Sectoral Inequalities and Relations With The Digital Divide in Turkey

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 32, 31 - 50, 15.04.2017

Hüseyin Fidan , Halil Şen

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.286828

Öz

Inequalities are the leading factors that effect the social and economic structure negatively. In the context of inequalities, personal, regional and global dimensions of income differences are investigated, rarely sectoral analysis in researches. Aim of the study is that determining of intersectoral and intrasectoral inequality levels and relations by using indicators of number of employees, wages, production value, added value as well as having computers, internet usage and having web page. Gini method has been used to calculate the level of inequalities and in correlation analysis to determine relationships between inequalities. In analysis result, It was found that maximum intersectoral inequality level is in production value and the lowest in computer usage.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Information systems, sectoral inequalities, digital divide, Lorenz curve, Gini coefficients

Türkiye’de Sektörel Eşitsizlikler ve Sayısal Bölünme İlişkisi

Öz

Eşitsizlikler sosyal ve ekonomik yapıyı olumsuz etkileyen faktörlerin başında gelmektedir. Eşitsizlikler bağlamında kişisel, bölgesel ve küresel boyutta, gelir eşitsizliklerin incelendiği araştırmalarda, sektörel analizlere nadiren rastlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, çalışan sayısı, ücretler, üretim değeri ve katma değer göstergelerinin yanı sıra bilgisayar ve internet kullanımları ile web sayfası sahipliğinde, sektörler arası ve sektör içi eşitsizlik düzeylerinin ve eşitsizlikler arası ilişkilerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Eşitsizlik seviyelerinin belirlenmesinde Gini yöntemi, eşitsizlikler arasındaki ilişkileri belirlemek için korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda sektörler arası eşitsizliklerin en fazla üretim değerlerinde, en düşük bilgisayar kullanımlarında olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bilişim sistemleri, sektörel eşitsizlikler, sayısal bölünme, Lorenz eğrisi, Gini katsayıları

