Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Investigating the Effect of Digitalization in Financial Inclusion on the Financial Performance of Deposit Banks in Türkiye

Yıl 2024, , 47 - 69, 30.07.2024

Cihan Yılmaz , Hakan Yıldırım

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.03.04

Öz

This study investigates the impact of digitalisation in financial inclusion on the financial performance of deposit banks operating in Türkiye between 2010 and 2021. The study's dependent variables are the financial performance indicators, namely the return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). The number of ATMs and data related to Internet banking are explanatory variables, while asset size, equity ratio, and economic growth are control variables. The analyses conducted using the Two-Step System GMM method reveal that the lagged values of profitability indicators, the number of internet banking customers, financial transactions made through internet banking, equity ratio, asset size, and economic growth have a positive effect on profitability, while the number of ATMs has a negative impact.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Financial Inclusion Digitalization Internet Banking Profitability

Kaynakça

  • Abuk-Duygulu, A. & M. Özyiğit (2022), “Financial Inclusion and Income Inequality: An Evaluation on Cause-and-Effect Relationship”, Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 7(2), 297-325.
  • Ahamed, M.M. & S.K. Mallick (2019), “Is Financial Inclusion Good for Bank Stability? International Evidence”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 157, 403-427.
  • Akhisar, İ. et al. (2015), “The Effects of Innovations on Bank Performance: The Case of Electronic Banking Services”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 369-375.
  • Akın, F. (2020), “Dijital Dönüşümün Bankacılık Sektörü Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Balkan ve Yakın Doğu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6 (2), 15-27.
  • Alam, S.S. et al. (2007), “Development and Prospects of Internet Banking Bangladesh”, Competitive Review: An International Business Journal, 17(1/2), 56-66.
  • Allen, F. et al. (2016), “The Foundations of Financial Inclusion: Understanding Ownership and Use of Formal Accounts”, Journal of Financial Intermediation, 27, 1-30.
  • Al-Samadi, M.O. & S.A. Al-Wabal (2011), “The Impact of E-Banking on the Performance of Jordanian Banks”, Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 16(2), 1-10.
  • Anarfo, E.B. (2018), “Financial Inclusion, Monetary Policy, Financial Sector Development and Financial Regulation in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Ghana.
  • Arellano, M. & O. Bover (1995), “Another Look at the Instrumental-Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29-52.
  • Arnoldi, F. & P Claeys (2008), “Internet Banking in Europe: A Comparative Analysis”, Research Institute of Applied Economics Working Papers, 2008/11.
  • Arslan, G. &K. Yavuzaslan (2019), “Bankacılık Sektöründe İnovasyonun Yeri ve Önemi: Türkiye Örneği”, Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 7(2), 946-968.
  • Ashiru, O. et al. (2023), “Financial Innovation and Bank Financial Performance: Evidence from Nigerian Deposit Money Banks”, Research in Globalization, 6, 100120.
  • Avcı, B.S. (2022), “Finansal Kapsayıcılık ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Türkiye için Bir Analiz”, KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 24(42), 241-254.
  • Beck, T. et al. (2016), “Financial Innovation: The Bright and The Dark Sides”, Journal of Banking and Finance, 72, 28-51.
  • Blundell, R. & S. Bond (1998), “Initial Conditions and Moments Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115-143.
  • Bozkurt, M. (2019), Bireylerde Finansal Dışlanma ve Marjinalleşme, <https://tr.investing.com/analysis/bireylerde-finansal-dslanma-ve-marjinallesme-200435455?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_qP.lzTF9H49LDgXrK_aRmFPaE__XorvG2f0u5YUg9lU-1632435459-0-gqNtZGzNAmWjcnBszQ5R>, March 20, 2023.
  • Bruhn, M. & I. Love (2014), “The Real Impact of Improved Access to Finance: Evidence from Mexico”, The Journal of Finance, 69, 1347-1376.
  • Brune, L. et al. (2011), “Commitments to Save: A Field Experiment in Rural Malawi”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, Number 5748.
  • Burgess, R. & R. Pande (2005), “Do Rural Banks Matter? Evidence from the Indian Social Banking Experiment”, American Economic Review, 95(3), 780-795.
  • CAFI (2018), Growing with Pain: Digital Financial Inclusion in China, Chinese Academy of Financial Inclusion (CAFI), Beijing.
  • Cairncross, F. (2001), The Death of Distance: How the Communications Revolution is Changing Our Lives, (Revised Ed.), Harvard Business Review Press.
  • Çetin, A. (2020), “Türkiye’de Finansal Tabana Yayılmanın Artırılmasında Katılım Bankacılığının Rolü ve Önemi”, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 16(1), 155-171.
  • Chauhan, S. et al. (2022), “Customer Experience in Digital Banking: A Review and Future Research Directions”, International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 14(2), 311-348.
  • Chauhan, V. et al. (2022), “Adoption of Electronic Banking Services in India: An Extension of UTAUT2 Model”, Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 27(1), 27-40.
  • Chinoda, T. & F.M. Kapingura (2023), “The Impact of Digital Financial Inclusion and Bank Competition on Bank Stability in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Economies, 11(1), 15.
  • Chipeta, C. & M.M. Muthinja (2018), “Financial Innovations and Bank Performance in Kenya: Evidence from Branchless Banking Models”, South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 21(1), 1-11.
  • Danisman, G.O. & A. Tarazi (2020), “Financial Inclusion and Bank Stability: Evidence from Europe”, The European Journal of Finance, 26(18), 1842-1855.
  • Del Gaudio, B.L. et al. (2021), “How Do Mobile, Internet and ICT Diffusion Affect the Banking Industry? An Empirical Analysis”, European Management Journal, 39(3), 327-332.
  • Demirgüç-Kunt, A. et al. (2015), “The Global Findex Database 2014: Measuring Financial Inclusion Around the World”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, Number 7255.
  • Dev, S.M. (2006), “Financial Inclusion: Issues and Challenges”, Economic and Political Weekly, 41, 4310-4313.
  • DeYoung, R. (2001), “The Financial Performance of Pure Play Internet Banks”, Economic Perspectives, 25(1), 60-75.
  • Doğan, E. & C. Güler (2021), “An analysis of the Impacts of Financial Inclusion on Income Inequality in the Fragile Five Countries”, Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 43(1), 1-20.
  • Dong, J. et al. (2020), “Impact of Internet Finance on the Performance of Commercial Banks in China”, International Review of Financial Analysis, 72, 101579.
