The Framework of Behavioural Economics: A Theoretical, Epistemological and Methodological Overview

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 49, 323 - 343, 30.07.2021

Recep Yücedoğru , Serenay Diraz

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.03.17

Öz

Political economics commented on and drew inferences about certain psychological phenomena even before the marginalist revolution. As a result of the progress in natural sciences, economics started to test its theories by placing logical positivism and mathematics at the forefront. In doing so, they defined individuals as rational and pragmatist utopic agents. With the emergence of the cognitive revolution, advances in psychology made it possible to study the decision-making processes of individuals, which to a great extent led to the development of behavioural economics. In this study, the two phases of behavioural economics are discussed in retrospect, and then its epistemological and methodological backgrounds are investigated. Finally, relatively young Turkish literature on behavioural economics is systematically examined. This paper aims to provide a neat overview of behavioural economics in which researchers and interested parties might benefit in Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cognitive Biases, Heuristics, Behavioural Economics

Davranışsal İktisadın Çerçevesi: Teorik, Epistemolojik ve Metodolojik Bir Bakış

Öz

Marjinal devrimden önce, politik iktisat olarak anılan iktisat bilimi, psikolojik olgular hakkında yorumlarda bulunmuştur. Doğa bilimlerinde yaşanan gelişmeler çerçevesinde, iktisat mantıksal pozitivizmi ve matematiği başat hale getirerek teorilerini test etmeye çalışmış, bireyleri rasyonel ve faydacı ütopik aktörler olarak tanımlamıştır. Bilişsel devrimle birlikte, psikoloji bireyin karar alma sürecini araştırmayı mümkün kılmış ve bu gelişme, davranışsal iktisadın doğuşunu beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada davranışsal iktisadın iki aşaması tarihsel olarak tartışılmakta, ardından epistemolojik ve metodolojik arka planı irdelenmektedir. Nihayetinde, Türkiye’de yürütülen davranışsal iktisat araştırmaları değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışma, Türkiye’deki araştırmacılara ve kurumlara ve davranışsal iktisadın gelişimine katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bilişsel Önyargılar, Zihinsel Kısa Yollar, Davranışsal İktisat

