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Temel Gelir: Türkiye’de Uygulanabilir mi?

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 65, 119 - 136, 17.07.2025

Arınç Boz

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.03.06

Öz

Gelir dağılımında adaleti sağlamada temel gelir (TG) düşüncesi dikkat çekmektedir. Bu araştırma Türkiye’de TG’nin uygulanabilirliğini ve maliyetini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. TG’nin uygulanabilirliği iki senaryo oluşturularak değerlendirilmiştir. İlk senaryoda 18 yaş ve üzeri kişiler için yoksulluk sınırına eş bir TG hibesi uygulanmakta iken ikinci senaryoda, yoksulluk sınırında bir miktar 15 yaş ile üzeri kişilere ve tam miktarın 1/3’ü 15 yaş altı kişilere dağıtılmaktadır. Sonuçlar, iki senaryonun maliyetinin sırasıyla ortalama GSYİH’nin %29,5’i ve %35’i olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Temel Gelir Türkiye Gelir Dağılımı

Kaynakça

  • Achterberg, W. (2002), “From Sustainability to Basic Income”, in: M. Kenny & J. Meadowcroft (eds.), Planning Sustainability (138-157), New York: Routledge.
  • Aerts, E. et al. (2023), “Not that Basic: How Level, Design, and Context Matter for the Redistributive Outcomes of Universal Basic Income”, IZA Discussion Paper No. 15952.
  • Andersson, J.O. (1996), “Fundamental Values for a Third Left”, New Left Review, 216, 66-78.
  • Baker, J. (1992), “An Egalitarian Case for Basic Income”, in: P. Van Parijs (ed.), Arguing for Basic Income: Ethical Foundations for a Radical Reform, New York: Verso.
  • Beken, H.G. (2021), “Evrensel Temel Gelir Deneyi ve Projelerinin Değerlendirilmesine Teorik Bir Bakış”, Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 12(2), 154-185.
  • Bergmann, B.R. (2004), “A Swedish-Style Welfare State or Basic Income: Which Should Have Priority?”, Politics & Society, 32(1), 107-118.
  • Bidadanure, J.U. (2019), “The Political Theory of Universal Basic Income”, Annual Review of Political Science, 22, 481-501.
  • Bikas, E. et al. (2014), “Evaluation of the Personal Income Progressive Taxation and the Size of Tax-Exempt Amount in Lithuania”, Ekonomika, 93, 84-101.
  • Bird, R.M. & E.M. Zolt (2004), “Redistribution via Taxation: The Limited Role of the Personal Income Tax in Developing Countries”, UCLA Law Review, 52(6), 1627-1695.
  • Briggs, A. (1961), “The Welfare State in Historical Perspective”, European Journal of Sociology, 2(2), 221-258.
  • Buğra, A. & N.T. Sınmazdemir (2004), “Türkiye’de Uygulanabilecek Bir Nakdi Yoksulluk Yardımı Politikasının Maliyeti Üzerine Farklı Senaryolara Dayanan Bir Çalışma”, İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sosyal Politika Forumu.
  • Calnitsky, D. (2017), “Debating Basic Income”, A Journal of Theory & Strategy, 1(3), 63-90.
  • Chancel, L. et al. (2022), World Inequality Report 2022, World Inequality Lab.
  • Citizen’s Basic Income Trust (2023), <https://citizensincome.org/citizens-income/what-is-it/>, 24.04.2024.
  • Clark, C.M. (2003), “Promoting Economic Equity: The Basic Income Approach”, in: M.R. Tool & P.D. Bush (eds.), Institutional Analysis and Economic Policy (133-156), Boston: US Springer.
  • Conesa, J.C. et al. (2023), “A Quantitative Evaluation of Universal Basic Income”, Journal of Public Economics, 223, 104881.
  • De Wispelaere, J. & L. Stirton (2004), “The Many Faces of Universal Basic Income”, The Political Quarterly, 75(3), 266-274.
  • Erdoğdu, M. & S. Akar (2020), “Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi Çerçevesinde Koşulsuz Temel Gelir: Türkiye için Bir Değerlendirme”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 15(3), 903-924.
  • Francese, M. & D. Prady (2018), Universal Basic Income: Debate and Impact Assessment, International Monetary Fund, <https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2018/12/10/Universal-Basic-Income-Debate-and-Impact-Assessment-46441>, 17.09.2024.
  • Fuest, C. et al. (2009), “The Redistributive Effects of Tax Benefit Systems in Enlarged EU”, IZA Discussion Paper, 4520.
  • Gundersen, C. (2021), “Viewpoint: A Proposal to Reconstruct the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) into a Universal Basic Income Program for Food”, Food Policy, 101, 102096.
  • Hamilton, L. et al. (2023), “Does Frequency or Amount Matter? An Exploratory Analysis the Perceptions of Four Universal Basic Income Proposals”, Social Sciences, 12(3), 133.
  • IMF International Monetary Fund (2017), Tackling Inequality, Washington, DC, USA.
  • Jordan, B. (1988), “The Prospects for Basic Income”, Social Policy & Administration, 22(2), 115-123.
  • Kahvecioğlu, F. & U. Çakmak (2022), “Evrensel Temel Gelir ve Türkiye’de Uygulanabilirliği Üzerine Analizler”, Sosyal Güvence Dergisi, 11(20), 623-659.
  • Kaya, Ş.M. (2019), “Türkiye’de Bir sosyal Harcama Olarak Evrensel Temel Gelir Uygulaması”, Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 3(1), 129-149.