  • Erol, İ. et al. (2015), “Bankaların Yeni Gelir Kaynağı: Elektronik Bankacılık İşlem Ücretleri, Türk Bankacılık Sektöründe Banka Kârlılığı Üzerindeki Etkisi”, AİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(2), 1-21.
  • Erülgen, A. et al. (2023), “Financial Inclusion and Bank Profitability: Evidence from Island Banking Sector”, Advances in Decision Sciences, 26(4), 78-97.
  • Ghose, B. & S.G. Maji (2022), “Internet Banking Intensity and Bank Profitability: Evidence from Emerging Indian Economy”, Managerial Finance, 48(11), 1607-1626.
  • Giordani, G. & C. Floros (2015), “Number of ATMs, IT Investments, Bank Profitability and Efficiency in Greece”, Global Business and Economics Review (GBER), 17(2), 217-235.
  • Gopalan, S. & R.S. Rajan (2018), “Foreign Banks and Financial Inclusion in Emerging and Developing Economies: An Empirical Investigation”, Journal of International Development, 30(4), 559-583.
  • Göz, T. & G. Poyraz (2023), “Dijital Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksi: Ülkeler Arası Bir Karşılaştırma”, İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 157-180.
  • Guiso, L. et al. (2004), “Does Local Financial Development Matter?”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119, 929-969.
  • Gündoğdu, A. & F.D. Taşkın (2017), “Analysis of the Relationship Between Financial Innovation and the Performance of Turkish Banking”, International Review of Economics and Management, 5(3), 16-32.
  • Gündüz, M. & Y. Özyıldırım (2020), “Finansal Kapsayıcılığın Gelişmesinde Katılım Bankacılığının Rolü: Katılım Bankacılığı Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksinin Hesaplanması”, BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar Dergisi, 14(2), 119-144.
  • Gutu, L.M. (2014), “The Impact of Internet Technology on the Romanian Banks Performance”, 12th International Academic Conference, 1 September 2014, Prag.
  • Hannig, A. & S. Jansen (2010), “Financial Inclusion and Financial Stability: Current Policy Issues”, Working Paper Series, Number 259.
  • Hassan, S.U. et al. (2013), “Electronic Banking Products and Performance of Nigerian Listed Deposit Money Banks”, American Journal of Computer Technology and Application, 1(10), 138-148.
  • Hernando, I. & M.J. Nieto (2007), “Is the Internet Delivery Channel Changing Banks’ Performance? The Case of Spanish Banks”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 31(4), 1083-1099.
  • Honohan, P. (2007), Cross-Country Variation in Household Access to Financial Services. Access to Finance, World Bank.
  • Ikram, I. & S. Lohdi (2015), “Impact of Financial Inclusion on Banks; Profitability: An Empirical Study of Banking Sector of Karachi, Pakistan”, International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research, 4(10), 88-98.
  • IMF, (2023), Financial Access Survey, <https://data.imf.org/?sk=E5DCAB7E-A5CA-4892-A6EA-598B5463A34C>, May 5, 2023.
  • İslamoğlu, M. & M. Bayrak (2022), “Dijital Bankacılık Ürünlerinin Sektörün Büyüme Performansı Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(3), 403-416.
  • Issaka Jajah, Y. et al. (2020), “Financial Inclusion and Bank Profitability in Sub‐Saharan Africa”, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 27(1), 32-44.
  • Izaguirre, J.C. et al. (2016), “Deposit Insurance and Digital Financial Inclusion”, CGAP Brief.
  • Joseph, J. & T. Varghese (2014), “Role of Financial Inclusion in the Development of Indian Economy”, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(11), 6-15.
  • Kagan, A. et al. (2005), “Does Internet Banking Affect the Performance of Community Banks?”, American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, 24-27 July, Rhode Island.
  • Kahveci, E. & B. Wolfs (2018), “Digital Banking Impact on Turkish Deposit Banks Performance”, Banks and Bank Systems, 13(3), 48-57.
  • Karakus, R. (2020), “Türkiye’de Finansal Tabana Yayılma Düzeyi ve Belirleyicileri”, Business and Economics Research Journal, 11(1), 147-160.
  • Kaya, E. (2022), “How Does Financial Performance Affect Financial Inclusion for Developing Countries?”, Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 14(2), 462-481.
  • Kevser, M. et al. (2022), “Finansal Tabana Yayılma, Krediler ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye için Ampirik Bir Araştırma”, Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(2), 282-296.
  • Khatib, S.F.A. et al. (2022), “Financial Inclusion and the Performance of Banking Sector in Palestine”, Economies, 10(10), 247.
  • Kim, J.H. (2016), “A Study on the Effect of Financial Inclusion on the Relationship Between Income Inequality and Economic Growth”, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 52(2), 498-512.
  • Kiplangat, K.D. & C. Tibbs (2018), “Financial Innovations and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks”, International Journal of Innovative Research & Development, 7(5), 36-41.
  • Korkmazgöz, Ç. & İ. Ege (2020), “Finansal Teknolojilerin Türk Bankacılık Sektörünün Finansal Performansına Etkisi: Mobil Bankacılık Üzerine Uygulama”, Mersin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü e-Dergisi, 3(2), 106-125.
  • Kouladoum, J.-C. et al. (2022), “Digital Technologies and Financial Inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Telecommunications Policy, 46(9), 102387.
  • Kuzucu, S. (2019), “The Role of Capital Movements and Capital Markets on Economic Growth: Panel Data Analysis for Developing Countries”, Pressacademia, 10(10), 27-31.
  • Lauer, K. & T. Lyman (2015), “Digital Financial Inclusion: Implications for Customers, Regulators, Supervisors, and Standard-Setting Bodies”, CGAP Brief, February.
  • Lazo, B.B. & K. Woldesenbet (2006), “The Dynamics of Product and Process Innovations in UK Banking”, International Journal of Financial Services Management, 1(4), 400-421.
  • Le, T.-H. et al. (2019), “Financial Inclusion and Its Impact on Financial Efficiency and Sustainability: Empirical Evidence from Asia”, Borsa Istanbul Review, 19(4), 310-322.
  • Liu, Y. et al. (2021), “Can Digital Financial Inclusion Promote China’s Economic Growth?”, International Review of Financial Analysis, 78, 101889.
  • Lopez, T. & A. Winkler (2019), “Does Financial Inclusion Mitigate Credit Boom-Bust Cycles?”, Journal of Financial Stability, 43, 116-129.
  • Mahboub, R.M. (2018), “The Impact of Information and Communication Technology Investments on the Performance of Lebanese Banks”, European Research Studies Journal, 21(4), 435-458.
  • Malhotra, P. & B. Singh (2006), “The Impact of Internet Banking on Bank’s Performance: The Indian Experience”, South Asian Journal of Management, 13(4), 25-54.
  • Malhotra, P. & B. Singh (2009), “The Impact of Internet Banking on Bank Performance and Risk: The Indian Experience”, Eurasian Journal of Business & Economics, 2(4), 43-62.
  • Malhotra, P. & B. Singh (2010), “Experience in Internet Banking and Performance of Banks”, International Journal of Electronic Finance, 4(1), 64-83.
  • Menteş, A. (2019), “Finansal Tabana Yayılma Aracı Olarak Finansal Teknoloji Şirketleri”, Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 8(1), 168-175.
