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İhracata Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin Türkiye’de Bölgesel Düzeyde Test Edilmesi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 45, 301 - 314, 30.07.2020

Mehmet Akif Kara

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.03.17
Cited By: 1

Öz

İhracatın ekonomik büyümenin açıklanmasında kilit bir unsur olduğuna yönelik ihracata dayalı büyüme hipotezini test etmek amacıyla çeşitli ülkeler için çeşitli yöntemlere dayalı uygulamalı çalışmalar söz konusu iken, bu çalışma sonuçlarındaki farklılıklarda dikkati çekmektedir. Ancak bu çalışmaların büyük çoğunluğu ulusal düzeydedir. Türkiye ekonomisinde ihracata dayalı büyüme hipotezini bölgesel düzeyde test etmeyi amaçlayan bu çalışmada 2004-2017 Düzey-2 verileri Sistem-GMM yöntemiyle tahmin edilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, bölgesel ihracat bölgesel gelire pozitif katkı sağlamakta ve bu hipotez Türkiye’de bölgesel düzeyde desteklenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İhracat Bölgesel Büyüme Sistem-GMM

Kaynakça

  • Akay, Ç. E. (2015), “Dinamik Panel Veri Modeller”, S. Güriş (der.), Stata ile Panel Veri Modelleri, Der Yayınları, 81-101.
  • Al-Yousif, Y. K. (1997), “Exports and Economic Growth: Some Empirical Evidence from The Arab Gulf Countries”, Applied Economics, 29(6), 693-697.
  • Arellano, M. & O. Bover (1995), “Another Look at The Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29-51.
  • Audretsch, D.B. (2004), “Sustaining Innovation and Growth: Public Policy Support for Entrepreneurship”, Industry and Innovation, 11(3), 167-191.
  • Awokuse, T. O. (2003), “Is the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Canada?”, Canadian Journal of Economics, 36(1), 126–36.
  • Awokuse, T. O. (2007), “Causality between Exports, Imports, and Economic Growth: Evidence from Transition Economies”, Economics Letters, 94(3), 389–395.
  • Awokuse, T. O. (2008), “Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Is Growth Export-Led or Import-Led?”, Applied Economics, 40(2), 161–173.
  • Bakari, S. & M. Mabrouki (2016), The Relationship Among Exports, Imports and Economic Growth in Turkey, MPRA paper No. 76044.
  • Balassa, B. (1978), “Exports and Economic Growth: Further Evidence”, Journal of Development Economics, 5(2), 181–89.
  • Balassa, B. (1985), “Exports, Policy Choices, and Economic Growth in Developing Countries After the 1973 Oil Shock”, Journal of Development Economics, 18(1), 23–35.
  • Baltagi, H.B. (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, Third Edition, John Wiley-Sons Ltd., Chichester, England.
  • Bilgin, C. & A. Sahbaz (2009), “Türkiye’de Büyüme ve İhracat Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkileri”, Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8 (1), 177-198
  • Blundell, R. & S. Bond (1998), “Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115–143.
  • Caselli, F., G. Esquivel & F. Lefort (1996), “Reopening the Convergence Debate: A New Look at Cross-Country Growth Empirics”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1(3), 363–89.
  • Çil Yavuz, N. (2005), “Türkiye’de İhracat ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasında Nedensellik Analizi”, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi Prof. Dr. Turan Yazgana Armağan Özel Sayısı, 49, 961-972.
  • Dura, Y.C., M.K. Beşer & H. Acaroğlu (2017), “Türkiye’nin İhracata Dayalı Büyümesinin Ekonometrik Analizi”, Ege Akademik Bakış, 17(2), 295-310.
  • Ersin, İ. (2018), “İhracata Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin Test Edilmesi: MINT Ülkeleri Örneği”, Ekonomi, İşletme ve Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1). 26-38.