  • Levy, H. et al. (2006), “A Basic Income for Europe’s Children?”, ISER Working Paper Series 2006-47.
  • Martinelli, L. (2017), Assessing the Case for a Universal Basic Income in the UK, Bath: University of Bath.
  • McKay, A. (2001), “Rethinking Work and Income Maintenance Policy: Promoting Gender Equality through a Citizens’ Basic Income”, Feminist Economics, 7(1), 97-118.
  • More, T. (1995), Utopia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Nozick, R. (1974), Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Oxford: Blackwell Publisher.
  • Orlu, C. (2019), “Basic Income: Is It Applicable to Modern States?”, Journal of Social Policy Conferences, 76, 213-237.
  • Ortiz, I. et al. (2018), “Universal Basic Income Proposals in Light of ILO Standards: Key Issues and Global Costing”, SSRN Electronic Journal, https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3208737.
  • Pettit, P. (2007), “A Republican Right to Basic Income?”, Basic Income Studies, 2(2), https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0183.1082.
  • Pinilla-Pallejà, R. & L. Sanzo-González (2004), “Introducing a Basic Income System in Spain”, in: 10th Congress of the Basic Income European (Earth) Network (1-14), Barcelona/Spain.
  • Platz, J. (2020), Theories of Distributive Justice: Who Gets What and Why, New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
  • Rakıcı, C. & C.A. Bozdağ (2022), “Evrensel Temel Gelir ve Uygulanabilirliği Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Mali Çözüm Dergisi, 32(169), 73-98.
  • Raventos, D. (2007), Basic Income: The Material Conditions of Freedom, London: Pluto Press.
  • Rawls, J. (1971), A Theory of Justice, Cambridge and Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Şahin, S.Ç. & İ.E. Kılıç (2021), “Basic Income and its Applicability in Turkey”, New Perspectives on Turkey, 65, 6-26.
  • Salih, P. & S. Erikli (2022), “Evrensel Temel Gelir ve Dünyada Örnek Uygulamalar”, Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1), 56-73.
  • Schneider, F. (2022), “New COVID-Related Results for Estimating the Shadow Economy in the Global Economy in 2021 and 2022”, International Economics and Economic Policy, 19, 299-313.
  • Standing, G. (2008), “How Cash Transfers Promote the Case for Basic Income”, Basic Income Studies, 3(1), https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0183.1106.
  • Standing, G. (2017), Basic Income: And How Can We Make It Happen, London: Pelican Books.
  • Standing, G. (2021), “Basic Income Pilots: Uses, Limitations and Design Principles”, Basic Income Studies, 16(1), 75-99.
  • Stanford Basic Income Lab (2024), <https://basicincome.stanford.edu/experiments-map/>, 10.08.2024.
  • Torry, M. (2018), Why We Need a Citizen’s Basic Income: The Desirability and Implementation of an Unconditional Income, Bristol: UK.
  • Torry, M. (2020), “The Role of Research in the Basic Income Debate in the UK”, LSE Public Policy Review, 1(2), 4.
  • Torry, M. (2021), Basic Income: A History, Cheltenham & Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (2010-2022), Household Budget Survey Microdata Set 2010-2022, <www. tuik.gov.tr/Kurumsal/Mikro_Veri>, 05.11.2024.
  • UNESCO (2021), “Basic Income-On Data and Policy”, Most Policy Paper, 02, 1-28. <https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000380169>, 05.11.2024.
  • Van Parijs, P. (1992), Arguing for Basic Income: Ethical Foundations for a Radical Reform, London & New York: Verso.
  • Van Parijs, P. (1995), Real Freedom for All, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Van Parijs, P. (2004), “Basic Income: A Simple and Powerful Idea for the Twenty-First Century”, Politics & Society, 32(1), 7-39.
  • Van Parijs, P. et al. (2000), “Basic Income and its Cognates”, in: R.J. Veen & L. Groot (eds.), Basic Income on the Agenda: Policies and Politics (53-84), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • White, S. (1997), “Liberal Equality, Exploitation, and the Case for An Unconditional Basic Income”, Political Studies, 45(2), 312-326.
  • Widerquist, K. & G. Arndt (2020), The Cost of Basic Income in the United Kingdom: A Microsimulation Analysis, Basic Income Earth Network.
  • World Bank (2023), World Bank Blogs, UBI Financing and Its Long-Term Impacts in Economies with a Large Informal Sector: Guest Post by Kuldeep Singh, <https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/impactevaluations/ubi-financing-and-its-long-term-impacts-economies-large-informal-sector-guest>, 05.11.2024.
  • Yapıcı, F. & Ş. Karabulut (2018), “16. Yüzyıldan 21. Yüzyıla Temel Gelir Düşüncesinin Yeniden Doğuşu”, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 52, 353-380.
  • Zamore, D. (2018), “The Case Against A Basic Income”, Jacobin Magazine, <https://jacobin.com/2017/12/universal-basic-income-inequality-work>, 10.06.2024.
  • Zheng, Y. et al. (2017), “Universal Basic Income: A Working Paper - A Policy Option for China Beyond 2020?”, Working Paper, UNDP China Office.

