Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Impact of Financial Development on Carbon (CO2) Emissions in Türkiye: A Sectoral Perspective within the Framework of Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis

Yıl 2024, , 427 - 454, 30.07.2024

Onur Şeyranlıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.03.20
Cited By: 1

Öz

This study aims to examine the effect of financial development on carbon (CO2) emissions from the manufacturing industry and construction sector in the context of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis with the data from 1960-2014 in Türkiye. In the study, the ARDL bounds test was used to determine the cointegration relationship and the long and short-term coefficients of the model were estimated. FMOLS, DOLS and CCR estimators were used to confirm the accuracy of the long-run coefficients obtained by ARDL bounds test. According to the findings, a long-run relationship was found in the model. According to the long-run coefficients, increases in financial development decrease carbon emissions, while economic growth and energy consumption variables increase them. In addition, the EKC hypothesis is found to be valid. FMOLS, DOLS and CCR estimator findings confirm the ARDL long-run coefficient estimates. The study is considered a candidate to fill an important gap in the literature in determining the determinants of sectoral carbon emissions in the context of the EKC hypothesis.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Financial Development Sectoral Carbon Emission Environmental Kuznets Curve ARDL Boundary Test

Kaynakça

  • Abbasi, F. & K. Riaz (2016), “CO2 Emissions and Financial Development in An Emerging Economy: An Augmented VAR Approach”, Energy Policy, 90, 102-114.
  • Abid, A. et al. (2022), “The Effect of Technological Innovation, FDI, and Financial Development on CO2 Emission: Evidence from the G8 Countries”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 11654-11662.
  • Aboagye, S. (2017), “Economic Expansion and Environmental Sustainability Nexus in Ghana”, African Development Review, 29(2), 155-168.
  • Adebayo, T.S. et al. (2021), “Coal Consumption and Environmental Sustainability in South Africa: The Role of Financial Development and Globalization”, International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 10(3), 527-536.
  • Adebayo, T.S. et al. (2022), “Drivers of Environmental Degradation in Turkey: Designing An SDG Framework Through Advanced Quantile Approaches”, Energy Reports, 8(29), 2008-2021.
  • Afşar, M. & G.Ö. Yüksel (2022), “Küreselleşme, Finansal Gelişme ve Karbon Emisyonları İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Asimetrik Kanıtlar”, Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, 11(4), 428-449.
  • Akbostancı, E. et al. (2018), “Drivers of Fuel Based Carbon Dioxide Emissions: The Case of Turkey”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 2599-2608.
  • Akca, H. (2021), “Environmental Kuznets Curve and Financial Development in Turkey: Evidence from Augmented ARDL Approach”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 69149-69159.
  • Anwar, A. et al. (2022), “The Nexus between Urbanization, Renewable Energy Consumption, Financial Development, and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Selected Asian Countries”, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(5), 6556-6576.
  • Aslan, A. et al. (2021), “The Nexus among Climate Change, Economic Growth, Foreign Direct Investments, and Financial Development: New Evidence From N-11 Countries”, Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 40(3), e13585.
  • Azam, W. et al. (2023), “Alternative Energy and Natural Resources in Determining Environmental Sustainability: A Look at the Role of Government Final Consumption Expenditures in France”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(1), 1949-1965.
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M. & R.C.W. Ng (2002), “Long-Run Demand for Money in Hong Kong: An Application of the ARDL Model”, International Journal of Business and Economics, 1(2), 147-155.
  • Bayat, T. et al. (2023), “How Do Logistics and Financial Indicators Contribute to Carbon Emissions in Turkiye?”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 30(43), 97842-97856.
  • Becker, R. et al. (2006), “A Stationarity Test in the Presence of An Unknown Number of Smooth Breaks”, Journal of Time Series Analysis, 27(3), 381-409.
  • Bello, A.K. & O.M. Abimbola (2010), “Does the Level of Economic Growth Influence Environmental Quality in Nigeria: A Test of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis”, Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 7(4), 325-329.
  • Boutabba, M.A. (2014), “The Impact of Financial Development, Income, Energy and Trade on Carbon Emissions: Evidence from the Indian Economy”, Economic Modelling, 40, 33-41.
  • Cao, H. et al. (2022), “Impact of Globalization, Institutional Quality, Economic Growth, Electricity and Renewable Energy Consumption on Carbon Dioxide Emission in OECD Countries”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 24191-24202.
  • Charfeddine, L. & K.B. Khediri (2016), “Financial Development and Environmental Quality in UAE: Cointegration with Structural Breaks”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 1322- 1335.
  • Christopoulos, D.K. & M.A. León-Ledesma (2010), “Smooth Breaks and Non-Linear Mean Reversion: Post-Bretton Woods Real Exchange Rates”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 29(6), 1076-1093.
  • Chunyu, L. et al. (2021), “The Non-linear Relationship between Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Financial Development and Energy Consumption in Developing European and Central Asian Economies”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 63330-63345.
  • Claessens, S. & E. Feijen (2007), “Financial Sector Development and The Millennium Development Goals”, World Bank Working Paper, No. 89.
  • Çetin, M. et al. (2018a), “The Impact of Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Trade Openness, and Financial Development on Carbon Emissions: Empirical Evidence from Turkey”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(36), 36589-36603.
  • Çetin, M. et al. (2022), “Analysis of the Dynamics of Environmental Degradation for 18 Upper Middle-Income Countries: The Role of Financial Development”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 64647-64664.
  • Çetin, M. vd. (2018b), “Ekonomik Büyüme, Finansal Gelişme, Enerji Tüketimi ve Dış Ticaretin Çevre Kirliliği Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Ekonomisi için Bir Nedensellik Analizi (1960-2013)”, Balkan Journal of Social Sciences/Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(13), 26-43.
  • Dar, J.A. & M. Asif (2018), “Does Financial Development Improve Environmental Quality in Turkey? An Application of Endogenous Structural Breaks Based Cointegration Approach”, Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 29(2), 368-384.
  • Dinda, S. (2004), “Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey”, Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431-455.
  • Doğanlar, M. et al. (2021), “Testing the long-run effects of economic growth, financial development and energy consumption on CO2 emissions in Turkey: New evidence from RALS cointegration test”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 32554-32563.
  • Duan, K. et al. (2022), “Nonlinear Relationship between Financial Development and CO2 Emissions Based on a PSTR Model”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 661.