  • Feder, G. (1982), “On Exports and Economic Growth”, Journal of Development Economics, 12(1/2), 59–73.
  • Federici, D. & D. Marconi (2002), “On Exports and Economic Growth: The Case of Italy”, Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 11(3), 323–340.
  • Felbermayr, G. J. (2005), “Dynamic Panel Data Evidence on the Trade–Income Relation”, Review of World Economics, 141(4), 583–611.
  • Fetahi-Vehapi, M., L. Sadiku & M. Petkovski (2015), “Empirical Analysis of The Effects of Trade Openness on Economic Growth: An Evidence for South East European Countries”, Procedia Economics and Finance, 19, 17–26.
  • Göçer, İ. & N. Hepkarşı (2013), “İhracat-Büyüme İlişkisi: Yapısal Kırılmalı Bir Analiz”, Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(4), 57-87.
  • Halıcıoğlu, F. (2007), “A Multivariate Causality Analysis of Export and Growth For Turkey”, MPRA (Munich Personal RePEc Archive), Paper No: 3565.
  • Henriques, I. & P. Sadorsky (1996), “Export-led Growth or Growth Driven Exports? The Canadian Case”, Canadian Journal of Economics, 29(3), 541–55.
  • Hodey, L.S., Oduro, A.D. ve Senadza,(2015).”Export Diversification and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa1” Journal of African Development, 17:67-81
  • Huchet M., C. Le Mouel & M. Vijil (2018), “The Relationship Between Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Some New Insights on The Openness Measurement Issue”, The World Economy, 41(1), 59-76.
  • Islam, M.N. (1998), “Export Expansion and Economic Growth: Testing for Cointegration and Causality”, Applied Economics, 30(3), 415–25.
  • Jin, J.C. (2002), “Exports and Growth: Is the Export‐Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Provincial Economies”, Applied Economics, 34(1), 63‐76.
  • Kara M.A. (2018), “Türkiye’de İl Düzeyinde Dış Ticaretin Mekânsal Analizi”, Journal of Yaşar University, 13(51), 293-304.
  • Karagöl, E. & A. Serel (2005), “Türkiye’de İhracat ve GSMH Arasındaki İlişkinin Kointegrasyon Yöntemiyle İncelenmesi”, İ.Ü. İktisat Fakültesi Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 50, 1030-1040.
  • Keong, C.C., Z. Yusop & V.K.S Liew (2005), “Export-Led Growth Hypothesis in Malaysia: An Investigation Using Bounds Test”, Sunway Academic Journal, 2, 13-22.
  • Kugler, P. (1991), “Growth, Exports and Cointegration: An Empirical Investigation”, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 127(1), 73–82.
  • Küçükaksoy, İ., İ. Çifçi & R.İ. Özbek (2015), “İhracata Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezi: Türkiye Uygulaması” Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 5(2), 691-720
  • Ljungwall, C. (2006), “Export-Led Growth: Application to China’s Provinces, 1978–2001”, Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studie, 4 (2), 109–126.
  • Mahadevan, R. (2007), “The Export-Led Growth Nexus:Malaysıa” The World Economy.
  • Marin, D. (1992), “Is the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Industrialized Countries?”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 74(4), 678–88.
  • Medina-Smith, E.J. (2001), “Is the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Developing Countries?”, A Case Study of Costa Rica Policy Issues in International Trade and Commodities, Study Series Number 7, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
  • Mendoza-Cota, J.E. (2017), “Exports and Economic Growth in Mexico, 2007-2014: A Panel Cointegration Approach”, Semestre Económico, 20(44), 19-44.
  • Moody, C. E. (1974), “The Measurement of Capital Services by Electrical Energy”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 36(1), 45-52.
  • Örnek İ. & M. Kaplan (2008), “Dış Ticaret ve Kalkınma”, S. Taban & M. Kar (der.), Kalkınma Ekonomisi Seçme Konular, Ekin Yayınevi, Bursa.
