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The Relationship between Real Per Capita Income, Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness and Carbon Emissions Under Structural Break in Turkey for the Period of 1974-2016

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 44, 69 - 90, 19.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.02.04

Öz

The study does examine relationships between real per capita income, foreign direct investment, trade openness and carbon emissions in Turkey for the period 1974-2016. ARDL bounds test and Toda-Yamamoto causality tests are utilized to analyze the relationships by using unit root test that takes into account the structural break. Findings, all variables proved to have positive effects on carbon emissions in the long run. Foreign direct investments positively affect carbon emissions, it shows that the Pollution Haven Hypothesis is valid in Turkey. The causality test results reveal that the presence of bidirectional causality relationships between all variables and carbon emissions.

Kaynakça

  • Abdouli, M. & S. Hammami (2017), “Investigating the causality links between environmental quality, foreign direct investment and economic growth in MENA countries”, International Business Review, 26, 264-278.
  • Abeydeera, L.H.U.W. & J.W. Mesthrige & T.I. Samarasinghalage (2019), “Global Research on Carbon Emissions: A Scientometric Review”, Sustainibility, 11, 3972.
  • Acaravcı, A. & İ. Öztürk (2010), “On the relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in Europe”, Energy, 35, 5412-5420.
  • Acaravcı, A. & S. Erdoğan & G. Akalın (2018), “Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Dışa Açıklık İlişkisi: Balkan Ülkeleri için Ampirik Bir Analiz”, İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(4), 1-9.
  • Ahmad, A. & Y. Zhao & M. Shahbaz & S. Bano & Z. Zhang & S. Wang & Y. Liu (2016), “Carbon Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: An Aggregate and Disaggregate Analysis of The Indian Economy”, Energy Policy, 96, 131-143.
  • Ahmad, N. & L. Du & J. Lu & J. Wang & H. Li & M.Z. Hashmi (2017), “Modelling the CO2 emissions and economic growth in Croatia: Is there any environmental Kuznets curve?” Energy, 123, 164-172.
  • Akçay, S. & A. Karasoy (2018), “Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar ve Karbondioksit Emisyonu İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 73(2), 501-526.
  • Ali, W. & A. Abdullah & M. Azam (2017), “Re-visiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for Malaysia: Fresh evidence from ARDL bounds testing approach”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 990-1000.
  • Altıntaş, H. (2013), “Türkiye’de Petrol Fiyatları, İhracat ve Reel Döviz Kuru İlişkisi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı ve Dinamik Nedensellik Analizi”, Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 9(19), 1-30.
  • Ang, J.B. (2007), “CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and output in France”, Energy Policy, 35, 4772-4778.
  • Antweiler, W. & B.R. Copeland & M.S. Taylor (2001), “Is Free Trade Good for the Environment?” American Economic Review, 91(4), 877-908.
  • Brack, D. (1995), “Balancing Trade and the Environment”, International Affairs, 71(3), 497-514.
  • Brown, R.L. & J. Durbin & J.M. Evans (1975), “Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relations over Time”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 37(2), 149-163.
  • Brucal, A. & B. Javorcik & I. Love (2017), “Pollution Havens or Halos? Evidence from Foreign Acquisitions in Indonesia”, 2017 Meeting Papers 306, Society for Economic Dynamics.
  • Cialani, C. (2013), “CO2 emissions, GDP and trade: a panel cointegration approach”, Dalarna University Working Papers in transport, tourism, information technology and microdata analysis, No: 2013: 12.
  • Cole, M.A. (2004), “Trade, the pollution haven hypothesis and the environmental Kuznets curve: examining the linkages”, Ecological Economics, 48, 71-81.
  • Cole, M.A. & R.J.R. Elliott (2003), “Determining the Trade-Environment Composition Effect: The Role of Capital, Labor and Environmental Regulations”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 46, 363-383.
  • Copeland, B.R. & M.S. Taylor (2004), “Trade, Growth, and the Environment”, Journal of Economic Literature, 45(1), 7-77.