  • Eren, B.M. et al. (2022), “The Moderating Role of Informal Economy on Financial Development Induced EKC Hypothesis in Turkey”, Energy & Environment, 33(6), 1203-1226.
  • Farhani, S. & I. Ozturk (2015), “Causal Relationship between CO2 Emissions, Real GDP, Energy Consumption, Financial Development, Trade Openness, and Urbanization in Tunisia”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 15663-15676.
  • Ganda, F. (2019), “The Environmental Impacts of Financial Development in OECD Countries: A Panel GMM Approach”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 6758-6772.
  • Geyikçi, U. et al. (2022), “Analysis of the Relationships among Financial Development, Economic Growth, Energy Use, and Carbon Emissions by Co-Integration with Multiple Structural Breaks”, Sustainability, 14(10), 6298.
  • Gokmenoglu, K.K. & M. Sadeghieh (2019), “Financial Development, CO2 Emissions, Fossil Fuel Consumption and Economic Growth: The Case of Turkey”, Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment, 38(4), 7-28.
  • Gokmenoglu, K.K. et al. (2015), “Relationship Between Industrial Production, Financial Development and Carbon Emissions: The Case of Turkey”, Procedia Economics and Finance, 25, 463-470.
  • Gokmenoglu, K.K. et al. (2021), “Military Expenditure, Financial Development and Environmental Degradation in Turkey: A Comparison of CO2 Emissions and Ecological Footprint”, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 26(1), 986-997.
  • Grossman, G.M. & A.B. Krueger (1991), “Environmental Impacts of A North American Free Trade Agreement”, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, No 3914.
  • Gültekin, H. (2023), “Finansal Gelişme, İnovasyon ve CO2 Emisyonları: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”, Econder International Academic Journal, 7(1), 25-39.
  • Güriş, B. (2019), “A New Nonlinear Unit Root Test with Fourier Function”, Communications in Statistics-Simulationand Computation, 48(10), 3056-3062.
  • Hong, J. et al. (2015), “Greenhouse Gas Emissions During the Construction Phase of A Building: A Case Study in China”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 103, 249-259.
  • Hung, N.T. et al. (2022), “Quantile Relationship between Globalization, Financial Development, Economic Growth, and Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Vietnam”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 60098-60116.
  • Hung, S. et al. (2018), “Regional Analysis of the Relationship between CO2 Emissions and Financial Development”, International Journal of Global Energy Issues, 41, 2-13.
  • Imamoglu, H. (2019), “The Role of Financial Sector in Energy Demand and Climate Changes: Evidence from the Developed and Developing Countries”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 22794-22811.
  • Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change-IPCC (2021), IPCC Press Release, 2021/17/PR.
  • Işik, C. et al. (2017), “Analyzing the Causalities Between Economic Growth, Financial Development, International Trade, Tourism Expenditure and/on the CO2 Emissions in Greece”, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 12(7), 665-673.
  • İlarslan, K. et al. (2022), “Determinants of Carbon Emissions through the Quantile Regression Method: The Case of Turkey”, Eurasian Review of Business & Finance (ERBF), 4(1), 1-13.
  • Jalil, A. & M. Feridun (2011), “The Impact of Growth, Energy and Financial Development on the Environment in China: A Cointegration Analysis”, Energy Economics, 33(2), 284-291.
  • Kapetanios, G. et al. (2003), “Testing for a Unit Root in the Nonlinear STAR Framework”, Journal of Econometrics, 112, 359-379.
  • Karasoy, A. (2019), “Drivers of Carbon Emissions in Turkey: Considering Asymmetric Impacts”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(9), 9219-9231.
  • Katircioğlu, S.T. & N. Taşpinar (2017), “Testing the Moderating Role of Financial Development in An Environmental Kuznets Curve: Empirical Evidence from Turkey”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68(P1), 572-586.
  • Khan, A.Q. et al. (2018), “Financial Development, Income Inequality, and CO2 Emissions in Asian Countries Using STIRPAT Model”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(7), 6308-6319.
  • Kirikkaleli, D. et al. (2022), “Consumption-based Carbon Emissions, Renewable Energy Consumption, Financial Development and Economic Growth in Chile”, Business Strategy and the Environment, 31(3), 1123-1137.
  • Koçak, E. (2017), “Finansal Gelişme Çevresel Kaliteyi Etkiler Mi? Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomileri İçin Ampirik Kanıtlar”, Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(3), 535-552.
  • Koçak, S. (2023), “Türkiye’de Finansal Gelişmenin İmalat Sanayi ve İnşaattan Kaynaklanan CO2 Emisyonları Üzerindeki Etkisi: Fourier ADL Yaklaşımından Kanıtlar”, Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 9(2), 367-383.
  • Kruse, R. (2011), “A New Unit Root Test against ESTAR-Based on a Class of Modified Statistics”, Statistical Papers, 52, 71-85.
  • Kwakwa, P.A. (2019), “Energy Consumption, Financial Development, and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: A Moderating Analysis for the Manufacturing and Construction Sectors”, The Journal of Energy and Development, 45(1/2), 175-196.
  • Kwakwa, P.A. (2022), “The Effect of Industrialization, Militarization, and Government Expenditure on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Ghana”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(56), 85229-85242.
  • Kwiatkowski, D. et al. (1992), “Testing the Null Hypothesis of Stationarity Against the Alternative of A Unit Root: How Sure Are We That Economic Time Series Have A Unit Root?”, Journal of Econometrics, 54(1-3), 159-178.
  • Lahiani, A. (2020), “Is Financial Development Good for the Environment? An Asymmetric Analysis with CO2 Emissions in China”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 7901-7909.
  • Lynch, D. (1996), “Measuring Financial Sector Development: A Study of Selected Asia-Pacific Countries”, The Developing Economies, 34(1), 3-33.
  • Maji, I.K. et al. (2016), “Emissions from Agricultural Sector and Financial Development in Nigeria: An Empirical Study”, International Journal of Economics & Management, 10(1), 173-187.
  • Maji, I.K. et al. (2017), “Financial Development and Sectoral CO2 Emissions in Malaysia”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 7160-7176.
  • Narayan, P. & R. Smyth (2005), “Trade Liberalization and Economic Growth in Fiji. An Empirical Assessment Using the ARDL Approach”, Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 10(1), 96-115.
  • Narayan, P.K. (2005), “The Saving and Investment Nexus for China: Evidence from Cointegration Tests”, Applied Economics, 37(17), 1979-1990.
  • Naseem, S. et al. (2021), “Causal Analysis of the Dynamic Link Between Energy Growth and Environmental Quality for Agriculture Sector: A Piece of Evidence From India”, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 7913-7930.
  • Nasir, M.A. et al. (2019), “Role of Financial Development, Economic Growth & Foreign Direct Investment in Driving Climate Change: A Case of Emerging ASEAN”, Journal of Environmental Management, 242, 131-141.
  • Ohajionu, U.C. et al. (2022), “Assessing the Linkage between Energy Consumption, Financial Development, Tourism and Environment: Evidence from Method of Moments Quantile Regression”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 30004-30018.
  • Onat, N.C. & M. Kucukvar (2020), “Carbon Footprint of Construction Industry: A Global Review and Supply Chain Analysis”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 124, 109783.