  • Özcan, B. & O. Özçelebi (2013), “İhracata Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezi Türkiye İçin Geçerli Mi?” Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 20(1), 1-14.
  • Öztürk, İ. & A. Acaravci (2010), “Testing The Export- Led Growth Hypothesis: Empirical Evidence from Turkey”, The Journal of Developing Areas, 44 (1), 245-254.
  • Pan, M. & H. Nguyen (2018), “Export and Growth in ASEAN: Does Export Destination Matter?”, Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies, 11(2), 122-131.
  • Panas, E. & G. Vamvoukas (2002), “Further Evidence on the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis”, Applied Economics Letters, 9(11), 731-735.
  • Rahmaddi, R. & M. Ichihashi (2011), “Export and Economic Growth in Indonesia: A Causality Approach Based on Multi-Variate Error Correction Model”, Journal of International Development and Cooperation, 17(2), 53–73.
  • Ram, R. (1987), “Exports and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Evidence from Time Series and Cross-section Data”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 36(1), 50–72.
  • Ribeiro, A. P., V. Carvalho & P. Santos (2016), “Export-Led Growth in the EU: Where and What to Export?”, The International Trade Journal, 30 (4), 319–344.
  • Sağlam, Y. & H.A. Egeli (2015), “İhracata Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezi Türkiye Örneği”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(4), 517-530.
  • Schnorbus, H. R. & R.P. Israilevıch (1987), “The Midwest Manufacturing Index: The Chicago Fed’s Regional Economic Indicator”, FRB-Chicago-Economic Perspectives, 1(5), 3-7.
  • Shan, J. & F. Sun (1998), “On the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis for The Little Dragons: An Empirical Reinvestigation”, Atlantic Economic Journal, 26, 353–71.
  • Singh, T (2010), “Does International Trade Cause Economic Growth? A Survey”, The World Economy, 33(11), 1517–1564.
  • Sultanuzzaman M.R, F. Hongzhong, E.A. Mohamued, I. Hossain & M.A. Islam (2019), “Effects of Export and Technology on Economic Growth: Selected Emerging Asian Economies”, Economic Research, 32(1), 2515–2531.
  • Şimşek, M. (2003), “İhracata Dayalı-Büyüme Hipotezinin Türkiye Ekonomisi Verileri ile Analizi 2002–1960”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 18(2), 43- 63.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2013), İleri Panel Veri Analizi, İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık
  • Temiz, D. (2010), “Türkiye’de Reel İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: 1965-2009 Dönemi”, Hitit Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi,3(1-2), 71-82.
  • Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu, Resmi İstatistikler, <https://www.turkpatent.gov.tr/TURKPATENT/statistics/>, 20.09.2019
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Bölgesel İstatistikler, <https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/bolgeselistatistik/> 20.09.2019.
  • Tyler, W. G. (1981), “Growth and Export Expansion in Developing Countries: Some Empirical Evidence”, Journal of Development Economics, 9(1), 121–30.
  • Vohra, R. (2001), “Export and Economic Growth: Further Time Series Evidence from Less-Developed Countries”, International Advances in Economic Research (IAER), 7(3), 345-350.
  • Williamson, R. (1978), “The Role of Exports and Foreign Capital in Latin American Economic Growth”, Southern Economic Journal, 45(2), 410–20.
  • Wong, P.K., P.Y. Ho & E. Autio (2005), “Entrepreneurship Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM Data”, Small Business Economics, 24(3), 335-350.
  • Yiğidim, A. & N. Köse (1997), “İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki, İthalatın Rolü: Türkiye Örneği”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 8(26), 71-85.

