Economic Development and Foreign Policy, The Case of Syria 1949-1954

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 27, 183 - 210, 22.01.2016

Mehmet Çatı

Öz

This paper aims to enhance our understanding the relationship between economic development and foreign policy in Syria in the post-independence period. In this endeavour, Syria has been taken as a state of the global South that was bound to be preoccupied with its condition of underdevelopment, dependence, vulnerability and permeability. Adopting a political economy approach to examine a period of instability marked by three military coups, this paper presents socioeconomic needs of the country as a source of foreign policy and identifies the acquisition of external resources as a key foreign policy objective.

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

Kaynakça

• Abu Jaber & S. Kamel (1966), The Arab Ba´th Socialist Party: History, Ideology and Organisation, New York: Syracuse.
• Allouni, A. (1959), “The Labor Movement in Syria”, Middle East Journal, 13(1), 64-76.
• Al-΄Azm, K. (1973), Mudhakkirat Khalid al-΄Azm [The Memoirs of Khalid al-΄Azm], 3 Volumes, Beirut: Dar al-muttahida.
• Al-´Ammari, M. (1964), “al-Taniya al-iqtisadiyya al-ijtima´iyya fi suriya” [Socio-economic Development in Syria], Dirasat ´arabiyya, 1(1), 29-45.
• Al-Hawrani, A. (2000), MudhakkiratAkram al-Hawrani [The Memoirs of Akram al-Hawrani], 4 Volumes, Cairo: Madbuli.
• Al-Mu´allim, W. (1985), Suriya, 1918-1958, al-tahaddiwa-al-muwajaha [Syria, 1918-1958, The Challenge and the Encounter], Damascus: Sharika babel li-l-nasher.
• ΄Arafat, ΄A.H. & N.D. Malik (1996), “al-Siyasat al-naqdiya fi suriya” [Monetary Policies in Syria], in: ΄Ali Tawfiq al-Sadik et al. (eds.), al-Siyasat al-naqdiya fi al-duwal al-΄arabiya [Monetary Policies in the Arab States], (Abu Dabi, United Arab Emirates: Arab Monetary Fund, The Institute of Economic Policies).
• Arslan, ΄A. (1994), Mudhakkirat al-Amir ΄AdilArslan, 1946-1950, [Memoirs of ΄AdilArslan] ed. by Yusuf Ibish, 3 Volumes (Beirut: Dar al-Taqaddumiyya).
• Asfour, E. (1959), Development and Monetary Policy: Syria, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Babarinde, O.A. (1999), “Regionalism and African Foreign Policies”, in: Stephen Wright (ed.), African Foreign Policies, Oxford: Westview Press.
• Barakat, A. (1954), “Recent Economic Development in Syria”, Middle East Economic Papers, 1-25.
• Barnett, M.N. (1990), “High Politics is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security Policy, 1967-1977”, World Politics, 42(4), 529-562.
• Barnett, M.N. (1998), Dialogues in Arab Politics, New York: Columbia UniversityPress.
• Batatu, H. (1978), The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Be’eri, E. (1970), Army Officers in Arab Politics and Society, Pall Mall: Praeger.
• Brand, L.A. (1995), Jordan’s Inter-Arab Relations. The Political Economy of Alliance Making, New York: Columbia University Press.
• Carleton, A. (1950), “The Syrian Coups d’État of 1949”, Middle East Journal, 4(1), 1-11.
• Çatı, M.O. (2013), “The political economy of Syrian foreign policy: 1949-1963”, unpublished PhD Dissertation, SOAS, University of London.
• Dabbagh, S.M. (1962), “Agrarian Reform in Syria”, Middle East Economic Papers, 1-15.
• Didier, R. (1949), “Le maréchal Husni el Zaim nous expose son programme”, Gazette de Lausanne, 1 July 1949.
• Ehteshami, Penetrated Regional System, London: Routledge.
• Fansa, N. (1982), AyyamHusni al- Za´im: 137 Yawmanhazzatsuriyya [Days of Husni al- Za´im: 137 Days Shook up Syria], Beirut: Dar al-Afaq al-Jadidah.
• Franck, D.S. (1949), “The Middle East Economy in 1948”, Middle East Journal, 3, 201-210.
• Gardiner, A.Z. (1950), “Point Four and the Arab World, An American View”, Middle East Journal, 4(3), 296-306.
• Hakim, G. (1950), “Point Four and the Middle East: A Middle East View”, Middle East Journal, 4(2), 183-195.
• Holden, D. & R. Johns (1981), The House of Saud, London: Pan Books.
• Hill, C. (1977), “Theories of Foreign Policy Making for the Developing Countries”, in: Christopher Clapham and William Wallace (eds.), Foreign Policy Making in Developing States, Westmead, London: Saxon House.