  • Ozatac, N. et al. (2017), “Testing the EKC Hypothesis by Considering Trade Openness, Urbanization, and Financial Development: The Case of Turkey”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 16690-16701.
  • Ozturk, I. & A. Acaravci (2013), “The Long-Run and Causal Analysis of Energy, Growth, Openness and Financial Development on Carbon Emissions in Turkey”, Energy Economics, 36, 262-267.
  • Pata, U.K. & S. Yurtkuran (2018), “Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi, Nüfus Yoğunluğu ve Finansal Gelişmenin CO2 Salımına Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (Prof. Dr. Harun Terzi Özel Sayısı), 303-318.
  • Pata, U.K. (2018a), “The Effect of Urbanization and Industrialization on Carbon Emissions in Turkey: Evidence from ARDL bounds testing procedure”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(8), 7740-7747.
  • Pata, U.K. (2018b), “Renewable Energy Consumption, Urbanization, Financial Development, Income and CO2 Emissions in Turkey: Testing EKC Hypothesis with Structural Breaks”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 770-779.
  • Pesaran, M.H. et al. (2001), “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Qudrat-Ullah, H. & C.M. Nevo (2022), “Analysis of the Dynamic Relationships among Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Financial Development, and Carbon Dioxide Emission in Five Subsaharan African Countries”, Energies, 15, 5953.
  • Rahman, M.M. & K. Alam (2022), “CO2 Emissions in Asia-Pacific Region: Do Energy Use, Economic Growth, Financial Development, and International Trade Have Detrimental Effects?”, Sustainability, 14, 5420.
  • Raihan, A. & A. Tuspekova (2022a), “Dynamic Impacts of Economic Growth, Energy Use, Urbanization, Agricultural Productivity, and Forested Area on Carbon Emissions: New Insights from Kazakhstan”, World Development Sustainability, 1, 100019.
  • Raihan, A. & A. Tuspekova (2022b), “Toward A Sustainable Environment: Nexus between Economic Growth, Renewable Energy Use, Forested Area, and Carbon Emissions in Malaysia”, Resources, Conservation & Recycling Advances, 15, 200096.
  • Raihan, A. & A. Tuspekova (2022c), “Dynamic Impacts of Economic Growth, Renewable Energy Use, Urbanization, Industrialization, Tourism, Agriculture, and Forests on Carbon Emissions in Turkey”, Carbon Research, 1(1), 20.
  • Rjoub, H. et al. (2021), “Sustainability of the Moderating Role of Financial Development in the Determinants of Environmental Degradation: Evidence From Turkey”, Sustainability, 13, 1844.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2010), “The Impact of Financial Development on Energy Consumption in Emerging Economies”, Energy Policy, 38(5), 2528-2535.
  • Salahuddin, M. et al. (2015), “Is the Long-Run Relationship Between Economic Growth, Electricity Consumption, Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Financial Development in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries Robust?”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51, 317-326.
  • Sarkodie, S. & P. Owusu (2017), “A Multivariate Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Electricity Consumption, Economic Growth, Financial Development, Industrialization and Urbanization in Senegal”, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 12, 77-84.
  • Shahbaz, M. et al. (2013a), “Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Financial Development, International Trade and CO2 Emissions in Indonesia”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 109-121.
  • Shahbaz, M. et al. (2013b), “Does Financial Development Reduce CO2 Emissions in Malaysian Economy? A Time Series Analysis”, Economic Modelling, 35, 145-152.
  • Shahbaz, M. et al. (2013c), “The Effects of Financial Development, Economic Growth, Coal Consumption and Trade Openness on CO2 Emissions in South Africa”, Energy Policy, 61, 1452-1459.
  • Shahbaz, M. et al. (2015), “Does Globalization Impede Environmental Quality in India?”, Ecological Indicators, 52, 379-393.
  • Shahbaz, M. et al. (2018), “Environmental Degradation in France: The Effects of FDI, Financial Development, and Energy Innovations”, Energy Economics, 74, 843-857.
  • Sikder, M. et al. (2022), “The Integrated Impact of GDP Growth, Industrialization, Energy Use, and Urbanization on CO2 Emissions in Developing Countries: Evidence from the Panel ARDL Approach”, Science of the Total Environment, 837, 155795.
  • Song, M.J. et al. (2022), “The Dynamic Relationship between Industrialization, Urbanization, CO2 Emissions, and Transportation Modes in Korea: Empirical Evidence from Maritime and Air Transport”, Transportation, 50(6), 2111-2137.
  • Söyler, H. & O. Kızılkaya (2023),” Türkiye’de CO2 Emisyonlarının Belirleyicileri: Çok Katmanlı Yapay Sinir Ağları ile Bir Uygulama”, MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(Özel Sayı), 105-116.
  • Szymczyk, K. et al. (2021), “The Effect of Energy Usage, Economic Growth, and Financial Development on CO2 Emission Management: An Analysis of OECD Countries with A High Environmental Performance Index”, Energies, 14(15), 4671.
  • Tamazian, A. & B.B. Rao (2010). “Do Economic, Financial and Institutional Developments Matter for Environmental Degradation? Evidence from Transitional Economies”, Energy Economics, 32(1), 137-145.
  • Tamazian, A. et al. (2009). “Does Higher Economic and Financial Development Lead to Environmental Degradation: Evidence from BRIC Countries”, Energy Policy, 37(1), 246-253.
  • Usman, M. et al. (2022), “How Do Financial Development, Energy Consumption, Natural Resources, and Globalization Affect Arctic Countries’ Economic Growth and Environmental Quality? An Advanced Panel Data Simulation”, Energy, 241, 122515.
  • Weili, L. et al. (2022), “The Impact of Information and Communication Technology, Financial Development, and Energy Consumption on Carbon Dioxide Emission: Evidence from the Belt and Road Countries”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 27703-27718.
  • Xu, Z. et al. (2018), “Nexus between Financial Development and CO2 Emissions in Saudi Arabia: Analyzing the Role of Globalization”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 28378-28390.
  • Yao, S. & S. Zhang (2021), “Energy Mix, Financial Development, and Carbon Emissions in China: A Directed Technical Change Perspective”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 62959-62974.
  • Yıldırım, A.E. & M.O. Yıldırım (2021), “Revisiting the Determinants of Carbon Emissions for Turkey: The role of Construction Sector”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 42325-42338.
  • Yıldız, M. (2023), “Türkiye’nin Karbon Nötrlüğü Hedefinde Ekonomik Faktörlerin Rolü”, Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 102-129.
  • Yuxiang, K. & Z. Chen (2011), “Financial Development and Environmental Performance: Evidence from China”, Environment and Development Economics, 16(1), 93-111.
  • Zafar, M.W. et al. (2019), “The Impact of Globalization and Financial Development on Environmental Quality: Evidence from Selected Countries in the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD)”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 13246-13262.
  • Zhang, L. et al. (2020), “Internationalization Trends of Carbon Emission Linkages: A Case Study on The Construction Sector”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 270, 122433.
  • Zhang, Y. et al. (2019), “The Environmental Kuznets Curve of CO2 Emissions in the Manufacturing and Construction Industries: A Global Empirical Analysis”, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 79, 106303.
  • Zhang, Y. J. (2011), “The Impact of Financial Development on Carbon Emissions: An Empirical Analysis in China”, Energy Policy, 39(4), 2197-2203.