Basic Income: Is It Feasible in Türkiye?

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 65, 119 - 136, 17.07.2025

Arınç Boz

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.03.06

Öz

Regarding justice in income distribution, basic income (BI) draws attention. This study aims to analyse the feasibility of BI and its cost in Türkiye. The feasibility of BI is evaluated by creating two scenarios. The first scenario is a BI grant equal to the poverty line for people aged 18 or older, while in the second scenario, the full amount in the poverty line is distributed for people aged 15 or older and 1/3 of the full amount for those below 15. The results indicate that the costs of the two scenarios are 29.5% and 35% of GDP.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Basic Income Türkiye Income Distribution

Kaynakça

  • Achterberg, W. (2002), “From Sustainability to Basic Income”, in: M. Kenny & J. Meadowcroft (eds.), Planning Sustainability (138-157), New York: Routledge.
  • Aerts, E. et al. (2023), “Not that Basic: How Level, Design, and Context Matter for the Redistributive Outcomes of Universal Basic Income”, IZA Discussion Paper No. 15952.
  • Andersson, J.O. (1996), “Fundamental Values for a Third Left”, New Left Review, 216, 66-78.
  • Baker, J. (1992), “An Egalitarian Case for Basic Income”, in: P. Van Parijs (ed.), Arguing for Basic Income: Ethical Foundations for a Radical Reform, New York: Verso.
  • Beken, H.G. (2021), “Evrensel Temel Gelir Deneyi ve Projelerinin Değerlendirilmesine Teorik Bir Bakış”, Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 12(2), 154-185.
  • Bergmann, B.R. (2004), “A Swedish-Style Welfare State or Basic Income: Which Should Have Priority?”, Politics & Society, 32(1), 107-118.
  • Bidadanure, J.U. (2019), “The Political Theory of Universal Basic Income”, Annual Review of Political Science, 22, 481-501.
  • Bikas, E. et al. (2014), “Evaluation of the Personal Income Progressive Taxation and the Size of Tax-Exempt Amount in Lithuania”, Ekonomika, 93, 84-101.
  • Bird, R.M. & E.M. Zolt (2004), “Redistribution via Taxation: The Limited Role of the Personal Income Tax in Developing Countries”, UCLA Law Review, 52(6), 1627-1695.
  • Briggs, A. (1961), “The Welfare State in Historical Perspective”, European Journal of Sociology, 2(2), 221-258.
  • Buğra, A. & N.T. Sınmazdemir (2004), “Türkiye’de Uygulanabilecek Bir Nakdi Yoksulluk Yardımı Politikasının Maliyeti Üzerine Farklı Senaryolara Dayanan Bir Çalışma”, İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sosyal Politika Forumu.
  • Calnitsky, D. (2017), “Debating Basic Income”, A Journal of Theory & Strategy, 1(3), 63-90.
  • Chancel, L. et al. (2022), World Inequality Report 2022, World Inequality Lab.
  • Citizen’s Basic Income Trust (2023), <https://citizensincome.org/citizens-income/what-is-it/>, 24.04.2024.
  • Clark, C.M. (2003), “Promoting Economic Equity: The Basic Income Approach”, in: M.R. Tool & P.D. Bush (eds.), Institutional Analysis and Economic Policy (133-156), Boston: US Springer.
  • Conesa, J.C. et al. (2023), “A Quantitative Evaluation of Universal Basic Income”, Journal of Public Economics, 223, 104881.
  • De Wispelaere, J. & L. Stirton (2004), “The Many Faces of Universal Basic Income”, The Political Quarterly, 75(3), 266-274.
  • Erdoğdu, M. & S. Akar (2020), “Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi Çerçevesinde Koşulsuz Temel Gelir: Türkiye için Bir Değerlendirme”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 15(3), 903-924.
  • Francese, M. & D. Prady (2018), Universal Basic Income: Debate and Impact Assessment, International Monetary Fund, <https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2018/12/10/Universal-Basic-Income-Debate-and-Impact-Assessment-46441>, 17.09.2024.
  • Fuest, C. et al. (2009), “The Redistributive Effects of Tax Benefit Systems in Enlarged EU”, IZA Discussion Paper, 4520.
  • Gundersen, C. (2021), “Viewpoint: A Proposal to Reconstruct the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) into a Universal Basic Income Program for Food”, Food Policy, 101, 102096.
  • Hamilton, L. et al. (2023), “Does Frequency or Amount Matter? An Exploratory Analysis the Perceptions of Four Universal Basic Income Proposals”, Social Sciences, 12(3), 133.
  • IMF International Monetary Fund (2017), Tackling Inequality, Washington, DC, USA.
  • Jordan, B. (1988), “The Prospects for Basic Income”, Social Policy & Administration, 22(2), 115-123.
  • Kahvecioğlu, F. & U. Çakmak (2022), “Evrensel Temel Gelir ve Türkiye’de Uygulanabilirliği Üzerine Analizler”, Sosyal Güvence Dergisi, 11(20), 623-659.
  • Kaya, Ş.M. (2019), “Türkiye’de Bir sosyal Harcama Olarak Evrensel Temel Gelir Uygulaması”, Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 3(1), 129-149.
  • Levy, H. et al. (2006), “A Basic Income for Europe’s Children?”, ISER Working Paper Series 2006-47.
  • Martinelli, L. (2017), Assessing the Case for a Universal Basic Income in the UK, Bath: University of Bath.