Kaynakça

• Akay, A. & G. Karabulut & P. Martinsson (2013), “The Effect of Religiosity and Religious Festivals on Positional Concerns - An Experimental Investigation of Ramadan”, Applied Economics, 45(27), 3914-3921.
• Angner, E. & G. Loewenstein (2006), Behavioral Economics, <https://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/sds/docs/loewenstein/BehavioralEconomics.pdf>, 17.02.2018.
• Ashraf, N. & C.F. Colin & G. Loewenstein (2005), “Adam Smith, Behavioral Economist”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(3), 131-145.
• Barberis, N. (2018), “Richard Thaler and the Rise of Behavioral Economics”, Yale ICF Working Paper No. 2018-03, <https://ssrn.com/abstract=3111475>, 30.10.2018.
• Benartzi, S. & R. Thaler (2013), “Behavioral Economics and the Retirement Savings Crisis”, Science, 339, 1152-1153.
• Bentham, J. (1781), An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, Kitchener: Batoche Books.
• Berg, N. & G. Gigerenzer (2010), “As-If Behavioral Economics: Neoclassical Economics in Disguise?”, History of Economic Ideas, 18(1), 133-166.
• Bergstrom, T.C. (2003), “Vernon Smith’s Insomnia and the Dawn of Economics as Experimental Science”, Scand. J. of Economics, 105(2), 181-205.
• Boulakia, J.D.C. (1971), “Ibn Khaldûn: A Fourteenth-Century Economist”, Journal of Political Economy, 79(5), 1105-1118.
• Camerer, C. & G. Loewenstein (2004), “Behavioral Economics: Past, Present and Future”, içinde: C. Camerer & G. Loewenstein & M. Rabin (eds.), Advances in Behavioral Economics, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 3-42.
• Camerer, C. & S. Issacharoff & G. Loewenstein & T. O’Donoghue & M. Rabin (2003), “Regulation for Conservatives: Behavioral Economics and the Case for ‘Asymmetric Paternalism’”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 151(3), 1211-1254.
• Camerer, C.F. (2007), “Neuroeconomics: Using Neuroscience to Make Economic Predictions”, The Economic Journal, 117(519), C26-C42.
• Comte, A. (2000), The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte, H. Martineu (Çev), Kitchener: Batoche Books.
• Curtin, R. (1982), “Indicators of Consumer Behavior: The University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers”, Public Opinion Quarterly, 46(3), 340-352.
• Çetin, T. (2010), “İktisadi Etkinlik Üzerine Bir Deneme: X Etkinlik Yaklaşımı”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 11(2), 183-198.
• Demir, Ö. (2013), Akıl ve Çıkar: Davranışsal İktisat Açısından Rasyonel Olmanın Rasyonelliği, 1. Baskı, Ankara: Sentez Yayıncılık.
• Dhami, S. (2016), The Foundations of Behavioral Economic Analysis, 1. Baskı, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Dumludağ, D. & E. Ruben (2015), “Davranışsal İktisadın Gelişimi”, İktisat ve Toplum, 58, 4-9.
• Dumludağ, D. & Ö. Gökdemir & S. Giray (2015), “Income Comparison, Collectivism and Life Satisfaction in Turkey”, Quality and Quantity, 50(3), 955-980.
• Earl, P. (2005), “Behavioural Economics and the Economics of Regulation”, Briefing paper prepared for the New Zealand Ministry of Economic Development.
• Edgeworth, F.Y. (1881), Mathematical Phychics: An Essay on The Application of Mathematics to The Moral Sciences, Londra: C. Kegan Paul & CO.
• Erkan, B. (2016), “Ana Akım (Ortodoks-Neoklasik) İktisat Öğretisi Eleştirisi: Heterodoks Yaklaşım İhtiyacı”, Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 8(14), 25-40.
• Fisher, I. (1928), The Money Illusion, New York: The Vail-Ballou Press.
• Fisher, I. (1930), Theory of Interest, New York: The MacMillan Company.
• Friedman, M. (1966), “The Methodology of Positive Economics”, içinde: Essays in Positive Economics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 3-43.
• Gardner, H. (1987), The Mind’s New Science, New York: Basic Books.
• Gierer, A. (2001), “Ibn Khaldun on Solidarity (“Asabiyah”) Modern Science on Cooperativeness and Empathy: a Comparison”, Philosophia Naturalis, 38, 91-104.
• Hastings, J. & J.M. Shapiro (2018), “How Are SNAP Benefits Spent? Evidence from a Retail Panel”, American Economic Review, 108(12), 3493-3540.
• Hatipoğlu, Z. (2012), Davranışsal İktisat: Bilişsel Psikoloji ile Krizi Anlamak, <http://teacongress.org/papers2012/HATIPOGLU.pdf>, 04.12.2018.
• Hesse, M. (1969), “Duhem, Quine and A New Empirıcism”, Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements, 3, 191-209.
• Heukelom, F. (2009), “Origin and Interpretation of Internal and External Validity in Economics”, NiCE Working Paper, 09-111.
• İbn Haldun (2013), Mukaddime, T. Dursun (Çev.), 1. Cilt. İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları.
• Juster, T.F. (2004), “The Behavioral Study of Economics”, içinde: A Telescope on Society: Survey Research and Social Science at the University of Michigan and Beyond, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 119-194.
• Kahneman, D. & A. Tversky (1972), “Subjective Probability: A Judgment of Representativeness”, Cognitive Psychology, 3, 430-454.