Türkiye’de Finansal Gelişmenin Karbon (CO2) Emisyonlarına Etkisi: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi Çerçevesinde Sektörel Bir Bakış

Yıl 2024, , 427 - 454, 30.07.2024

Onur Şeyranlıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.03.20
Cited By: 1

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Türkiye’de 1960-2014 dönemi verileri ile finansal gelişmenin imalat sanayi ve inşaat sektörü kaynaklı karbon (CO2) emisyonlarına etkisinin Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi (EKC) hipotezi bağlamında incelenmesidir. Araştırmada, eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin tespit edilebilmesi için ARDL sınır testi kullanılmış, modelin uzun ve kısa dönem katsayıları tahmin edilmiştir. ARDL sınır testi ile elde edilen uzun dönem katsayıların doğruluğunu teyit etmek için FMOLS, DOLS ve CCR tahmincileri kullanılmıştır. Bulgulara göre modelde uzun dönemli ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Uzun dönem katsayılara göre finansal gelişmedeki artışlar karbon emisyonlarını azaltırken, ekonomik büyüme ve enerji tüketimi değişkenleri ise yükseltmektedir. Ayrıca, EKC hipotezinin geçerli olduğu görülmüştür. FMOLS, DOLS ve CCR tahminci bulguları, ARDL uzun dönem katsayı tahminlerini doğrulamaktadır. Araştırmanın, EKC hipotezi bağlamında sektörel karbon emisyonlarının belirleyicilerinin tespit edilmesi noktasında literatürde önemli bir boşluğu doldurmaya aday olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Finansal Gelişme Sektörel Karbon Emisyonu Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi ARDL Sınır Testi