  • Çetin, M. & F. Seker (2014), “Ekonomik büyüme ve dış ticaretin çevre kirliliği üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye için bir ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 21(2), 213-230.
  • Dickey, D.A. & W.A. Fuller (1981), “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”, Econometrica, 49, 1057-1072.
  • Dinda, S. (2004), “Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey”, Ecological Economics, 49, 431-455.
  • Farhani, S. & A. Chaibi & C. Rault (2014), “CO2 Emissions, Output, Energy Consumption, and Trade in Tunisia”, Economic Modelling, 38, 426-434.
  • Feridun, M. & F.S. Ayadi & J. Balouga (2006), “Impact of trade liberalization on the environment in developing countries The case of Nigeria”, Journal of Developing Societies, 22(1), 39-56.
  • Fotros, M.H. & R. Maaboudi (2011), “Trade openness and CO2 emissions in Iran, 1971-2008”, International Journal of Business and Development Studies, 3(1), 73-84.
  • Gökmenoğlu, K. & N. Taspinar (2016), “The Relationship Between CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and FDI: The Case of Turkey”, The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development: An International and Comparative Review, 25(5), 706-723.
  • Grossman, G.M. & A.B. Krueger (1995), “Economic growth and the environment”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377.
  • Halıcıoğlu, F. (2009), An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey”, Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164.
  • Hanif, İ. & S.M.F. Raza &P. Gato-de-Santos & Q. Abbas (2019), “Fossil Fuels, Foreign Direct İnvestment and Economic Growth have triggeted CO2 emissions in emerging Asean economies: Some empirical evidence”, Energy, 171, 493-501.
  • Haug, A.A. & M. Ucal (2019), “The role of trade and FDI for CO2 emissions in Turkey: Nonlinear relationships”, Energy Economics, 81, 297-307.
  • Hitam, M.B. & H.B. Borhan (2012), “FDI, Growth and the Environment: Impact on Quality of Life in Malaysia”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 50, 333-342.
  • Hoffmann, R. & C.G. Lee & B. Ramasamy & M. Yeung (2005), “FDI and Pollution: A Granger Causality Test Using Panel Data”, Journal of International Development, 17(3), 311-317.
  • Jalil, A. & M. Feridun (2011), “The Impact of Growth, Energy and Financial Development on The Environment in China: A Cointegration Analysis”, Energy Economics, 33, 284-291.
  • Koçak, E. & A. Şarkgüneşi (2018), “The impact of foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions in Turkey: new evidence from cointegration and bootstrap causality analysis”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 790-804.
  • Lau, L. & C. Choong & Y. Eng (2014), “Investigation of The Environmental Kuznets Curve for Carbon Emissions in Malaysia: Do Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Matter?” Energy Policy, 68, 490-497.
  • Le, T.H. & Y. Chang & D. Park (2016), “Trade openness and environmental quality: International evidence”, Energy Policy, 92, 45-55.
  • Liang, F.H. (2006), Does Foreign Direct Investment Harm the Host Country’s Environment? Evidence from China, University of California, Berkeley.
  • Managi, S. (2004), “Trade liberalization and the environment: carbon dioxide for 1960-1999”, Economics Bulletin, 17(1), 1-5.
  • Managi, S. & A. Hibiki & T. Tsurumi (2009), “Does trade openness improve environmental quality?”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 58(3), 346-363.
  • Mutafoglu, T.H. (2012), “Foreign Direct Investment, Pollution, and Economic Growth Evidence from Turkey”, Journal of Developing Societies, 28(3), 281-297.
  • Ng, S. & P. Perron (2001), “Lag Lenght Selection and the Construction of Unit Root Tests with Good Size and Power”, Econometrica, 69, 1519-1554.
  • OECD (2019), <www.oecd.org>, 09.02.2019.
  • Öztürk, İ. & U. Al-Mulali (2015), “Investigating The Validity of The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Cambodia”, Ecological Indicators, 57, 324-334.