Testing the Hypothesis of Export-Oriented Growth at the Regional Level in Turkey

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 45, 301 - 314, 30.07.2020

Mehmet Akif Kara

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.03.17
Cited By: 1

Öz

In order to test the export-driven growth hypothesis that exports are a key element in explaining economic growth, there are applied studies based on various methods for various countries, but this study draws attention to the differences in the results. However, the majority of these studies are at the national level. In this study aimed at testing the export-driven growth hypothesis in Turkey's economy at the regional level, the 2004-2017 Level 2 data were estimated with the System-GMM method. According to the results of the study, regional export contributes positively to regional income, and this hypothesis is supported at the regional level in Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Export Regional Growth System-GMM

Kaynakça

  • Akay, Ç. E. (2015), “Dinamik Panel Veri Modeller”, S. Güriş (der.), Stata ile Panel Veri Modelleri, Der Yayınları, 81-101.
  • Al-Yousif, Y. K. (1997), “Exports and Economic Growth: Some Empirical Evidence from The Arab Gulf Countries”, Applied Economics, 29(6), 693-697.
  • Arellano, M. & O. Bover (1995), “Another Look at The Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29-51.
  • Audretsch, D.B. (2004), “Sustaining Innovation and Growth: Public Policy Support for Entrepreneurship”, Industry and Innovation, 11(3), 167-191.
  • Awokuse, T. O. (2003), “Is the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Canada?”, Canadian Journal of Economics, 36(1), 126–36.
  • Awokuse, T. O. (2007), “Causality between Exports, Imports, and Economic Growth: Evidence from Transition Economies”, Economics Letters, 94(3), 389–395.
  • Awokuse, T. O. (2008), “Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Is Growth Export-Led or Import-Led?”, Applied Economics, 40(2), 161–173.
  • Bakari, S. & M. Mabrouki (2016), The Relationship Among Exports, Imports and Economic Growth in Turkey, MPRA paper No. 76044.
  • Balassa, B. (1978), “Exports and Economic Growth: Further Evidence”, Journal of Development Economics, 5(2), 181–89.
  • Balassa, B. (1985), “Exports, Policy Choices, and Economic Growth in Developing Countries After the 1973 Oil Shock”, Journal of Development Economics, 18(1), 23–35.
  • Baltagi, H.B. (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, Third Edition, John Wiley-Sons Ltd., Chichester, England.
  • Bilgin, C. & A. Sahbaz (2009), “Türkiye’de Büyüme ve İhracat Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkileri”, Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8 (1), 177-198
  • Blundell, R. & S. Bond (1998), “Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115–143.
  • Caselli, F., G. Esquivel & F. Lefort (1996), “Reopening the Convergence Debate: A New Look at Cross-Country Growth Empirics”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1(3), 363–89.
  • Çil Yavuz, N. (2005), “Türkiye’de İhracat ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasında Nedensellik Analizi”, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi Prof. Dr. Turan Yazgana Armağan Özel Sayısı, 49, 961-972.
  • Dura, Y.C., M.K. Beşer & H. Acaroğlu (2017), “Türkiye’nin İhracata Dayalı Büyümesinin Ekonometrik Analizi”, Ege Akademik Bakış, 17(2), 295-310.
  • Ersin, İ. (2018), “İhracata Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin Test Edilmesi: MINT Ülkeleri Örneği”, Ekonomi, İşletme ve Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1). 26-38.
  • Feder, G. (1982), “On Exports and Economic Growth”, Journal of Development Economics, 12(1/2), 59–73.
  • Federici, D. & D. Marconi (2002), “On Exports and Economic Growth: The Case of Italy”, Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 11(3), 323–340.
  • Felbermayr, G. J. (2005), “Dynamic Panel Data Evidence on the Trade–Income Relation”, Review of World Economics, 141(4), 583–611.
  • Fetahi-Vehapi, M., L. Sadiku & M. Petkovski (2015), “Empirical Analysis of The Effects of Trade Openness on Economic Growth: An Evidence for South East European Countries”, Procedia Economics and Finance, 19, 17–26.
  • Göçer, İ. & N. Hepkarşı (2013), “İhracat-Büyüme İlişkisi: Yapısal Kırılmalı Bir Analiz”, Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(4), 57-87.
  • Halıcıoğlu, F. (2007), “A Multivariate Causality Analysis of Export and Growth For Turkey”, MPRA (Munich Personal RePEc Archive), Paper No: 3565.
  • Henriques, I. & P. Sadorsky (1996), “Export-led Growth or Growth Driven Exports? The Canadian Case”, Canadian Journal of Economics, 29(3), 541–55.
  • Hodey, L.S., Oduro, A.D. ve Senadza,(2015).”Export Diversification and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa1” Journal of African Development, 17:67-81
  • Huchet M., C. Le Mouel & M. Vijil (2018), “The Relationship Between Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Some New Insights on The Openness Measurement Issue”, The World Economy, 41(1), 59-76.
  • Islam, M.N. (1998), “Export Expansion and Economic Growth: Testing for Cointegration and Causality”, Applied Economics, 30(3), 415–25.
  • Jin, J.C. (2002), “Exports and Growth: Is the Export‐Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Provincial Economies”, Applied Economics, 34(1), 63‐76.
  • Kara M.A. (2018), “Türkiye’de İl Düzeyinde Dış Ticaretin Mekânsal Analizi”, Journal of Yaşar University, 13(51), 293-304.
  • Karagöl, E. & A. Serel (2005), “Türkiye’de İhracat ve GSMH Arasındaki İlişkinin Kointegrasyon Yöntemiyle İncelenmesi”, İ.Ü. İktisat Fakültesi Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 50, 1030-1040.