Kaynakça

  • Abbasi, F. & K. Riaz (2016), “CO2 Emissions and Financial Development in An Emerging Economy: An Augmented VAR Approach”, Energy Policy, 90, 102-114.
  • Abid, A. et al. (2022), “The Effect of Technological Innovation, FDI, and Financial Development on CO2 Emission: Evidence from the G8 Countries”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 11654-11662.
  • Aboagye, S. (2017), “Economic Expansion and Environmental Sustainability Nexus in Ghana”, African Development Review, 29(2), 155-168.
  • Adebayo, T.S. et al. (2021), “Coal Consumption and Environmental Sustainability in South Africa: The Role of Financial Development and Globalization”, International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 10(3), 527-536.
  • Adebayo, T.S. et al. (2022), “Drivers of Environmental Degradation in Turkey: Designing An SDG Framework Through Advanced Quantile Approaches”, Energy Reports, 8(29), 2008-2021.
  • Afşar, M. & G.Ö. Yüksel (2022), “Küreselleşme, Finansal Gelişme ve Karbon Emisyonları İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Asimetrik Kanıtlar”, Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, 11(4), 428-449.
  • Akbostancı, E. et al. (2018), “Drivers of Fuel Based Carbon Dioxide Emissions: The Case of Turkey”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 2599-2608.
  • Akca, H. (2021), “Environmental Kuznets Curve and Financial Development in Turkey: Evidence from Augmented ARDL Approach”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 69149-69159.
  • Anwar, A. et al. (2022), “The Nexus between Urbanization, Renewable Energy Consumption, Financial Development, and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Selected Asian Countries”, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(5), 6556-6576.
  • Aslan, A. et al. (2021), “The Nexus among Climate Change, Economic Growth, Foreign Direct Investments, and Financial Development: New Evidence From N-11 Countries”, Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 40(3), e13585.
  • Azam, W. et al. (2023), “Alternative Energy and Natural Resources in Determining Environmental Sustainability: A Look at the Role of Government Final Consumption Expenditures in France”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(1), 1949-1965.
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M. & R.C.W. Ng (2002), “Long-Run Demand for Money in Hong Kong: An Application of the ARDL Model”, International Journal of Business and Economics, 1(2), 147-155.
  • Bayat, T. et al. (2023), “How Do Logistics and Financial Indicators Contribute to Carbon Emissions in Turkiye?”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 30(43), 97842-97856.
  • Becker, R. et al. (2006), “A Stationarity Test in the Presence of An Unknown Number of Smooth Breaks”, Journal of Time Series Analysis, 27(3), 381-409.
  • Bello, A.K. & O.M. Abimbola (2010), “Does the Level of Economic Growth Influence Environmental Quality in Nigeria: A Test of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis”, Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 7(4), 325-329.
  • Boutabba, M.A. (2014), “The Impact of Financial Development, Income, Energy and Trade on Carbon Emissions: Evidence from the Indian Economy”, Economic Modelling, 40, 33-41.
  • Cao, H. et al. (2022), “Impact of Globalization, Institutional Quality, Economic Growth, Electricity and Renewable Energy Consumption on Carbon Dioxide Emission in OECD Countries”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 24191-24202.
  • Charfeddine, L. & K.B. Khediri (2016), “Financial Development and Environmental Quality in UAE: Cointegration with Structural Breaks”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 1322- 1335.
  • Christopoulos, D.K. & M.A. León-Ledesma (2010), “Smooth Breaks and Non-Linear Mean Reversion: Post-Bretton Woods Real Exchange Rates”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 29(6), 1076-1093.
  • Chunyu, L. et al. (2021), “The Non-linear Relationship between Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Financial Development and Energy Consumption in Developing European and Central Asian Economies”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 63330-63345.
  • Claessens, S. & E. Feijen (2007), “Financial Sector Development and The Millennium Development Goals”, World Bank Working Paper, No. 89.
  • Çetin, M. et al. (2018a), “The Impact of Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Trade Openness, and Financial Development on Carbon Emissions: Empirical Evidence from Turkey”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(36), 36589-36603.
  • Çetin, M. et al. (2022), “Analysis of the Dynamics of Environmental Degradation for 18 Upper Middle-Income Countries: The Role of Financial Development”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 64647-64664.
  • Çetin, M. vd. (2018b), “Ekonomik Büyüme, Finansal Gelişme, Enerji Tüketimi ve Dış Ticaretin Çevre Kirliliği Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Ekonomisi için Bir Nedensellik Analizi (1960-2013)”, Balkan Journal of Social Sciences/Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(13), 26-43.
  • Dar, J.A. & M. Asif (2018), “Does Financial Development Improve Environmental Quality in Turkey? An Application of Endogenous Structural Breaks Based Cointegration Approach”, Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 29(2), 368-384.
  • Dinda, S. (2004), “Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey”, Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431-455.
  • Doğanlar, M. et al. (2021), “Testing the long-run effects of economic growth, financial development and energy consumption on CO2 emissions in Turkey: New evidence from RALS cointegration test”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 32554-32563.
  • Duan, K. et al. (2022), “Nonlinear Relationship between Financial Development and CO2 Emissions Based on a PSTR Model”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 661.
  • Eren, B.M. et al. (2022), “The Moderating Role of Informal Economy on Financial Development Induced EKC Hypothesis in Turkey”, Energy & Environment, 33(6), 1203-1226.
  • Farhani, S. & I. Ozturk (2015), “Causal Relationship between CO2 Emissions, Real GDP, Energy Consumption, Financial Development, Trade Openness, and Urbanization in Tunisia”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 15663-15676.
  • Ganda, F. (2019), “The Environmental Impacts of Financial Development in OECD Countries: A Panel GMM Approach”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 6758-6772.
  • Geyikçi, U. et al. (2022), “Analysis of the Relationships among Financial Development, Economic Growth, Energy Use, and Carbon Emissions by Co-Integration with Multiple Structural Breaks”, Sustainability, 14(10), 6298.
  • Gokmenoglu, K.K. & M. Sadeghieh (2019), “Financial Development, CO2 Emissions, Fossil Fuel Consumption and Economic Growth: The Case of Turkey”, Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment, 38(4), 7-28.
  • Gokmenoglu, K.K. et al. (2015), “Relationship Between Industrial Production, Financial Development and Carbon Emissions: The Case of Turkey”, Procedia Economics and Finance, 25, 463-470.