  • Öztürk, Z. & D. Öz (2016), “The Relationship between Energy Consumption, Income, Foreign Direct Investment, and CO2 Emissions: The Case of Turkey”, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 269-288.
  • Pahlavani, M. & A. Valadkhani & A.C. Worthington (2005), “Testing for Structural Breaks in Australia’s Monetary Aggregates and Interest Rates: An Application of the Innovational Outlier and Additive Outlier Models”, University of Wollongong Research Online Discipline of Economics Working Paper Series, WP05-02.
  • Panayotou, T. (1993), “Empirical Tests and Policy Analysis of Environmental Degradation at Different Stages of Economic Development”, International Labour Office (ILO) WP 238, 1-45.
  • Pao, H. & C. Tsai (2011), “Multivariate Granger causality between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, FDI (foreign direct investment) and GDP (gross domestic product): Evidence from a panel of BRIC (Brazil, Russian Federation, India, and China) countries”, Energy, 36, 685-693.
  • Pesaran, M.H. & Y. Shin & R. Smith (2001), “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 389-326.
  • Phillips, P.C.B. & P. Perron (1988), “Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression”, Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
  • Ren, S. & B. Yuan & X. Ma & X. Chen (2014), “International trade, FDI (foreign direct investment) and embodied CO2 emissions: A case study of Chinas industrial sectors”, China Economic Review, 28, 123-134.
  • Saboori, B. & J. Sulaiman & S. Mohd (2016), “Environmental Kuznets curve and energy consumption in Malaysia: A cointegration approach”, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 11(9), 861-867.
  • Seker, F. & H.M. Ertuğrul & M. Çetin (2015), “The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Environmental Quality: A Bounds Testing and Causality Analysis for Turkey”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 347-356.
  • Shaari, M.S. & N.E. Hussain & H. Abdullah & S. Kamil (2014), “Relationship among Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth and CO2 Emission: A Panel Data Analysis”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(4), 706-715.
  • Shahbaz, M. & Q.M.A. Hye & A.K. Tiwari & N.C. Leitao (2013a), “Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in Indonesia”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 109-121.
  • Shahbaz, M. & S. Nasreen & T. Afza (2011), “Environmental Consequences of Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis”, MPRA Paper, No: 32547, 1-16.
  • Shahbaz, M. & S.A. Solarin & S. Hammoudeh & S.J.H. Shahzad (2017), “Bounds Testing Approach to Analyzing the Environment Kuznets Curve Hypothesis with Structural Beaks: The Role of Biomass Energy Consumption in the United States”, Energy Economics, 68, 548-565.
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Türkiye’de 1974-2016 Döneminde Yapısal Kırılma Altında Kişi Başına Reel Gelir, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ticari Açıklık ve Karbon Emisyonları Arasındaki İlişki

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 44, 69 - 90, 19.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.02.04

Öz

Çalışma, Türkiye’de kişi başına reel gelir, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, ticari açıklık ve karbon emisyonları arasındaki ilişkiyi 1974-2016 döneminde incelemektedir. Yapısal kırılmanın dikkate alındığı bir birim kök testi kullanılarak söz konusu ilişkinin çözümlenmesinde ARDL sınır testi ve Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Bulgular, uzun dönemde tüm değişkenlerin karbon emisyonları üzerinde pozitif etkileri olduğunu kanıtlamaktadır. Doğrudan yabancı yatırımların karbon emisyonlarını pozitif yönde etkilemesi, Türkiye’de Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi’nin geçerli olduğunu göstermektedir. Nedensellik testi sonuçları, tüm değişkenler ve karbon emisyonları arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkilerinin varlığını ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abdouli, M. & S. Hammami (2017), “Investigating the causality links between environmental quality, foreign direct investment and economic growth in MENA countries”, International Business Review, 26, 264-278.
  • Abeydeera, L.H.U.W. & J.W. Mesthrige & T.I. Samarasinghalage (2019), “Global Research on Carbon Emissions: A Scientometric Review”, Sustainibility, 11, 3972.