  • Ngwengeh, B.B. et al. (2021), “The Influence of Digital Financial Services on the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Cameroon”, European Scientific Journal ESJ, 17(15), 448-469.
  • Olalere, O.E. et al. (2021), “The Effect of Financial Innovation and Bank Competition on Firm Value: A Comparative Study of Malaysian and Nigerian Banks”, Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(6), 245-253.
  • Oliner, S.D. & D.E. Sichel (2000), “The Resurgence of Growth in the Late 1990s: Is Information Technology The Story?”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(4), 3-22.
  • Onay, C. & E. Ozsoz (2013), “The Impact of Internet-Banking on Brick and Mortar Branches: The Case of Turkey”, Journal of Financial Services Research, 44(2), 187-204.
  • Oranga, O.J. & I.T. Ondabu (2018), “Effect of Financial Inclusion on Financial Performance of Banks Listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange in Kenya”, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 8(5), 624-649.
  • Ozili, P.K. (2018), “Impact of Digital Finance on Financial Inclusion and Stability”, Borsa Istanbul Review, 18(4), 329-340.
  • Özparlak, G. & A. Özhan (2021), “The Impact of Financial Inclusion on Economic Growth and Income Inequality”, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(2), 1971-1999.
  • Özşuca, E.A. (2019), “Yabancı Bankalar ve Finansal İçerme Arasındaki İlişki: Geçiş Ekonomileri Örneği”, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 15(2), 249-262.
  • PAL (2020), Dijital Finansal Kapsayıcılık: Finansal Teknolojilerin Kapsayıcılık Yoluyla Olusturabileceği Ekonomik Etkiler ve Politika Önerileri, <palglobal.org>, April 5, 2023.
  • Park, C.Y. & R.V. Mercado (2015), Financial Inclusion, Poverty, and Income Inequality in Developing Asia, ADB Economics Working Paper Series, Number 426.
  • Pigni, F. et al. (2002), “Bank Strategies and the Internet: An Interpretation of the Banking Industry on the Italian Retail Market”, Journal of Information Technology Case & Application Research, 4(3), 8-37.
  • Prasad, E.S. (2010), Financial Sector Regulation and Reforms in Emerging Markets: An Overview, National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Sarıgül, H. (2020), “The Determining Factors of Financial Inclusion in Turkey”, Pressacademia, 7(3), 223-235.
  • Sarıgül, H. (2021), “Bölgelere ve İllere Göre Türkiye Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksi”, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, (90), 79-100.
  • Sarma, M. (2008), Index of Financial Inclusion, Number 215, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations.
  • Sassi, S. & M. Goaied (2013), “Financial Development, ICT Diffusion and Economic Growth: Lessons from MENA Region”, Telecommunications Policy, 37(4-5), 252-261.
  • Scott, S.V. et al. (2017), “The Long-Term Effect of Digital Innovation on Bank Performance: An Empirical Study of SWIFT Adoption in Financial Services”, Research Policy, 46(5), 984-1004.
  • Selim, S. & M. Şen (2020), “Türkiye’de Finansal Katılımı Belirleyen Faktörlerin Analizi”, Gazi Journal of Economics and Business, 6(3), 268-290.
  • Seven, Ü. et al. (2020), “Finansal Kapsayıcılık: Türkiye ve Dünya Karşılaştırması”, Ekonomi Notları, 2020-04.
  • Sevim, U. & M. Özkan (2017), “Elektronik Bankacılık Hizmetlerinin Banka Performansı Üzerine Etkisi”, Uluslararası Yönetim, Ekonomi ve Politika Kongresi (244-256), 17-18 Kasım, İstanbul.
  • Shihadeh, F.H. et al. (2018), “Does Financial Inclusion Improve the Banks’ Performance? Evidence from Jordan”, in: Global Tensions in Financial Markets (117-138), Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Sukumaran, K. (2015), “Financial Access: Inclusion and Literacy”, Annual Research Journal of Symbiosis Centre for Management Studies, 3, 188-207.
  • Sumra, S.H. et al. (2011), “The Impact of E-Banking on the Profitability of Banks: A Study of Pakistani Banks”, Journal of Public Administration & Governance, 1(1), 31-38.
  • TBB (2022), Bankalarımız 2021, Yayın No: 346.
  • TBB (2023), Dijital, İnternet ve Mobil Bankacılık İstatistikleri, <https://www.tbb.org.tr/tr/bankacilik/banka-ve-sektor-bilgileri/istatistiki-raporlar/59>, March 17, 2023.
  • Temizel, F. (2015), “Finansal Dışlanmaya Bakış”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 44, 124-128.
  • Thankgod, U.J. et al. (2019), “Effect of Electronic Payment on Financial Performance of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria”, Lafia Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 4(1), 114-127.
  • Úbeda, F. et al. (2023), “The Sustainable Practices of Multinational Banks As Drivers of Financial Inclusion in Developing Countries”, Finance Research Letters, 51, 103278.
  • Ulusoy, A. & S. Demirel (2022), “Türk Bankacılık Sisteminde Dijitalleşme-Kârlılık Etkileşimi”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(1), 184-200.
  • United Nations (2023), Financial Inclusion, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Poverty, <https://www.un.org/development/desa/socialperspectiveondevelopment/issues/financial-inclusion.html>, April 7, 2023.
  • Weigelt, C. & M.B. Sarkar (2012), “Performance Implications of Outsourcing for Technological Innovations: Managing the Efficiency and Adaptability Trade-Off”, Strategic Management Journal, 33, 189-216.
  • World Bank (2007), Finance for All? Policies and Pitfalls in Expanding Access, <https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/932501468136179348/finance-for-all-policies-and-pitfalls-in-expanding-access>, May 7, 2023.
  • World Bank (2023), GDP per capita growth (annual %), <https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG>, May 7, 2023.
  • Yetiz, F. & A. Ergin-Ünal (2018), “Finansal Yeniliklerin Gelişimi ve Türk Bankacılık Sektörüne Etkileri”, Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(4), 117-135.
  • Yıldız, M. (2022), “Finansal Erişim, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Özel Sektör Yatırımları İlişkisinin Ekonometrik Analizi”, Maliye ve FinansYazıları, 36(118), 199-220.
  • Yılmaz, C. (2021), “Finansal Tabana Yayılma ve Piyasaların Gelişimi Bağlamında Finansın Dijitalleşmesi”, in: Z. Aykanat (Ed.), İşletme Fonksiyonları ile Dönüşümün Yeni Adı: Endüstri 4.0 (185-216), Gazi Kitabevi: Ankara.
  • Yorulmaz, R. (2013), “Construction of a Regional Financial Inclusion Index in Turkey”, BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar, 7(1), 79-101.
  • Yorulmaz, R. (2016), “Construction of a Financial Inclusion Index for the Member and Candidate of the European Union”, Sayıştay Dergisi, (102), 91-106.
  • Zhu, X. et al. (2016), “Digital Finance-from Traditional Finance to Digital and Internet Finance”, in: Business Trends in the Digital Era (161-190), Springer Singapore.
  • Zor, İ. & Ş. Yılmaz-Küçük (2020), “Finansal Tabana Yayılmanın Belirleyicileri: Türkiye ve Dünya Uygulaması”, 3. Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 55(3), 1780-1802.