  • Gokmenoglu, K.K. et al. (2021), “Military Expenditure, Financial Development and Environmental Degradation in Turkey: A Comparison of CO2 Emissions and Ecological Footprint”, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 26(1), 986-997.
  • Grossman, G.M. & A.B. Krueger (1991), “Environmental Impacts of A North American Free Trade Agreement”, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, No 3914.
  • Gültekin, H. (2023), “Finansal Gelişme, İnovasyon ve CO2 Emisyonları: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”, Econder International Academic Journal, 7(1), 25-39.
  • Güriş, B. (2019), “A New Nonlinear Unit Root Test with Fourier Function”, Communications in Statistics-Simulationand Computation, 48(10), 3056-3062.
  • Hong, J. et al. (2015), “Greenhouse Gas Emissions During the Construction Phase of A Building: A Case Study in China”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 103, 249-259.
  • Hung, N.T. et al. (2022), “Quantile Relationship between Globalization, Financial Development, Economic Growth, and Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Vietnam”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 60098-60116.
  • Hung, S. et al. (2018), “Regional Analysis of the Relationship between CO2 Emissions and Financial Development”, International Journal of Global Energy Issues, 41, 2-13.
  • Imamoglu, H. (2019), “The Role of Financial Sector in Energy Demand and Climate Changes: Evidence from the Developed and Developing Countries”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 22794-22811.
  • Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change-IPCC (2021), IPCC Press Release, 2021/17/PR.
  • Işik, C. et al. (2017), “Analyzing the Causalities Between Economic Growth, Financial Development, International Trade, Tourism Expenditure and/on the CO2 Emissions in Greece”, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 12(7), 665-673.
  • İlarslan, K. et al. (2022), “Determinants of Carbon Emissions through the Quantile Regression Method: The Case of Turkey”, Eurasian Review of Business & Finance (ERBF), 4(1), 1-13.
  • Jalil, A. & M. Feridun (2011), “The Impact of Growth, Energy and Financial Development on the Environment in China: A Cointegration Analysis”, Energy Economics, 33(2), 284-291.
  • Kapetanios, G. et al. (2003), “Testing for a Unit Root in the Nonlinear STAR Framework”, Journal of Econometrics, 112, 359-379.
  • Karasoy, A. (2019), “Drivers of Carbon Emissions in Turkey: Considering Asymmetric Impacts”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(9), 9219-9231.
  • Katircioğlu, S.T. & N. Taşpinar (2017), “Testing the Moderating Role of Financial Development in An Environmental Kuznets Curve: Empirical Evidence from Turkey”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68(P1), 572-586.
  • Khan, A.Q. et al. (2018), “Financial Development, Income Inequality, and CO2 Emissions in Asian Countries Using STIRPAT Model”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(7), 6308-6319.
  • Kirikkaleli, D. et al. (2022), “Consumption-based Carbon Emissions, Renewable Energy Consumption, Financial Development and Economic Growth in Chile”, Business Strategy and the Environment, 31(3), 1123-1137.
  • Koçak, E. (2017), “Finansal Gelişme Çevresel Kaliteyi Etkiler Mi? Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomileri İçin Ampirik Kanıtlar”, Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(3), 535-552.
  • Koçak, S. (2023), “Türkiye’de Finansal Gelişmenin İmalat Sanayi ve İnşaattan Kaynaklanan CO2 Emisyonları Üzerindeki Etkisi: Fourier ADL Yaklaşımından Kanıtlar”, Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 9(2), 367-383.
  • Kruse, R. (2011), “A New Unit Root Test against ESTAR-Based on a Class of Modified Statistics”, Statistical Papers, 52, 71-85.
  • Kwakwa, P.A. (2019), “Energy Consumption, Financial Development, and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: A Moderating Analysis for the Manufacturing and Construction Sectors”, The Journal of Energy and Development, 45(1/2), 175-196.
  • Kwakwa, P.A. (2022), “The Effect of Industrialization, Militarization, and Government Expenditure on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Ghana”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(56), 85229-85242.
  • Kwiatkowski, D. et al. (1992), “Testing the Null Hypothesis of Stationarity Against the Alternative of A Unit Root: How Sure Are We That Economic Time Series Have A Unit Root?”, Journal of Econometrics, 54(1-3), 159-178.
  • Lahiani, A. (2020), “Is Financial Development Good for the Environment? An Asymmetric Analysis with CO2 Emissions in China”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 7901-7909.
  • Lynch, D. (1996), “Measuring Financial Sector Development: A Study of Selected Asia-Pacific Countries”, The Developing Economies, 34(1), 3-33.
  • Maji, I.K. et al. (2016), “Emissions from Agricultural Sector and Financial Development in Nigeria: An Empirical Study”, International Journal of Economics & Management, 10(1), 173-187.
  • Maji, I.K. et al. (2017), “Financial Development and Sectoral CO2 Emissions in Malaysia”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 7160-7176.
  • Narayan, P. & R. Smyth (2005), “Trade Liberalization and Economic Growth in Fiji. An Empirical Assessment Using the ARDL Approach”, Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 10(1), 96-115.
  • Narayan, P.K. (2005), “The Saving and Investment Nexus for China: Evidence from Cointegration Tests”, Applied Economics, 37(17), 1979-1990.
  • Naseem, S. et al. (2021), “Causal Analysis of the Dynamic Link Between Energy Growth and Environmental Quality for Agriculture Sector: A Piece of Evidence From India”, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 7913-7930.
  • Nasir, M.A. et al. (2019), “Role of Financial Development, Economic Growth & Foreign Direct Investment in Driving Climate Change: A Case of Emerging ASEAN”, Journal of Environmental Management, 242, 131-141.
  • Ohajionu, U.C. et al. (2022), “Assessing the Linkage between Energy Consumption, Financial Development, Tourism and Environment: Evidence from Method of Moments Quantile Regression”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 30004-30018.
  • Onat, N.C. & M. Kucukvar (2020), “Carbon Footprint of Construction Industry: A Global Review and Supply Chain Analysis”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 124, 109783.
  • Ozatac, N. et al. (2017), “Testing the EKC Hypothesis by Considering Trade Openness, Urbanization, and Financial Development: The Case of Turkey”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 16690-16701.
  • Ozturk, I. & A. Acaravci (2013), “The Long-Run and Causal Analysis of Energy, Growth, Openness and Financial Development on Carbon Emissions in Turkey”, Energy Economics, 36, 262-267.
  • Pata, U.K. & S. Yurtkuran (2018), “Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi, Nüfus Yoğunluğu ve Finansal Gelişmenin CO2 Salımına Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (Prof. Dr. Harun Terzi Özel Sayısı), 303-318.