  • Acaravcı, A. & İ. Öztürk (2010), “On the relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in Europe”, Energy, 35, 5412-5420.
  • Acaravcı, A. & S. Erdoğan & G. Akalın (2018), “Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Dışa Açıklık İlişkisi: Balkan Ülkeleri için Ampirik Bir Analiz”, İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(4), 1-9.
  • Ahmad, A. & Y. Zhao & M. Shahbaz & S. Bano & Z. Zhang & S. Wang & Y. Liu (2016), “Carbon Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: An Aggregate and Disaggregate Analysis of The Indian Economy”, Energy Policy, 96, 131-143.
  • Ahmad, N. & L. Du & J. Lu & J. Wang & H. Li & M.Z. Hashmi (2017), “Modelling the CO2 emissions and economic growth in Croatia: Is there any environmental Kuznets curve?” Energy, 123, 164-172.
  • Akçay, S. & A. Karasoy (2018), “Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar ve Karbondioksit Emisyonu İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 73(2), 501-526.
  • Ali, W. & A. Abdullah & M. Azam (2017), “Re-visiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for Malaysia: Fresh evidence from ARDL bounds testing approach”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 990-1000.
  • Altıntaş, H. (2013), “Türkiye’de Petrol Fiyatları, İhracat ve Reel Döviz Kuru İlişkisi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı ve Dinamik Nedensellik Analizi”, Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 9(19), 1-30.
  • Ang, J.B. (2007), “CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and output in France”, Energy Policy, 35, 4772-4778.
  • Antweiler, W. & B.R. Copeland & M.S. Taylor (2001), “Is Free Trade Good for the Environment?” American Economic Review, 91(4), 877-908.
  • Brack, D. (1995), “Balancing Trade and the Environment”, International Affairs, 71(3), 497-514.
  • Brown, R.L. & J. Durbin & J.M. Evans (1975), “Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relations over Time”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 37(2), 149-163.
  • Brucal, A. & B. Javorcik & I. Love (2017), “Pollution Havens or Halos? Evidence from Foreign Acquisitions in Indonesia”, 2017 Meeting Papers 306, Society for Economic Dynamics.
  • Cialani, C. (2013), “CO2 emissions, GDP and trade: a panel cointegration approach”, Dalarna University Working Papers in transport, tourism, information technology and microdata analysis, No: 2013: 12.
  • Cole, M.A. (2004), “Trade, the pollution haven hypothesis and the environmental Kuznets curve: examining the linkages”, Ecological Economics, 48, 71-81.
  • Cole, M.A. & R.J.R. Elliott (2003), “Determining the Trade-Environment Composition Effect: The Role of Capital, Labor and Environmental Regulations”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 46, 363-383.
  • Copeland, B.R. & M.S. Taylor (2004), “Trade, Growth, and the Environment”, Journal of Economic Literature, 45(1), 7-77.
  • Çetin, M. & F. Seker (2014), “Ekonomik büyüme ve dış ticaretin çevre kirliliği üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye için bir ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 21(2), 213-230.
  • Dickey, D.A. & W.A. Fuller (1981), “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”, Econometrica, 49, 1057-1072.
  • Dinda, S. (2004), “Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey”, Ecological Economics, 49, 431-455.
  • Farhani, S. & A. Chaibi & C. Rault (2014), “CO2 Emissions, Output, Energy Consumption, and Trade in Tunisia”, Economic Modelling, 38, 426-434.
  • Feridun, M. & F.S. Ayadi & J. Balouga (2006), “Impact of trade liberalization on the environment in developing countries The case of Nigeria”, Journal of Developing Societies, 22(1), 39-56.
  • Fotros, M.H. & R. Maaboudi (2011), “Trade openness and CO2 emissions in Iran, 1971-2008”, International Journal of Business and Development Studies, 3(1), 73-84.