Finansal Tabana Yayılmadaki Dijitalleşmenin Türkiye’deki Mevduat Bankalarının Finansal Performansları Üzerine Etkisinin Araştırılması

Yıl 2024, , 47 - 69, 30.07.2024

Cihan Yılmaz , Hakan Yıldırım

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.03.04

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 2010-2021 döneminde finansal tabana yayılmadaki dijitalleşmenin Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren mevduat bankalarının finansal performansları üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Çalışmanın bağımlı değişkenleri; finansal performans göstergeleri olarak aktif kârlılık oranı (ROA) ve özsermaye kârlılık oranı (ROE)’dir. ATM sayısı ile internet bankacılığına ilişkin veriler açıklayıcı değişkenler olup aktif büyüklüğü, özsermaye oranı ve ekonomik büyüme ise kontrol değişkenleridir. İki Aşamalı Sistem GMM yöntemi ile yapılan analizler neticesinde; kârlılık göstergelerinin gecikmeli değerleri, internet bankacılığı müşteri sayısı, internet bankacılığı ile yapılan finansal işlemler, özsermaye oranı, aktif büyüklüğü ve ekonomik büyümenin kârlılık üzerinde pozitif, ATM sayısının ise negatif etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Finansal Tabana Yayılma Dijitalleşme İnternet Bankacılığı Kârlılık