• Hinnebusch, R.A. (1989), Authoritarian Power and State Formation in Ba’thist Syria. Army, Party and Peasant, Westview Press, Boulder.
• Hinnebusch, R.A. & N. Quilliam (2006), “Contrary Siblings: Syria, Jordan and the Iraq War”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 19(3), 513-528.
• Hudson, M.C. (1977), Arab Politics; The Search for Legitimacy, New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Hudson, V.M. (2005), “Foreign Policy Analysis: A Factor Specific Theory and the Ground of International Relations”, Foreign Policy Analysis, 1, 1-30.
• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (1955), The Economic Development of Syria, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Jabbur, G. (1993), al-Fikr al-siyasi al-mu´asir fi suriya [Contemporary Arab Thought in Syria], Second Edition, Beirut: al-Manara.
• Kayali, N. (1951), “Syria- A Political Study (1920-1950)”, Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University.
• Khouri, F.J. (1963), “Friction and Conflict on the Israeli-Syrian Front”, Middle East Journal, 17(1), 14-34.
• Khouri, F.J. (1966), “The Policy of Retaliation in Arab-Israeli Relations”, Middle East Journal, 20(4), 435-455.
• Khoury, P.S. (1987), Syria and the French Mandate. The Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920-1945, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
• Korany, B. (1990), “Analyzing Third-World Foreign Policies: A Critique and a Reordered Research Agenda”, in: David Wurfel and Bruce Burton (eds.), The Political Economy of Foreign Policy in Southeast Asia, New York: St. Martin’s Press.
• Korany, B. & A.E.H. Dessouki (1991), “A Literature Survey and a Framework for Analysis”, in: Bahgat Korany & Ali E. Hillal Dessouki (eds.), The Foreign Policies of Arab States, Second Edition, Oxford: Westview.
• Landis, J. (2001), “Early U.S. Policy toward Palestinian Refugees: the Syria Option”, in: Joseph Ginat and Edward J. Perkins, (eds.), The Palestinian Refugees: Old Problems – New Solutions, University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, OK.
• Lawson, F.H. (2007), “Syria’s Relations with Iran: Managing the Dilemmas of Alliance”, Middle East Journal, 61(1), 29-47.
• Lesch, D.W. (1990), “The United States and Syria, 1953-1957: The Cold War in the Middle East”, Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University. Lesch’s dissertation was published in 1992: David Lesch, “Syria and the United States: Eisenhower’s Cold War in the Middle East” (Boulder: Westview, 1992).
• Levy, J.S. & M.M. Barnett (1992), “Alliance Formation, Domestic Political Economy, and Third World Security”, The Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, 14(4), 19-40.
• Little, D. (1990), “Cold War and Covert Action: The United States and Syria, 1945-1958”, Middle East Journal, 44(1), 51-75.
• Light, M. (1994), “Foreign Policy Analysis”, in: A.J.R Groom and Margot Light, (eds.), Contemporary International Relations: A Guide to Theory, London: Pinter.
• Macfarlane, N.S. (1999), “Taking Stock. The Third World and the End of the Cold War”, in: Louise Fawcett and Yezid Sayigh (eds.), The Third World beyond the Cold War. Continuity and Change, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Makdisi, S. (1961), “Some Aspects of Syrian Economic Growth 1945-1957”, Middle East Economic Papers, 45-63.
• Mayall, J. (1990), Nationalism and International Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Ma´oz, M. (1995), Syria and Israel. From War to Peace-making, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Morgenthau, H.J. (1993), Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, Revised by Kenneth W. Thomson, New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Morphet, S. (2004), “Multilateralism and the Non-Aligned Movement: What is the Global South Doing and Where It Is Going?”, Global Governance, 10, 517-537.
• Mufti, M. (1996), Sovereign Creations: Pan-Arabism and Political Order in Syria and Iraq, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
• Pappé, I. (1992), The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1947-1951, London: I.B. Tauris.