  • Gökmenoğlu, K. & N. Taspinar (2016), “The Relationship Between CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and FDI: The Case of Turkey”, The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development: An International and Comparative Review, 25(5), 706-723.
  • Grossman, G.M. & A.B. Krueger (1995), “Economic growth and the environment”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377.
  • Halıcıoğlu, F. (2009), An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey”, Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164.
  • Hanif, İ. & S.M.F. Raza &P. Gato-de-Santos & Q. Abbas (2019), “Fossil Fuels, Foreign Direct İnvestment and Economic Growth have triggeted CO2 emissions in emerging Asean economies: Some empirical evidence”, Energy, 171, 493-501.
  • Haug, A.A. & M. Ucal (2019), “The role of trade and FDI for CO2 emissions in Turkey: Nonlinear relationships”, Energy Economics, 81, 297-307.
  • Hitam, M.B. & H.B. Borhan (2012), “FDI, Growth and the Environment: Impact on Quality of Life in Malaysia”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 50, 333-342.
  • Hoffmann, R. & C.G. Lee & B. Ramasamy & M. Yeung (2005), “FDI and Pollution: A Granger Causality Test Using Panel Data”, Journal of International Development, 17(3), 311-317.
  • Jalil, A. & M. Feridun (2011), “The Impact of Growth, Energy and Financial Development on The Environment in China: A Cointegration Analysis”, Energy Economics, 33, 284-291.
  • Koçak, E. & A. Şarkgüneşi (2018), “The impact of foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions in Turkey: new evidence from cointegration and bootstrap causality analysis”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 790-804.
  • Lau, L. & C. Choong & Y. Eng (2014), “Investigation of The Environmental Kuznets Curve for Carbon Emissions in Malaysia: Do Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Matter?” Energy Policy, 68, 490-497.
  • Le, T.H. & Y. Chang & D. Park (2016), “Trade openness and environmental quality: International evidence”, Energy Policy, 92, 45-55.
  • Liang, F.H. (2006), Does Foreign Direct Investment Harm the Host Country’s Environment? Evidence from China, University of California, Berkeley.
  • Managi, S. (2004), “Trade liberalization and the environment: carbon dioxide for 1960-1999”, Economics Bulletin, 17(1), 1-5.
  • Managi, S. & A. Hibiki & T. Tsurumi (2009), “Does trade openness improve environmental quality?”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 58(3), 346-363.
  • Mutafoglu, T.H. (2012), “Foreign Direct Investment, Pollution, and Economic Growth Evidence from Turkey”, Journal of Developing Societies, 28(3), 281-297.
  • Ng, S. & P. Perron (2001), “Lag Lenght Selection and the Construction of Unit Root Tests with Good Size and Power”, Econometrica, 69, 1519-1554.
  • OECD (2019), <www.oecd.org>, 09.02.2019.
  • Öztürk, İ. & U. Al-Mulali (2015), “Investigating The Validity of The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Cambodia”, Ecological Indicators, 57, 324-334.
  • Öztürk, Z. & D. Öz (2016), “The Relationship between Energy Consumption, Income, Foreign Direct Investment, and CO2 Emissions: The Case of Turkey”, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 269-288.
  • Pahlavani, M. & A. Valadkhani & A.C. Worthington (2005), “Testing for Structural Breaks in Australia’s Monetary Aggregates and Interest Rates: An Application of the Innovational Outlier and Additive Outlier Models”, University of Wollongong Research Online Discipline of Economics Working Paper Series, WP05-02.
  • Panayotou, T. (1993), “Empirical Tests and Policy Analysis of Environmental Degradation at Different Stages of Economic Development”, International Labour Office (ILO) WP 238, 1-45.
  • Pao, H. & C. Tsai (2011), “Multivariate Granger causality between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, FDI (foreign direct investment) and GDP (gross domestic product): Evidence from a panel of BRIC (Brazil, Russian Federation, India, and China) countries”, Energy, 36, 685-693.
  • Pesaran, M.H. & Y. Shin & R. Smith (2001), “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 389-326.