Kaynakça

  • Abuk-Duygulu, A. & M. Özyiğit (2022), “Financial Inclusion and Income Inequality: An Evaluation on Cause-and-Effect Relationship”, Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 7(2), 297-325.
  • Ahamed, M.M. & S.K. Mallick (2019), “Is Financial Inclusion Good for Bank Stability? International Evidence”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 157, 403-427.
  • Akhisar, İ. et al. (2015), “The Effects of Innovations on Bank Performance: The Case of Electronic Banking Services”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 369-375.
  • Akın, F. (2020), “Dijital Dönüşümün Bankacılık Sektörü Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Balkan ve Yakın Doğu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6 (2), 15-27.
  • Alam, S.S. et al. (2007), “Development and Prospects of Internet Banking Bangladesh”, Competitive Review: An International Business Journal, 17(1/2), 56-66.
  • Allen, F. et al. (2016), “The Foundations of Financial Inclusion: Understanding Ownership and Use of Formal Accounts”, Journal of Financial Intermediation, 27, 1-30.
  • Al-Samadi, M.O. & S.A. Al-Wabal (2011), “The Impact of E-Banking on the Performance of Jordanian Banks”, Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 16(2), 1-10.
  • Anarfo, E.B. (2018), “Financial Inclusion, Monetary Policy, Financial Sector Development and Financial Regulation in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Ghana.
  • Arellano, M. & O. Bover (1995), “Another Look at the Instrumental-Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29-52.
  • Arnoldi, F. & P Claeys (2008), “Internet Banking in Europe: A Comparative Analysis”, Research Institute of Applied Economics Working Papers, 2008/11.
  • Arslan, G. &K. Yavuzaslan (2019), “Bankacılık Sektöründe İnovasyonun Yeri ve Önemi: Türkiye Örneği”, Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 7(2), 946-968.
  • Ashiru, O. et al. (2023), “Financial Innovation and Bank Financial Performance: Evidence from Nigerian Deposit Money Banks”, Research in Globalization, 6, 100120.
  • Avcı, B.S. (2022), “Finansal Kapsayıcılık ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Türkiye için Bir Analiz”, KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 24(42), 241-254.
  • Beck, T. et al. (2016), “Financial Innovation: The Bright and The Dark Sides”, Journal of Banking and Finance, 72, 28-51.
  • Blundell, R. & S. Bond (1998), “Initial Conditions and Moments Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115-143.
  • Bozkurt, M. (2019), Bireylerde Finansal Dışlanma ve Marjinalleşme, <https://tr.investing.com/analysis/bireylerde-finansal-dslanma-ve-marjinallesme-200435455?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_qP.lzTF9H49LDgXrK_aRmFPaE__XorvG2f0u5YUg9lU-1632435459-0-gqNtZGzNAmWjcnBszQ5R>, March 20, 2023.
  • Bruhn, M. & I. Love (2014), “The Real Impact of Improved Access to Finance: Evidence from Mexico”, The Journal of Finance, 69, 1347-1376.
  • Brune, L. et al. (2011), “Commitments to Save: A Field Experiment in Rural Malawi”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, Number 5748.
  • Burgess, R. & R. Pande (2005), “Do Rural Banks Matter? Evidence from the Indian Social Banking Experiment”, American Economic Review, 95(3), 780-795.
  • CAFI (2018), Growing with Pain: Digital Financial Inclusion in China, Chinese Academy of Financial Inclusion (CAFI), Beijing.
  • Cairncross, F. (2001), The Death of Distance: How the Communications Revolution is Changing Our Lives, (Revised Ed.), Harvard Business Review Press.
  • Çetin, A. (2020), “Türkiye’de Finansal Tabana Yayılmanın Artırılmasında Katılım Bankacılığının Rolü ve Önemi”, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 16(1), 155-171.
  • Chauhan, S. et al. (2022), “Customer Experience in Digital Banking: A Review and Future Research Directions”, International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 14(2), 311-348.
  • Chauhan, V. et al. (2022), “Adoption of Electronic Banking Services in India: An Extension of UTAUT2 Model”, Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 27(1), 27-40.
  • Chinoda, T. & F.M. Kapingura (2023), “The Impact of Digital Financial Inclusion and Bank Competition on Bank Stability in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Economies, 11(1), 15.
  • Chipeta, C. & M.M. Muthinja (2018), “Financial Innovations and Bank Performance in Kenya: Evidence from Branchless Banking Models”, South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 21(1), 1-11.
  • Danisman, G.O. & A. Tarazi (2020), “Financial Inclusion and Bank Stability: Evidence from Europe”, The European Journal of Finance, 26(18), 1842-1855.
  • Del Gaudio, B.L. et al. (2021), “How Do Mobile, Internet and ICT Diffusion Affect the Banking Industry? An Empirical Analysis”, European Management Journal, 39(3), 327-332.
  • Demirgüç-Kunt, A. et al. (2015), “The Global Findex Database 2014: Measuring Financial Inclusion Around the World”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, Number 7255.
  • Dev, S.M. (2006), “Financial Inclusion: Issues and Challenges”, Economic and Political Weekly, 41, 4310-4313.
  • DeYoung, R. (2001), “The Financial Performance of Pure Play Internet Banks”, Economic Perspectives, 25(1), 60-75.
  • Doğan, E. & C. Güler (2021), “An analysis of the Impacts of Financial Inclusion on Income Inequality in the Fragile Five Countries”, Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 43(1), 1-20.
  • Dong, J. et al. (2020), “Impact of Internet Finance on the Performance of Commercial Banks in China”, International Review of Financial Analysis, 72, 101579.
  • Erol, İ. et al. (2015), “Bankaların Yeni Gelir Kaynağı: Elektronik Bankacılık İşlem Ücretleri, Türk Bankacılık Sektöründe Banka Kârlılığı Üzerindeki Etkisi”, AİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(2), 1-21.
  • Erülgen, A. et al. (2023), “Financial Inclusion and Bank Profitability: Evidence from Island Banking Sector”, Advances in Decision Sciences, 26(4), 78-97.
  • Ghose, B. & S.G. Maji (2022), “Internet Banking Intensity and Bank Profitability: Evidence from Emerging Indian Economy”, Managerial Finance, 48(11), 1607-1626.
  • Giordani, G. & C. Floros (2015), “Number of ATMs, IT Investments, Bank Profitability and Efficiency in Greece”, Global Business and Economics Review (GBER), 17(2), 217-235.
  • Gopalan, S. & R.S. Rajan (2018), “Foreign Banks and Financial Inclusion in Emerging and Developing Economies: An Empirical Investigation”, Journal of International Development, 30(4), 559-583.
