in Germany, Ireland, Italy and Romania (2009–2019), British Journal of Industrial Relation, 0007-1080, 1-23.
• Juncker, J. (2015), Sate of the Union 2015, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/state_of_the_union_2015_en.pdf, (07.03.2020).
• Laruffa, M. (2014), The European Economic Governance: Problems And Proposals For Institutional Innovations, Journal for a Progressive Economy, 1-21.
• Kurczewska, U.(2013), “European Trade Union Confederation at the Crossroad: New Challenges and New Roles”, Warsaw Forum of Economic Sociology, 4:2(8), 75-93.
• Magdalena, B., Gumbrell- McCormick, R. and Hyman R. (2014), European Trade Unionism: From Crisis to Renewal?, Report 133, Brussels: ETUI.
• Mitchell, K. (2014), The European Trade Union Confederation at 40: Integration and Diversity in the European Labour Movement, Labour History, Vol.55, No. 4, 403-426.
• Müller, T. and Platzer, H. W. (2017), The European Trade Union Federations: Profiles And Power Resources – Changes And Challenges in Times Of Crisis, Rough Waters European Trade Unions in a Time of Crises, Eds. Steffen Lehndorff, Heiner Dribbusch and Thorsten Schulten, ETUI, Brussels, 289-314.
• OJEU (2017), Interinstitutional Proclamation on the European Pillar of Social Rights (2017/C 428/09), Official Journal of European Union, Vol 60, 10-15.
• Selamoğlu, A. (2017), 2008 Krizi ve Avrupa Birliği Yeni Yönetişim Kıskacında Endüstri İlişkileri, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, Sayı: 68, 25-61.
• Stan S., Helle I. and Roland E. (2015), European Collective Action in Times of Crisis, Transfer, Vol. 21(2), 131-139.
• Sypris, P. (2008), The Treaty of Lisbon: Much Ado … But About What?, Industrial Law Journal, Vol. 37, No. 3, September 2008, 219-235.
• Tokol, A. (2017), Uluslararası Sosyal Politika, Bursa: Dora.
• Uçkan, B. (2006), Avrupa Birliği Düzeyinde Toplu Pazarlık, İstanbul: Legal.
• Vaughan- Whitehead, D. (2015), The European Social Model in Times Of Crisis: An Overview, The European Social Model in Crisis: Is Europe Losting Its Soul, Ed. Daniel Vauhhan- Whitehead, Northampton: EdwardElgar Pub.
• Verdun, A. (2013), The Building Of Economic Governance in The European Union, Transfer, 19 (1), pp. 23-35.
• Zahn, R. (2013), European Enlargement and the Economic Crisis: Impact and Lasting Effects, Working Paper 2013.01, Brussels: ETUI.