  • Phillips, P.C.B. & P. Perron (1988), “Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression”, Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
  • Ren, S. & B. Yuan & X. Ma & X. Chen (2014), “International trade, FDI (foreign direct investment) and embodied CO2 emissions: A case study of Chinas industrial sectors”, China Economic Review, 28, 123-134.
  • Saboori, B. & J. Sulaiman & S. Mohd (2016), “Environmental Kuznets curve and energy consumption in Malaysia: A cointegration approach”, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 11(9), 861-867.
  • Seker, F. & H.M. Ertuğrul & M. Çetin (2015), “The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Environmental Quality: A Bounds Testing and Causality Analysis for Turkey”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 347-356.
  • Shaari, M.S. & N.E. Hussain & H. Abdullah & S. Kamil (2014), “Relationship among Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth and CO2 Emission: A Panel Data Analysis”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(4), 706-715.
  • Shahbaz, M. & Q.M.A. Hye & A.K. Tiwari & N.C. Leitao (2013a), “Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in Indonesia”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 109-121.
  • Shahbaz, M. & S. Nasreen & T. Afza (2011), “Environmental Consequences of Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis”, MPRA Paper, No: 32547, 1-16.
  • Shahbaz, M. & S.A. Solarin & S. Hammoudeh & S.J.H. Shahzad (2017), “Bounds Testing Approach to Analyzing the Environment Kuznets Curve Hypothesis with Structural Beaks: The Role of Biomass Energy Consumption in the United States”, Energy Economics, 68, 548-565.
  • Shahbaz, M. & A.K. Tiwari & M. Nasir (2013b), “The effects offinancial development, Economic growth, coalconsumption and trade openness on CO2 emissions in South Africa”, Energy Policy, 61, 1452-1459.
  • Shahzad, S.J.H. & R.R. Kumar & M. Zakaria & M. Hurr (2017), “Carbon Emissions, Energy Consumption, Trade Openness and Financial Development in Pakistan: A Revisit”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 185-192.
  • Smarzynska, B.K. & S. Wei (2001), “Polluten Heavens and Foreign Direct Investment: Dirty Secret or Popular Myth?”, NBER Working Paper, 8465.
  • Stern, D.I. (2004), “The Rise and Fall of the Environmental Kuznets Curve”, World Development, 32(8), 1419-1439.
  • Şahinöz, A. & Z. Fotourehchi (2014), “Kirlilik Emisyonu ve Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları: Türkiye için ‘Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi’ Testi”, Sosyoekonomi, 21(21), 187-210. The World Bank (2019), <www.worldbank.org>, 09.02.2019.
  • Tiwari, A.K. & M. Shahbaz & Q.M.A. Hye (2013), “The Environmental Kuznets Curve and the Role of Coal Consumption in India: Cointegration and Causality Analysis in an Open Economy”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, 519-527.
  • Toda, H.Y. & T. Yamamoto (1995), “Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes”, Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225-250.
  • Ul Haq, I. & S. Zhu & M. Shafiq (2016), “Empirical İnvestigation of Environmental Kuznets Curve For Carbon Emission in Morocco”, Ecological Indicators, 67, 491-496.
  • Ur Rehman, M. & M. Rashid (2017), “Energy Consumption to Environmental Degradation, the Growth Appetite in SAARC Nations”, Renewable Energy, 111, 284-294.
  • Uzar, U. & K. Eyuboglu (2019), “The nexus between income inequality and CO2 emissions in Turkey”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 227, 149-157.
  • Vogelsang, T.J. & P. Perron (1998), “Additional Tests for a Unit Root Allowing for a Break in the Trend at an Unknown Time”, International Economic Review, 39, 1073-1100.
  • Yandle, B. & M. Vijayaraghavan & M. Bhattarai (2002), “The Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Primer”, PERC Researc Study 02-1, 1-24.
  • Yıldırım, M. & M.A. Destek & F. Özsoy-Nakıpoğlu (2017), “Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar ve Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi”, C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 18(2), 99-111.