  • McKay, A. (2001), “Rethinking Work and Income Maintenance Policy: Promoting Gender Equality through a Citizens’ Basic Income”, Feminist Economics, 7(1), 97-118.
  • More, T. (1995), Utopia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Nozick, R. (1974), Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Oxford: Blackwell Publisher.
  • Orlu, C. (2019), “Basic Income: Is It Applicable to Modern States?”, Journal of Social Policy Conferences, 76, 213-237.
  • Ortiz, I. et al. (2018), “Universal Basic Income Proposals in Light of ILO Standards: Key Issues and Global Costing”, SSRN Electronic Journal, https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3208737.
  • Pettit, P. (2007), “A Republican Right to Basic Income?”, Basic Income Studies, 2(2), https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0183.1082.
  • Pinilla-Pallejà, R. & L. Sanzo-González (2004), “Introducing a Basic Income System in Spain”, in: 10th Congress of the Basic Income European (Earth) Network (1-14), Barcelona/Spain.
  • Platz, J. (2020), Theories of Distributive Justice: Who Gets What and Why, New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
  • Rakıcı, C. & C.A. Bozdağ (2022), “Evrensel Temel Gelir ve Uygulanabilirliği Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Mali Çözüm Dergisi, 32(169), 73-98.
  • Raventos, D. (2007), Basic Income: The Material Conditions of Freedom, London: Pluto Press.
  • Rawls, J. (1971), A Theory of Justice, Cambridge and Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Şahin, S.Ç. & İ.E. Kılıç (2021), “Basic Income and its Applicability in Turkey”, New Perspectives on Turkey, 65, 6-26.
  • Salih, P. & S. Erikli (2022), “Evrensel Temel Gelir ve Dünyada Örnek Uygulamalar”, Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1), 56-73.
  • Schneider, F. (2022), “New COVID-Related Results for Estimating the Shadow Economy in the Global Economy in 2021 and 2022”, International Economics and Economic Policy, 19, 299-313.
  • Standing, G. (2008), “How Cash Transfers Promote the Case for Basic Income”, Basic Income Studies, 3(1), https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0183.1106.
  • Standing, G. (2017), Basic Income: And How Can We Make It Happen, London: Pelican Books.
  • Standing, G. (2021), “Basic Income Pilots: Uses, Limitations and Design Principles”, Basic Income Studies, 16(1), 75-99.
  • Stanford Basic Income Lab (2024), <https://basicincome.stanford.edu/experiments-map/>, 10.08.2024.
  • Torry, M. (2018), Why We Need a Citizen’s Basic Income: The Desirability and Implementation of an Unconditional Income, Bristol: UK.
  • Torry, M. (2020), “The Role of Research in the Basic Income Debate in the UK”, LSE Public Policy Review, 1(2), 4.
  • Torry, M. (2021), Basic Income: A History, Cheltenham & Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (2010-2022), Household Budget Survey Microdata Set 2010-2022, <www. tuik.gov.tr/Kurumsal/Mikro_Veri>, 05.11.2024.
  • UNESCO (2021), “Basic Income-On Data and Policy”, Most Policy Paper, 02, 1-28. <https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000380169>, 05.11.2024.
  • Van Parijs, P. (1992), Arguing for Basic Income: Ethical Foundations for a Radical Reform, London & New York: Verso.
  • Van Parijs, P. (1995), Real Freedom for All, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Van Parijs, P. (2004), “Basic Income: A Simple and Powerful Idea for the Twenty-First Century”, Politics & Society, 32(1), 7-39.
  • Van Parijs, P. et al. (2000), “Basic Income and its Cognates”, in: R.J. Veen & L. Groot (eds.), Basic Income on the Agenda: Policies and Politics (53-84), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • White, S. (1997), “Liberal Equality, Exploitation, and the Case for An Unconditional Basic Income”, Political Studies, 45(2), 312-326.
  • Widerquist, K. & G. Arndt (2020), The Cost of Basic Income in the United Kingdom: A Microsimulation Analysis, Basic Income Earth Network.
  • World Bank (2023), World Bank Blogs, UBI Financing and Its Long-Term Impacts in Economies with a Large Informal Sector: Guest Post by Kuldeep Singh, <https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/impactevaluations/ubi-financing-and-its-long-term-impacts-economies-large-informal-sector-guest>, 05.11.2024.
  • Yapıcı, F. & Ş. Karabulut (2018), “16. Yüzyıldan 21. Yüzyıla Temel Gelir Düşüncesinin Yeniden Doğuşu”, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 52, 353-380.
  • Zamore, D. (2018), “The Case Against A Basic Income”, Jacobin Magazine, <https://jacobin.com/2017/12/universal-basic-income-inequality-work>, 10.06.2024.
  • Zheng, Y. et al. (2017), “Universal Basic Income: A Working Paper - A Policy Option for China Beyond 2020?”, Working Paper, UNDP China Office.
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Maliye Politikası
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Arınç Boz 0000-0002-4936-1339