  • Göz, T. & G. Poyraz (2023), “Dijital Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksi: Ülkeler Arası Bir Karşılaştırma”, İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 157-180.
  • Guiso, L. et al. (2004), “Does Local Financial Development Matter?”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119, 929-969.
  • Gündoğdu, A. & F.D. Taşkın (2017), “Analysis of the Relationship Between Financial Innovation and the Performance of Turkish Banking”, International Review of Economics and Management, 5(3), 16-32.
  • Gündüz, M. & Y. Özyıldırım (2020), “Finansal Kapsayıcılığın Gelişmesinde Katılım Bankacılığının Rolü: Katılım Bankacılığı Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksinin Hesaplanması”, BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar Dergisi, 14(2), 119-144.
  • Gutu, L.M. (2014), “The Impact of Internet Technology on the Romanian Banks Performance”, 12th International Academic Conference, 1 September 2014, Prag.
  • Hannig, A. & S. Jansen (2010), “Financial Inclusion and Financial Stability: Current Policy Issues”, Working Paper Series, Number 259.
  • Hassan, S.U. et al. (2013), “Electronic Banking Products and Performance of Nigerian Listed Deposit Money Banks”, American Journal of Computer Technology and Application, 1(10), 138-148.
  • Hernando, I. & M.J. Nieto (2007), “Is the Internet Delivery Channel Changing Banks’ Performance? The Case of Spanish Banks”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 31(4), 1083-1099.
  • Honohan, P. (2007), Cross-Country Variation in Household Access to Financial Services. Access to Finance, World Bank.
  • Ikram, I. & S. Lohdi (2015), “Impact of Financial Inclusion on Banks; Profitability: An Empirical Study of Banking Sector of Karachi, Pakistan”, International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research, 4(10), 88-98.
  • IMF, (2023), Financial Access Survey, <https://data.imf.org/?sk=E5DCAB7E-A5CA-4892-A6EA-598B5463A34C>, May 5, 2023.
  • İslamoğlu, M. & M. Bayrak (2022), “Dijital Bankacılık Ürünlerinin Sektörün Büyüme Performansı Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(3), 403-416.
  • Issaka Jajah, Y. et al. (2020), “Financial Inclusion and Bank Profitability in Sub‐Saharan Africa”, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 27(1), 32-44.
  • Izaguirre, J.C. et al. (2016), “Deposit Insurance and Digital Financial Inclusion”, CGAP Brief.
  • Joseph, J. & T. Varghese (2014), “Role of Financial Inclusion in the Development of Indian Economy”, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(11), 6-15.
  • Kagan, A. et al. (2005), “Does Internet Banking Affect the Performance of Community Banks?”, American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, 24-27 July, Rhode Island.
  • Kahveci, E. & B. Wolfs (2018), “Digital Banking Impact on Turkish Deposit Banks Performance”, Banks and Bank Systems, 13(3), 48-57.
  • Karakus, R. (2020), “Türkiye’de Finansal Tabana Yayılma Düzeyi ve Belirleyicileri”, Business and Economics Research Journal, 11(1), 147-160.
  • Kaya, E. (2022), “How Does Financial Performance Affect Financial Inclusion for Developing Countries?”, Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 14(2), 462-481.
  • Kevser, M. et al. (2022), “Finansal Tabana Yayılma, Krediler ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye için Ampirik Bir Araştırma”, Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(2), 282-296.
  • Khatib, S.F.A. et al. (2022), “Financial Inclusion and the Performance of Banking Sector in Palestine”, Economies, 10(10), 247.
  • Kim, J.H. (2016), “A Study on the Effect of Financial Inclusion on the Relationship Between Income Inequality and Economic Growth”, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 52(2), 498-512.
  • Kiplangat, K.D. & C. Tibbs (2018), “Financial Innovations and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks”, International Journal of Innovative Research & Development, 7(5), 36-41.
  • Korkmazgöz, Ç. & İ. Ege (2020), “Finansal Teknolojilerin Türk Bankacılık Sektörünün Finansal Performansına Etkisi: Mobil Bankacılık Üzerine Uygulama”, Mersin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü e-Dergisi, 3(2), 106-125.
  • Kouladoum, J.-C. et al. (2022), “Digital Technologies and Financial Inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Telecommunications Policy, 46(9), 102387.
  • Kuzucu, S. (2019), “The Role of Capital Movements and Capital Markets on Economic Growth: Panel Data Analysis for Developing Countries”, Pressacademia, 10(10), 27-31.
  • Lauer, K. & T. Lyman (2015), “Digital Financial Inclusion: Implications for Customers, Regulators, Supervisors, and Standard-Setting Bodies”, CGAP Brief, February.
  • Lazo, B.B. & K. Woldesenbet (2006), “The Dynamics of Product and Process Innovations in UK Banking”, International Journal of Financial Services Management, 1(4), 400-421.
  • Le, T.-H. et al. (2019), “Financial Inclusion and Its Impact on Financial Efficiency and Sustainability: Empirical Evidence from Asia”, Borsa Istanbul Review, 19(4), 310-322.
  • Liu, Y. et al. (2021), “Can Digital Financial Inclusion Promote China’s Economic Growth?”, International Review of Financial Analysis, 78, 101889.
  • Lopez, T. & A. Winkler (2019), “Does Financial Inclusion Mitigate Credit Boom-Bust Cycles?”, Journal of Financial Stability, 43, 116-129.
  • Mahboub, R.M. (2018), “The Impact of Information and Communication Technology Investments on the Performance of Lebanese Banks”, European Research Studies Journal, 21(4), 435-458.
  • Malhotra, P. & B. Singh (2006), “The Impact of Internet Banking on Bank’s Performance: The Indian Experience”, South Asian Journal of Management, 13(4), 25-54.
  • Malhotra, P. & B. Singh (2009), “The Impact of Internet Banking on Bank Performance and Risk: The Indian Experience”, Eurasian Journal of Business & Economics, 2(4), 43-62.
  • Malhotra, P. & B. Singh (2010), “Experience in Internet Banking and Performance of Banks”, International Journal of Electronic Finance, 4(1), 64-83.
  • Menteş, A. (2019), “Finansal Tabana Yayılma Aracı Olarak Finansal Teknoloji Şirketleri”, Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 8(1), 168-175.
  • Ngwengeh, B.B. et al. (2021), “The Influence of Digital Financial Services on the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Cameroon”, European Scientific Journal ESJ, 17(15), 448-469.
  • Olalere, O.E. et al. (2021), “The Effect of Financial Innovation and Bank Competition on Firm Value: A Comparative Study of Malaysian and Nigerian Banks”, Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(6), 245-253.