• Perthes, V. (1995), The Political Economy of Syria Under Asad, London: I.B. Tauris.
• Petran, T. (1972), Syria: A Modern History, London, Ernest Benn Limited.
• Rabinovich, I. (1991), The Road Not Taken, Early Arab-Israeli Negotiations, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Ro΄i, Y. (1974), From Encroachment to Involvement. A Documentary Study of Soviet Policy in the Middle East: 1945-1973, New York and Toronto: John Wiley and Sons.
• Rose, G. (1998), “Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy”, World Politics, 51(1), 144-172.
• Sadowski, Y.M. (1984), “Political Power and Economic Organisation in Syria: The Course of State Intervention, 1946-1958”, Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California.
• Seale, P. (1986), The Struggle for Syria: A Study of Post-War Arab Politics 1945-1958, Second Edition, London: I. B. Tauris.
• Salloukh, B.F. (2009), ‘Demystifying Syrian Foreign Policy under Bashar al-Asad’, in: Fred H. Lawson (ed.), Demystifying Syria, London: Saqi with the London Middle East Institute of SOAS.
• Salmore, B.G. & S.A. Salmore (1978), “Political Regimes and Foreign Policy”, in: M. East, S. A. Salmore, and C. F. Hermann (eds.), Why Nations Act: Theoretical Perspectives for Comparative Foreign Policy Studies, London: Sage Publications.
• Sayigh, Y.A. (1978), The Economies of the Arab World: Development Since 1945, London: Croom Helm.
• Seale, P. (1986), The Struggle for Syria: A Study of Post-War Arab Politics 1945-1958, Second Edition, London: I. B. Tauris.
• Seurat, M. (1980), “Les populations, l’état et la société”, in : André Raymond (ed.), La Syrie d’aujourd’hui, Paris: CNRS.
• Shlaim, A. (1986), “Husni Za΄im and the Plan to Resettle Palestinian Refugees in Syria”, Journal of Palestine Studies, 15, 68-80.
• Smith, S. (1987), “Foreign Policy Analysis and International Relations”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 16(2), 345-348.
• Smith, M. (1989), “Comparing Foreign Policy Systems: Problems, Processes and Performance”, in: Michael Clarke and Brian White (eds.), Understanding Foreign Policy: The Foreign Policy System Approach, Hants: Edward Elgar.
• Spero, J.E. & J.A. Hart (2003), The Politics of International Economic Relations, Sixth Edition London: Thomson.
• Syrian Arab Republic, Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstract, (Damascus, Government Press, various issues [annual publication]).
• Taliaferro, J.W. (2009), “Neoclassical Realism and Resource Extraction: State Building for Future War”, in: Steven E. Lobell, Norris M. Ripsman and Jeffrey W. Taliaferro (eds.), Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Uphapp, N.T. & W.F. Ilchman (1972), The Political Economy of Development, Theoretical and Empirical Contributions, London: University of California Press.
• United Nations (1954), Yearbook of the United Nations 1954, New York: Department of Public Information.
• Van Dusen, M.H. (1971), “Intra-and Inter-Generational Conflict in the Syrian Army”, Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University.
• Waltz, K.N. (1979), Theory of International Politics, New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Waterbury, J. (1983), The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat. The Political Economy of Two Regimes, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Weinstein, F.B. (1972), “The Uses of Foreign Policy of Indonesia: An Approach to the Analysis of Foreign Policy in the Less Developed Countries”, World Politics, 24(3), 356-381.
• Wurfel, D. & B. Burton (1990), “The Comparative Analysis of Foreign Policy: Some Notes on the Pitfalls and Paths to Theory”, in: David Wurfel and Bruce Burton (eds.), The Political Economy of Foreign Policy in Southeast Asia, New York: St. Martin’s Press.
• Zaffiro, J. (1999), “Exceptionality in External Affairs: Bostwana in the African and Global Arenas”, in: Stephen Wright (ed.), African Foreign Policies, Oxford: Westview Press.
• Zakaria, F. (1998), From Wealth to Power. The Unusual Origins of America’s World Role, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Ziadeh, N.A. (1957), Syria and Lebanon, London: Ernest Benn Limited.