  • Pata, U.K. (2018a), “The Effect of Urbanization and Industrialization on Carbon Emissions in Turkey: Evidence from ARDL bounds testing procedure”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(8), 7740-7747.
  • Pata, U.K. (2018b), “Renewable Energy Consumption, Urbanization, Financial Development, Income and CO2 Emissions in Turkey: Testing EKC Hypothesis with Structural Breaks”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 770-779.
  • Pesaran, M.H. et al. (2001), “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Qudrat-Ullah, H. & C.M. Nevo (2022), “Analysis of the Dynamic Relationships among Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Financial Development, and Carbon Dioxide Emission in Five Subsaharan African Countries”, Energies, 15, 5953.
  • Rahman, M.M. & K. Alam (2022), “CO2 Emissions in Asia-Pacific Region: Do Energy Use, Economic Growth, Financial Development, and International Trade Have Detrimental Effects?”, Sustainability, 14, 5420.
  • Raihan, A. & A. Tuspekova (2022a), “Dynamic Impacts of Economic Growth, Energy Use, Urbanization, Agricultural Productivity, and Forested Area on Carbon Emissions: New Insights from Kazakhstan”, World Development Sustainability, 1, 100019.
  • Raihan, A. & A. Tuspekova (2022b), “Toward A Sustainable Environment: Nexus between Economic Growth, Renewable Energy Use, Forested Area, and Carbon Emissions in Malaysia”, Resources, Conservation & Recycling Advances, 15, 200096.
  • Raihan, A. & A. Tuspekova (2022c), “Dynamic Impacts of Economic Growth, Renewable Energy Use, Urbanization, Industrialization, Tourism, Agriculture, and Forests on Carbon Emissions in Turkey”, Carbon Research, 1(1), 20.
  • Rjoub, H. et al. (2021), “Sustainability of the Moderating Role of Financial Development in the Determinants of Environmental Degradation: Evidence From Turkey”, Sustainability, 13, 1844.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2010), “The Impact of Financial Development on Energy Consumption in Emerging Economies”, Energy Policy, 38(5), 2528-2535.
  • Salahuddin, M. et al. (2015), “Is the Long-Run Relationship Between Economic Growth, Electricity Consumption, Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Financial Development in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries Robust?”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51, 317-326.
  • Sarkodie, S. & P. Owusu (2017), “A Multivariate Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Electricity Consumption, Economic Growth, Financial Development, Industrialization and Urbanization in Senegal”, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 12, 77-84.
  • Shahbaz, M. et al. (2013a), “Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Financial Development, International Trade and CO2 Emissions in Indonesia”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 109-121.
  • Shahbaz, M. et al. (2013b), “Does Financial Development Reduce CO2 Emissions in Malaysian Economy? A Time Series Analysis”, Economic Modelling, 35, 145-152.
  • Shahbaz, M. et al. (2013c), “The Effects of Financial Development, Economic Growth, Coal Consumption and Trade Openness on CO2 Emissions in South Africa”, Energy Policy, 61, 1452-1459.
  • Shahbaz, M. et al. (2015), “Does Globalization Impede Environmental Quality in India?”, Ecological Indicators, 52, 379-393.
  • Shahbaz, M. et al. (2018), “Environmental Degradation in France: The Effects of FDI, Financial Development, and Energy Innovations”, Energy Economics, 74, 843-857.
  • Sikder, M. et al. (2022), “The Integrated Impact of GDP Growth, Industrialization, Energy Use, and Urbanization on CO2 Emissions in Developing Countries: Evidence from the Panel ARDL Approach”, Science of the Total Environment, 837, 155795.
  • Song, M.J. et al. (2022), “The Dynamic Relationship between Industrialization, Urbanization, CO2 Emissions, and Transportation Modes in Korea: Empirical Evidence from Maritime and Air Transport”, Transportation, 50(6), 2111-2137.
  • Söyler, H. & O. Kızılkaya (2023),” Türkiye’de CO2 Emisyonlarının Belirleyicileri: Çok Katmanlı Yapay Sinir Ağları ile Bir Uygulama”, MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(Özel Sayı), 105-116.
  • Szymczyk, K. et al. (2021), “The Effect of Energy Usage, Economic Growth, and Financial Development on CO2 Emission Management: An Analysis of OECD Countries with A High Environmental Performance Index”, Energies, 14(15), 4671.
  • Tamazian, A. & B.B. Rao (2010). “Do Economic, Financial and Institutional Developments Matter for Environmental Degradation? Evidence from Transitional Economies”, Energy Economics, 32(1), 137-145.
  • Tamazian, A. et al. (2009). “Does Higher Economic and Financial Development Lead to Environmental Degradation: Evidence from BRIC Countries”, Energy Policy, 37(1), 246-253.
  • Usman, M. et al. (2022), “How Do Financial Development, Energy Consumption, Natural Resources, and Globalization Affect Arctic Countries’ Economic Growth and Environmental Quality? An Advanced Panel Data Simulation”, Energy, 241, 122515.
  • Weili, L. et al. (2022), “The Impact of Information and Communication Technology, Financial Development, and Energy Consumption on Carbon Dioxide Emission: Evidence from the Belt and Road Countries”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 27703-27718.
  • Xu, Z. et al. (2018), “Nexus between Financial Development and CO2 Emissions in Saudi Arabia: Analyzing the Role of Globalization”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 28378-28390.
  • Yao, S. & S. Zhang (2021), “Energy Mix, Financial Development, and Carbon Emissions in China: A Directed Technical Change Perspective”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 62959-62974.
  • Yıldırım, A.E. & M.O. Yıldırım (2021), “Revisiting the Determinants of Carbon Emissions for Turkey: The role of Construction Sector”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 42325-42338.
  • Yıldız, M. (2023), “Türkiye’nin Karbon Nötrlüğü Hedefinde Ekonomik Faktörlerin Rolü”, Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 102-129.
  • Yuxiang, K. & Z. Chen (2011), “Financial Development and Environmental Performance: Evidence from China”, Environment and Development Economics, 16(1), 93-111.
  • Zafar, M.W. et al. (2019), “The Impact of Globalization and Financial Development on Environmental Quality: Evidence from Selected Countries in the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD)”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 13246-13262.
  • Zhang, L. et al. (2020), “Internationalization Trends of Carbon Emission Linkages: A Case Study on The Construction Sector”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 270, 122433.
  • Zhang, Y. et al. (2019), “The Environmental Kuznets Curve of CO2 Emissions in the Manufacturing and Construction Industries: A Global Empirical Analysis”, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 79, 106303.
  • Zhang, Y. J. (2011), “The Impact of Financial Development on Carbon Emissions: An Empirical Analysis in China”, Energy Policy, 39(4), 2197-2203.
Toplam 104 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Finansal Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Onur Şeyranlıoğlu 0000-0002-1105-4034