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 8 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 17 Temmuz 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi 5 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 33 Sayı: 65

Kaynak Göster

APA Boz, A. (2025). Basic Income: Is It Feasible in Türkiye? Sosyoekonomi, 33(65), 119-136. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.03.06
AMA Boz A. Basic Income: Is It Feasible in Türkiye? Sosyoekonomi. Temmuz 2025;33(65):119-136. doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.03.06
Chicago Boz, Arınç. “Basic Income: Is It Feasible in Türkiye?”. Sosyoekonomi 33, sy. 65 (Temmuz 2025): 119-36. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.03.06.
EndNote Boz A (01 Temmuz 2025) Basic Income: Is It Feasible in Türkiye? Sosyoekonomi 33 65 119–136.
IEEE A. Boz, “Basic Income: Is It Feasible in Türkiye?”, Sosyoekonomi, c. 33, sy. 65, ss. 119–136, 2025, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.03.06.
ISNAD Boz, Arınç. “Basic Income: Is It Feasible in Türkiye?”. Sosyoekonomi 33/65 (Temmuz2025), 119-136. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.03.06.
JAMA Boz A. Basic Income: Is It Feasible in Türkiye? Sosyoekonomi. 2025;33:119–136.
MLA Boz, Arınç. “Basic Income: Is It Feasible in Türkiye?”. Sosyoekonomi, c. 33, sy. 65, 2025, ss. 119-36, doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.03.06.
Vancouver Boz A. Basic Income: Is It Feasible in Türkiye? Sosyoekonomi. 2025;33(65):119-36.
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