Kaynakça

• Angel, U. & K.D. Tanabe (2012), “Micro Determinants of Informal Economy in the Middle East and North Africa Region”, Social Protection and Labor: The World Bank, SP Discussşon Paper, No: 1201.
• Atkinson, A. (1970), “On the Measurement of Inequality”, Journal of Economic Theory, Vol 2, 244-263.
• Blais, A. & D.E. Blake & S. Dion (1990), “The Public/Private Sector Cleavage in North America”, Comparative Political Studies, 23: 381-403.
• Ceriani, L. & P. Verme (2012), “The origins of the Gini index: extracts from Variabilità e Mutabilità (1912) by Corrado Gini”, J Econ Inequal, 10: 421–443.
• Chakraborty, J. & M.M. Bosman (2005), “Measuring the Digital Divide in the United States: Race, Income and Personel Computer Ownership”, The Professional Geographer, 57(3), 395-410.
• Cowell, F. A. & S.P. Jenkins (1995), “How Much Inequality Can we Explain? A Methodology and an Application to the United States”, The Economic Journal, Vol. 105, No. 429, 421-430.
• Currie, W. L. (1996), “Organizational structure and the use of information technology: Preliminary findings of a survey in the private and public sector”, International Journal of Information Management, Volume 16, Issue 1, 51–64.
• Çelik, O. & S. Selim (2014), “Türkiye’de Kamu ve Özel Sektör Ücret Farklılıklarının Kantil Regresyon Yaklaşımı ile Analizi”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, Cilt:21 Sayı:1, 205-232.
• Deininger, K. & L. Squire (1998), “New ways of looking at old issues: inequality and growth”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 57, 259–287.
• Dickens, W. & L. Katz (1987), “Interindustry Wage Differences and Industry Characteristics”, NBER Working Paper, 2014, Cambridge, Mass.
• Dreher, A. & N. Gaston (2008), “Has Globalization Increased Inequality?”, Review of International Economics, 16, 516-536.
• Uppenberg, K. (2011), “Economic growth in the US and the EU: A Sectoral Decomposition”, EIB Papers, Volume 16, No:1, 18-51.
• Elveren A. Y. & J.K. Galbraith (2009), “Pay Inequality in Turkey in the Neo- Liberal Era, 1980-2001”, European Journal of Comparative Economics, c.6, s.2, 177-206.
• Filiztekin, A. & M.A. Çelik (2010), “Türkiye’de Bölgesel Gelir Eşitsizliği”, Megaron, 5(3):116-127.
• Freeman, R. (1995), “Are Your Wages Set in Beijing?”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9, 15-32.
• Galbraith J. K. & T. Hale (2007), “Between-Sector Earnings Inequality in the United States”, UTIP Working Paper, 43.
• Goodman, L. A., & W.H. Kruskal (1959), “Measures of Association for Cross Classifications. II: Further Discussion and References”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Volume 54, Issue 285, 123-163.
• Gürdal, O. (2004), “Bilgi Ekonomisi ve/veya Yeni Ekonomi’nin Reddettikleri”, Bilgi Dünyası, 5(1), 48-73.
• Hoffmann, F. & S. Shi (2013), “Sectoral Shift, Job Mobility and Wage Inequality”, <https://www.economicdynamics.org/meetpapers/2014/paper_123.pdf>, 20.12.2015.
• Ilgın, Y. (1995), “Kayıtdışı Ekonomi ve Türkiye’deki Boyutları”, Uzmanlık Tezi, DPT, Ankara.
• Kakwani, N. C. (1977), “Applications of Lorenz Curves in Economic Analysis”, Econometrica, Vol. 45, No. 3, 719-728.
• Karluk, S. R. (2005), Cumhuriyetin İlanından Günümüze Türkiye Ekonomisinde Yapısal Dönüşüm (10. Baskı), İstanbul: Beta Yayınevi.
• Karoly, L. A. (1992), “Changes in the Distribution of Individual Earnings in the United States: 1967-1986”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 74, No. 1, 107-115.
• Kraftova I. & Z. Mateja & P. Prasilova (2011), “Economic Performance: Variability of Businesses within Each Industry and Among Industries”, Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, 22(5), 459-467.
• Kuznets, S. (1955), “Economic growth and income inequality”, American Economic Review, XLV, 1-28.
• Love, P. E. D. & Z. Iranib & C. Standinga & C. Lina & J.M. Burn (2005), “The enigma of evaluation: benefits, costs and risks of IT in Australian small–medium-sized enterprises”, Information & Management, 42, 947–964.
• MacLachlan, I. & R. Sawada (1997), “Measures of Income Inequality and Social Polarization in Canadian Metropolitan Areas”, The Canadian Geographer / Le Ceographe canadien, Vol 41, Issue 4, 377-397.
• Mahler, V. (2004), “Economic Globalization, Domestic Politics, and Income Inequality in the Developed Countries”, Comparative Political Studies, 37, 1025-1053.
• Melnikas, B. (2011), “Knowledge Economy: Synergy Effects, Interinstitutional Interaction and Internationalization Processes”, Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, 22(4), 367-379.
• Moriones, A. B. & F.L. Lopez (2007), “A firm level analysis of determinants of ICT adoption in Spain”, Technovation, 27, 352-366.
• Mukaka, M. M. (2012), “A guide to appropriate use of Correlation coefficient in medical research”, Malawi Med J., 24(3): 69–71.
• Ngai, L. R. & C.A. Pissarides (2007), “Structural Change in a Multisector Model of Growth”, The American Economic Review, 97(1), 429-443.
• OECD (2008), “Growing Unequal? : Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries”, OECD Publishing.
• OECD (2000), “The Service Economy”, OECD Publishing.
• OECD (2011), “Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising”, OECD Publishing.
• Öztürk, L. & İ. Aktar (2009), “Karadeniz Bölgesi İllerinde Kamu Tarım Yatırımları Dağılımının Gini Katsayısı İle Ölçülmesi”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, Cilt: 6, Sayı: 21, 113-122.
• Öztürk, L. (2012), “Türkiye’de Bölgesel Eşitsizliğin Sektörel Dinamikleri: Bir Ayrıştırma Analizi, 1987-2001”, Ege Akademik Bakış, Cilt: 12, Sayı: 2, 149-159.
• Porter, M. E. & V.E. Millar (1985), “How information gives you competitive advantage”, Harvard Business Review, 63, no. 4, 149–160.
• Schettkat, R. & L. Yocarini (2006), “The Shift to Services Employment: A Review of the Literature”, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Volume 17, Issue 2, 127–147.
• Selim R. & Ö. Günçavdı & A.A. Bayar (2014), “Türkiye'de Bireysel Gelir Dağılımı Eşitsizlikleri: Fonksiyonel Gelir Kaynakları ve Bölgesel Eşitsizlikler”, Tüsiad-T/2014-06/554.
• Shankar, R. & A. Shah (2003), “Bridging the Economic Divide Within Countries: A Scorecard on the Performance of Regional Policies in Reducing Regional Income Disparities”, World Development, Vol. 31, No. 8, 1421–1441.
• Stephenson, S. & G. Hufbauer (2011), “Labor Mobility” in Chauffour, Jean-Pierre & Maur, Jean-Christophe (ed.), Preferential Trade Agreement Policies for Development – A Handbook, World Bank, Washington D.C., 275-306.
• Summers, R. (1985), “Services in the International Economy”, in R. P. Inman(ed.), Managing the Service Economy: Prospects and Problems, CUP, Cambridge: MA, 27-48.
• Vandermerwe, S. & J. Rada (1988), “Servitization of business: Adding value by adding services”, European Management Journal, 6 (4), 314–324.
• Tabachnick, B. G. & L.S. Fidell (2013), Using Multivariate Statistics (sixth ed.), Boston: Pearson.
• Tansel, A. (2005), “Public‐Private Employment Choice, Wage Differentials, and Gender in Turkey”, Economic development and cultural change, 53, 2, 453-477.
• Taştan, H. & M. Akar (2013), “Türkiye İmalat Sanayiinde Bölgesel ve Sektörel Ücret Eşitsizliği”, İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, Cilt: 63, 1, 17-49.
• Thewissen, S. & C. Wang & O. Vliet (2013), “Sectoral trends in earnings inequality and employment International trade, skill-biased technological change, or labour market institutions?”, LIS Working Paper Series Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), No: 595.
• Toffler, A. (1980), “The Third Wave”, New York: Bantam Books.
• Van-Reenen, R. (2011), “Wage Inequality, Technology and Trade: 21st Century Evidence”, Labour Economics, 18, 730-741.
• Van-Vliet, O. (2011), “Convergence and Europeanisation: The Political Economy of Social and Labour Market Policies”, Dissertation, Leiden: Leiden University Press.
• Winner, H. (2012), “Fiscal Competition and the Composition of Public Expenditure: An Empirical Study”, Contemporary Economics, 6, 38-54.
• Yamak, N. & B. Tanrıöver & F. Güneysu (2012), “Turizm – Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Sektör Bazında Bir İnceleme”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 26, Sayı: 2, 205-220.