  • Oliner, S.D. & D.E. Sichel (2000), “The Resurgence of Growth in the Late 1990s: Is Information Technology The Story?”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(4), 3-22.
  • Onay, C. & E. Ozsoz (2013), “The Impact of Internet-Banking on Brick and Mortar Branches: The Case of Turkey”, Journal of Financial Services Research, 44(2), 187-204.
  • Oranga, O.J. & I.T. Ondabu (2018), “Effect of Financial Inclusion on Financial Performance of Banks Listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange in Kenya”, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 8(5), 624-649.
  • Ozili, P.K. (2018), “Impact of Digital Finance on Financial Inclusion and Stability”, Borsa Istanbul Review, 18(4), 329-340.
  • Özparlak, G. & A. Özhan (2021), “The Impact of Financial Inclusion on Economic Growth and Income Inequality”, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(2), 1971-1999.
  • Özşuca, E.A. (2019), “Yabancı Bankalar ve Finansal İçerme Arasındaki İlişki: Geçiş Ekonomileri Örneği”, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 15(2), 249-262.
  • PAL (2020), Dijital Finansal Kapsayıcılık: Finansal Teknolojilerin Kapsayıcılık Yoluyla Olusturabileceği Ekonomik Etkiler ve Politika Önerileri, <palglobal.org>, April 5, 2023.
  • Park, C.Y. & R.V. Mercado (2015), Financial Inclusion, Poverty, and Income Inequality in Developing Asia, ADB Economics Working Paper Series, Number 426.
  • Pigni, F. et al. (2002), “Bank Strategies and the Internet: An Interpretation of the Banking Industry on the Italian Retail Market”, Journal of Information Technology Case & Application Research, 4(3), 8-37.
  • Prasad, E.S. (2010), Financial Sector Regulation and Reforms in Emerging Markets: An Overview, National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Sarıgül, H. (2020), “The Determining Factors of Financial Inclusion in Turkey”, Pressacademia, 7(3), 223-235.
  • Sarıgül, H. (2021), “Bölgelere ve İllere Göre Türkiye Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksi”, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, (90), 79-100.
  • Sarma, M. (2008), Index of Financial Inclusion, Number 215, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations.
  • Sassi, S. & M. Goaied (2013), “Financial Development, ICT Diffusion and Economic Growth: Lessons from MENA Region”, Telecommunications Policy, 37(4-5), 252-261.
  • Scott, S.V. et al. (2017), “The Long-Term Effect of Digital Innovation on Bank Performance: An Empirical Study of SWIFT Adoption in Financial Services”, Research Policy, 46(5), 984-1004.
  • Selim, S. & M. Şen (2020), “Türkiye’de Finansal Katılımı Belirleyen Faktörlerin Analizi”, Gazi Journal of Economics and Business, 6(3), 268-290.
  • Seven, Ü. et al. (2020), “Finansal Kapsayıcılık: Türkiye ve Dünya Karşılaştırması”, Ekonomi Notları, 2020-04.
  • Sevim, U. & M. Özkan (2017), “Elektronik Bankacılık Hizmetlerinin Banka Performansı Üzerine Etkisi”, Uluslararası Yönetim, Ekonomi ve Politika Kongresi (244-256), 17-18 Kasım, İstanbul.
  • Shihadeh, F.H. et al. (2018), “Does Financial Inclusion Improve the Banks’ Performance? Evidence from Jordan”, in: Global Tensions in Financial Markets (117-138), Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Sukumaran, K. (2015), “Financial Access: Inclusion and Literacy”, Annual Research Journal of Symbiosis Centre for Management Studies, 3, 188-207.
  • Sumra, S.H. et al. (2011), “The Impact of E-Banking on the Profitability of Banks: A Study of Pakistani Banks”, Journal of Public Administration & Governance, 1(1), 31-38.
  • TBB (2022), Bankalarımız 2021, Yayın No: 346.
  • TBB (2023), Dijital, İnternet ve Mobil Bankacılık İstatistikleri, <https://www.tbb.org.tr/tr/bankacilik/banka-ve-sektor-bilgileri/istatistiki-raporlar/59>, March 17, 2023.
  • Temizel, F. (2015), “Finansal Dışlanmaya Bakış”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 44, 124-128.
  • Thankgod, U.J. et al. (2019), “Effect of Electronic Payment on Financial Performance of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria”, Lafia Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 4(1), 114-127.
  • Úbeda, F. et al. (2023), “The Sustainable Practices of Multinational Banks As Drivers of Financial Inclusion in Developing Countries”, Finance Research Letters, 51, 103278.
  • Ulusoy, A. & S. Demirel (2022), “Türk Bankacılık Sisteminde Dijitalleşme-Kârlılık Etkileşimi”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(1), 184-200.
  • United Nations (2023), Financial Inclusion, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Poverty, <https://www.un.org/development/desa/socialperspectiveondevelopment/issues/financial-inclusion.html>, April 7, 2023.
  • Weigelt, C. & M.B. Sarkar (2012), “Performance Implications of Outsourcing for Technological Innovations: Managing the Efficiency and Adaptability Trade-Off”, Strategic Management Journal, 33, 189-216.
  • World Bank (2007), Finance for All? Policies and Pitfalls in Expanding Access, <https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/932501468136179348/finance-for-all-policies-and-pitfalls-in-expanding-access>, May 7, 2023.
  • World Bank (2023), GDP per capita growth (annual %), <https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG>, May 7, 2023.
  • Yetiz, F. & A. Ergin-Ünal (2018), “Finansal Yeniliklerin Gelişimi ve Türk Bankacılık Sektörüne Etkileri”, Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(4), 117-135.
  • Yıldız, M. (2022), “Finansal Erişim, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Özel Sektör Yatırımları İlişkisinin Ekonometrik Analizi”, Maliye ve FinansYazıları, 36(118), 199-220.
  • Yılmaz, C. (2021), “Finansal Tabana Yayılma ve Piyasaların Gelişimi Bağlamında Finansın Dijitalleşmesi”, in: Z. Aykanat (Ed.), İşletme Fonksiyonları ile Dönüşümün Yeni Adı: Endüstri 4.0 (185-216), Gazi Kitabevi: Ankara.
  • Yorulmaz, R. (2013), “Construction of a Regional Financial Inclusion Index in Turkey”, BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar, 7(1), 79-101.
  • Yorulmaz, R. (2016), “Construction of a Financial Inclusion Index for the Member and Candidate of the European Union”, Sayıştay Dergisi, (102), 91-106.
  • Zhu, X. et al. (2016), “Digital Finance-from Traditional Finance to Digital and Internet Finance”, in: Business Trends in the Digital Era (161-190), Springer Singapore.
  • Zor, İ. & Ş. Yılmaz-Küçük (2020), “Finansal Tabana Yayılmanın Belirleyicileri: Türkiye ve Dünya Uygulaması”, 3. Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 55(3), 1780-1802.
Toplam 114 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Para-Bankacılık
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Cihan Yılmaz 0000-0001-8620-4888