  • Keong, C.C., Z. Yusop & V.K.S Liew (2005), “Export-Led Growth Hypothesis in Malaysia: An Investigation Using Bounds Test”, Sunway Academic Journal, 2, 13-22.
  • Kugler, P. (1991), “Growth, Exports and Cointegration: An Empirical Investigation”, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 127(1), 73–82.
  • Küçükaksoy, İ., İ. Çifçi & R.İ. Özbek (2015), “İhracata Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezi: Türkiye Uygulaması” Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 5(2), 691-720
  • Ljungwall, C. (2006), “Export-Led Growth: Application to China’s Provinces, 1978–2001”, Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studie, 4 (2), 109–126.
  • Mahadevan, R. (2007), “The Export-Led Growth Nexus:Malaysıa” The World Economy.
  • Marin, D. (1992), “Is the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Industrialized Countries?”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 74(4), 678–88.
  • Medina-Smith, E.J. (2001), “Is the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Developing Countries?”, A Case Study of Costa Rica Policy Issues in International Trade and Commodities, Study Series Number 7, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
  • Mendoza-Cota, J.E. (2017), “Exports and Economic Growth in Mexico, 2007-2014: A Panel Cointegration Approach”, Semestre Económico, 20(44), 19-44.
  • Moody, C. E. (1974), “The Measurement of Capital Services by Electrical Energy”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 36(1), 45-52.
  • Örnek İ. & M. Kaplan (2008), “Dış Ticaret ve Kalkınma”, S. Taban & M. Kar (der.), Kalkınma Ekonomisi Seçme Konular, Ekin Yayınevi, Bursa.
  • Özcan, B. & O. Özçelebi (2013), “İhracata Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezi Türkiye İçin Geçerli Mi?” Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 20(1), 1-14.
  • Öztürk, İ. & A. Acaravci (2010), “Testing The Export- Led Growth Hypothesis: Empirical Evidence from Turkey”, The Journal of Developing Areas, 44 (1), 245-254.
  • Pan, M. & H. Nguyen (2018), “Export and Growth in ASEAN: Does Export Destination Matter?”, Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies, 11(2), 122-131.
  • Panas, E. & G. Vamvoukas (2002), “Further Evidence on the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis”, Applied Economics Letters, 9(11), 731-735.
  • Rahmaddi, R. & M. Ichihashi (2011), “Export and Economic Growth in Indonesia: A Causality Approach Based on Multi-Variate Error Correction Model”, Journal of International Development and Cooperation, 17(2), 53–73.
  • Ram, R. (1987), “Exports and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Evidence from Time Series and Cross-section Data”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 36(1), 50–72.
  • Ribeiro, A. P., V. Carvalho & P. Santos (2016), “Export-Led Growth in the EU: Where and What to Export?”, The International Trade Journal, 30 (4), 319–344.
  • Sağlam, Y. & H.A. Egeli (2015), “İhracata Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezi Türkiye Örneği”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(4), 517-530.
  • Schnorbus, H. R. & R.P. Israilevıch (1987), “The Midwest Manufacturing Index: The Chicago Fed’s Regional Economic Indicator”, FRB-Chicago-Economic Perspectives, 1(5), 3-7.
  • Shan, J. & F. Sun (1998), “On the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis for The Little Dragons: An Empirical Reinvestigation”, Atlantic Economic Journal, 26, 353–71.
  • Singh, T (2010), “Does International Trade Cause Economic Growth? A Survey”, The World Economy, 33(11), 1517–1564.
  • Sultanuzzaman M.R, F. Hongzhong, E.A. Mohamued, I. Hossain & M.A. Islam (2019), “Effects of Export and Technology on Economic Growth: Selected Emerging Asian Economies”, Economic Research, 32(1), 2515–2531.
  • Şimşek, M. (2003), “İhracata Dayalı-Büyüme Hipotezinin Türkiye Ekonomisi Verileri ile Analizi 2002–1960”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 18(2), 43- 63.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2013), İleri Panel Veri Analizi, İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık
  • Temiz, D. (2010), “Türkiye’de Reel İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: 1965-2009 Dönemi”, Hitit Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi,3(1-2), 71-82.
  • Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu, Resmi İstatistikler, <https://www.turkpatent.gov.tr/TURKPATENT/statistics/>, 20.09.2019
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Bölgesel İstatistikler, <https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/bolgeselistatistik/> 20.09.2019.
  • Tyler, W. G. (1981), “Growth and Export Expansion in Developing Countries: Some Empirical Evidence”, Journal of Development Economics, 9(1), 121–30.
  • Vohra, R. (2001), “Export and Economic Growth: Further Time Series Evidence from Less-Developed Countries”, International Advances in Economic Research (IAER), 7(3), 345-350.
  • Williamson, R. (1978), “The Role of Exports and Foreign Capital in Latin American Economic Growth”, Southern Economic Journal, 45(2), 410–20.
  • Wong, P.K., P.Y. Ho & E. Autio (2005), “Entrepreneurship Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM Data”, Small Business Economics, 24(3), 335-350.
  • Yiğidim, A. & N. Köse (1997), “İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki, İthalatın Rolü: Türkiye Örneği”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 8(26), 71-85.
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mehmet Akif Kara 0000-0001-6664-4755