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 21 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 4 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Şeyranlıoğlu, O. (2024). Türkiye’de Finansal Gelişmenin Karbon (CO2) Emisyonlarına Etkisi: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi Çerçevesinde Sektörel Bir Bakış. Sosyoekonomi, 32(61), 427-454. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.03.20
AMA Şeyranlıoğlu O. Türkiye’de Finansal Gelişmenin Karbon (CO2) Emisyonlarına Etkisi: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi Çerçevesinde Sektörel Bir Bakış. Sosyoekonomi. Temmuz 2024;32(61):427-454. doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.03.20
Chicago Şeyranlıoğlu, Onur. “Türkiye’de Finansal Gelişmenin Karbon (CO2) Emisyonlarına Etkisi: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi Çerçevesinde Sektörel Bir Bakış”. Sosyoekonomi 32, sy. 61 (Temmuz 2024): 427-54. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.03.20.
EndNote Şeyranlıoğlu O (01 Temmuz 2024) Türkiye’de Finansal Gelişmenin Karbon (CO2) Emisyonlarına Etkisi: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi Çerçevesinde Sektörel Bir Bakış. Sosyoekonomi 32 61 427–454.
IEEE O. Şeyranlıoğlu, “Türkiye’de Finansal Gelişmenin Karbon (CO2) Emisyonlarına Etkisi: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi Çerçevesinde Sektörel Bir Bakış”, Sosyoekonomi, c. 32, sy. 61, ss. 427–454, 2024, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.03.20.
ISNAD Şeyranlıoğlu, Onur. “Türkiye’de Finansal Gelişmenin Karbon (CO2) Emisyonlarına Etkisi: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi Çerçevesinde Sektörel Bir Bakış”. Sosyoekonomi 32/61 (Temmuz 2024), 427-454. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.03.20.
JAMA Şeyranlıoğlu O. Türkiye’de Finansal Gelişmenin Karbon (CO2) Emisyonlarına Etkisi: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi Çerçevesinde Sektörel Bir Bakış. Sosyoekonomi. 2024;32:427–454.
MLA Şeyranlıoğlu, Onur. “Türkiye’de Finansal Gelişmenin Karbon (CO2) Emisyonlarına Etkisi: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi Çerçevesinde Sektörel Bir Bakış”. Sosyoekonomi, c. 32, sy. 61, 2024, ss. 427-54, doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.03.20.
Vancouver Şeyranlıoğlu O. Türkiye’de Finansal Gelişmenin Karbon (CO2) Emisyonlarına Etkisi: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi Çerçevesinde Sektörel Bir Bakış. Sosyoekonomi. 2024;32(61):427-54.

Cited By

Kentleşme, Enerji Tüketimi, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Dış Ticaret Açığının Türkiye’de Ekolojik Ayak İzi Üzerine Etkisi
Uluslararası Ekonomi İşletme ve Politika Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.29216/ueip.1530780