Hakan Yıldırım 0000-0002-3173-0247

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 21 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 4 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, C., & Yıldırım, H. (2024). Investigating the Effect of Digitalization in Financial Inclusion on the Financial Performance of Deposit Banks in Türkiye. Sosyoekonomi, 32(61), 47-69. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.03.04
AMA Yılmaz C, Yıldırım H. Investigating the Effect of Digitalization in Financial Inclusion on the Financial Performance of Deposit Banks in Türkiye. Sosyoekonomi. Temmuz 2024;32(61):47-69. doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.03.04
Chicago Yılmaz, Cihan, ve Hakan Yıldırım. “Investigating the Effect of Digitalization in Financial Inclusion on the Financial Performance of Deposit Banks in Türkiye”. Sosyoekonomi 32, sy. 61 (Temmuz 2024): 47-69. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.03.04.
EndNote Yılmaz C, Yıldırım H (01 Temmuz 2024) Investigating the Effect of Digitalization in Financial Inclusion on the Financial Performance of Deposit Banks in Türkiye. Sosyoekonomi 32 61 47–69.
IEEE C. Yılmaz ve H. Yıldırım, “Investigating the Effect of Digitalization in Financial Inclusion on the Financial Performance of Deposit Banks in Türkiye”, Sosyoekonomi, c. 32, sy. 61, ss. 47–69, 2024, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.03.04.
ISNAD Yılmaz, Cihan - Yıldırım, Hakan. “Investigating the Effect of Digitalization in Financial Inclusion on the Financial Performance of Deposit Banks in Türkiye”. Sosyoekonomi 32/61 (Temmuz 2024), 47-69. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.03.04.
JAMA Yılmaz C, Yıldırım H. Investigating the Effect of Digitalization in Financial Inclusion on the Financial Performance of Deposit Banks in Türkiye. Sosyoekonomi. 2024;32:47–69.
MLA Yılmaz, Cihan ve Hakan Yıldırım. “Investigating the Effect of Digitalization in Financial Inclusion on the Financial Performance of Deposit Banks in Türkiye”. Sosyoekonomi, c. 32, sy. 61, 2024, ss. 47-69, doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.03.04.
Vancouver Yılmaz C, Yıldırım H. Investigating the Effect of Digitalization in Financial Inclusion on the Financial Performance of Deposit Banks in Türkiye. Sosyoekonomi. 2024;32(61):47-69.