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Kasım 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 45

Kaynak Göster

APA Kara, M. A. (2020). İhracata Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin Türkiye’de Bölgesel Düzeyde Test Edilmesi. Sosyoekonomi, 28(45), 301-314. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.03.17
AMA Kara MA. İhracata Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin Türkiye’de Bölgesel Düzeyde Test Edilmesi. Sosyoekonomi. Temmuz 2020;28(45):301-314. doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.03.17
Chicago Kara, Mehmet Akif. “İhracata Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin Türkiye’de Bölgesel Düzeyde Test Edilmesi”. Sosyoekonomi 28, sy. 45 (Temmuz 2020): 301-14. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.03.17.
EndNote Kara MA (01 Temmuz 2020) İhracata Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin Türkiye’de Bölgesel Düzeyde Test Edilmesi. Sosyoekonomi 28 45 301–314.
IEEE M. A. Kara, “İhracata Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin Türkiye’de Bölgesel Düzeyde Test Edilmesi”, Sosyoekonomi, c. 28, sy. 45, ss. 301–314, 2020, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.03.17.
ISNAD Kara, Mehmet Akif. “İhracata Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin Türkiye’de Bölgesel Düzeyde Test Edilmesi”. Sosyoekonomi 28/45 (Temmuz 2020), 301-314. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.03.17.
JAMA Kara MA. İhracata Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin Türkiye’de Bölgesel Düzeyde Test Edilmesi. Sosyoekonomi. 2020;28:301–314.
MLA Kara, Mehmet Akif. “İhracata Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin Türkiye’de Bölgesel Düzeyde Test Edilmesi”. Sosyoekonomi, c. 28, sy. 45, 2020, ss. 301-14, doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.03.17.
Vancouver Kara MA. İhracata Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin Türkiye’de Bölgesel Düzeyde Test Edilmesi. Sosyoekonomi. 2020;28(45):301-14.

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