  • Yılmazer, M. & A.B. Ersoy (2009), “Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar ve Kamu Politikaları”, Ege Akademik Bakış, 9(4), 1441-1462.
  • Zeren, F. (2015), “Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların CO2 Emisyonuna Etkisi: Kirlilik Hale Hipotezi mi Kirlilik Cenneti Hipotezi mi?”, Journal of Yasar University, 10(37), 6381-6477.
  • Zhang, C. & X. Zhou (2016), “Does foreign direct investment lead to lower CO2 emissions? Evidence from a regional analysis in China”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 58, 943-951.
  • Zhang, Y.-J & Y.-B. Da (2015), “The decomposition of energy-related carbon emission and its decoupling with economic growth in China”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41, 1255-1266.
Toplam 72 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Salih Öztürk 0000-0001-6851-951X

Selin Saygın 0000-0003-4617-3882

Yayımlanma Tarihi 19 Nisan 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Mart 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 44

Kaynak Göster

APA Öztürk, S., & Saygın, S. (2020). Türkiye’de 1974-2016 Döneminde Yapısal Kırılma Altında Kişi Başına Reel Gelir, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ticari Açıklık ve Karbon Emisyonları Arasındaki İlişki. Sosyoekonomi, 28(44), 69-90. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.02.04
AMA Öztürk S, Saygın S. Türkiye’de 1974-2016 Döneminde Yapısal Kırılma Altında Kişi Başına Reel Gelir, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ticari Açıklık ve Karbon Emisyonları Arasındaki İlişki. Sosyoekonomi. Nisan 2020;28(44):69-90. doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.02.04
Chicago Öztürk, Salih, ve Selin Saygın. “Türkiye’de 1974-2016 Döneminde Yapısal Kırılma Altında Kişi Başına Reel Gelir, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ticari Açıklık Ve Karbon Emisyonları Arasındaki İlişki”. Sosyoekonomi 28, sy. 44 (Nisan 2020): 69-90. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.02.04.
EndNote Öztürk S, Saygın S (01 Nisan 2020) Türkiye’de 1974-2016 Döneminde Yapısal Kırılma Altında Kişi Başına Reel Gelir, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ticari Açıklık ve Karbon Emisyonları Arasındaki İlişki. Sosyoekonomi 28 44 69–90.
IEEE S. Öztürk ve S. Saygın, “Türkiye’de 1974-2016 Döneminde Yapısal Kırılma Altında Kişi Başına Reel Gelir, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ticari Açıklık ve Karbon Emisyonları Arasındaki İlişki”, Sosyoekonomi, c. 28, sy. 44, ss. 69–90, 2020, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.02.04.
ISNAD Öztürk, Salih - Saygın, Selin. “Türkiye’de 1974-2016 Döneminde Yapısal Kırılma Altında Kişi Başına Reel Gelir, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ticari Açıklık Ve Karbon Emisyonları Arasındaki İlişki”. Sosyoekonomi 28/44 (Nisan 2020), 69-90. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.02.04.
JAMA Öztürk S, Saygın S. Türkiye’de 1974-2016 Döneminde Yapısal Kırılma Altında Kişi Başına Reel Gelir, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ticari Açıklık ve Karbon Emisyonları Arasındaki İlişki. Sosyoekonomi. 2020;28:69–90.
MLA Öztürk, Salih ve Selin Saygın. “Türkiye’de 1974-2016 Döneminde Yapısal Kırılma Altında Kişi Başına Reel Gelir, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ticari Açıklık Ve Karbon Emisyonları Arasındaki İlişki”. Sosyoekonomi, c. 28, sy. 44, 2020, ss. 69-90, doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.02.04.
Vancouver Öztürk S, Saygın S. Türkiye’de 1974-2016 Döneminde Yapısal Kırılma Altında Kişi Başına Reel Gelir, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ticari Açıklık ve Karbon Emisyonları Arasındaki İlişki. Sosyoekonomi. 2020;28(44):69-90.