• Kahneman, D. & A. Tversky (1973), “On The Psychology of Prediction”, Psychological Review, 80(4), 237-251.
• Kahneman, D. & A. Tversky (1974), “Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases”, Science, 185, 1124-1131.
• Kahneman, D. & A. Tversky (1979), “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk”, Econometrica, 47(2), 263-291.
• Kahneman, D. & J.L. Knetsch & R.H. Thaler (1990), “Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect and the Coase Theorem”, Journal of Political Economy, 98(6), 1325-1348.
• Kahneman, D. & J.L. Knetsch & R.H. Thaler (1991), “The Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 193-206.
• Kahneman, D. (2003), “Maps of Bounded Rationality: Psychology for Behavioral Economics”, The American Economic Review, 93(5), 1449-1475.
• Kahneman, D. (2011), Hızlı ve Yavaş Düşünme, O.Ç. Deniztekin & F.N. Deniztekin (Çev.), 7. Baskı, İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları.
• Kamilçelebi, H. (2013), “Davranışsal İktisatta Deneyimlenen Fayda ve Karar Faydası Arasındaki Fark ve Bir Deney”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(3), 447-456.
• Karabulut, G. (2008), “Türkiye’de İktisadi Güven: Uluslararası Bir Karşılaştırma”, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1, 123-128.
• Katona, G. (1951), “Psychological Analysis of Economic Behavior”, New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Kayapınar, A. (2006), “İbn Haldûn’un Asabiyet Kavramı: Siyaset Teorisinde Yeni Bir Açılım”, İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15, 83-114.
• Keynes, J.M. (1921), A Treatise On Probability, London: MacMillan.
• Keynes, J.M. (1997), The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, New York: Prometheus Books.
• Kozak, İ.E. (1984), İbn Haldun’a Göre İnsan-Toplum-İktisat, 1. Baskı, İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları.
• Kuhn, T.S. (1995), Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı, N. Kuyaş (Çev.), 4. Baskı, İstanbul: Alan Yayıncılık.
• Kulandina, Y. (2017), Viyana Çevresi: Metafiziğin Reddi ile Bilim Felsefesindeki ‘Radikal’ Dönüşüm, <https://dusunbil.com/viyana-cevresi-metafizigin-reddi-ile-bilim-felsefesindeki-radikal-donusum/>, 01.05.2019.
• Laibson, D. & J.A. List (2015), “Principles of (Behavioral) Economics”, The American Economic Review, 105(5), 385-390.
• Lakatos, I. (2014), Bilimsel Araştırma Programlarının Metodolojisi, D. Uygun (Çev.), 1. Baskı, İstanbul: Alfa Bilim.
• Leibenstein, H. (1966), “Allocative Efficiency vs. ‘X-Efficiency’”, The American Economic Review, 56(3), 392-415.
• Lichtenstein, S. & P. Slovic (1970), “Reversals or Preference Between Bids and Choices’ in Gambling Decisions”, Oregon Research Institute: Research Bulletin, 10(7), 1-28.
• Loewenstein, G. (1999), “Experimental Economics from the Vantagepoint of Behavioural Economics”, The Economic Journal, 109, F25-F34.
• Loewenstein, G. (2000), “Prefrences, Behavior and Welfare: Emotions in Economic Theory and Economic Behavior”, The American Economic Review, 90(2), 426-432.
• Manoogian III, J. (2016), <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Cognitive_Bias_Codex_-_180%2B_biases,_designed_by_John_Manoogian_III_(jm3).png>, 18.12.2019.
• Neyse, L. (2011), “Davranışsal İktisat Çerçevesinde Güven Kavramı”, Yayımlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• Popper, K. (1963), Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Russell, B. (1949), “Logical Positivism”, Actas del Primer Congreso Nacional de Filosofía, Lógica y Gnoseología, 4, 1205-1232.
• Schmid, A.A. (2004), Conflict and Cooperation: Institutional and Behavioral Economics, 1. Baskı, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
• Scitovsky, T. (1992/1976), The Joyless Economy: The Psychology of Human Satisfaction, Revised Edition, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Shefrin, H.M. & R. Thaler (1988), “The Behavioral Life-Cycle Hypothesis”, Economic Inquiry, 26(4), 609-643.
• Simon, H. (1955), “A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69(1), 99-118.
• Simon, H.A. (1966), Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Process in Administration Organizations, 2. Baskı, New York: The Free Press.
• Smith, A. (2018/1759), Ahlaki Duygular Kuramı, D. Kızılay (Çev.), 1. Baskı, İstanbul: Pinhan Yayıncılık.
• Sunstein, C.R. & R. Thaler (2003), “Libertarian Paternalism is not an Oxymoron”, The University of Chicago Law Review, 70(4), 1159- 1202.
• Tepeler, M.İ. (2017), “Davranışsal İktisat Bağlamında Karar Vericilerin Risk Davranışlarının Deneysel Analizi”, Yayımlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi.
• Thaler, R. & S. Benartzi (2004), “Save More Tomorrow™: Using Behavioral Economics to Increase Employee Saving”, Journal of Political Economy, 112(1), 164-187.
• Thaler, R. & S. Rosen (1976), “The Value of Saving a Life: Evidence from the Labor Market”, içinde: Household Production and Consumption, NBER, 265-302.
• Thaler, R. (1980), “Toward A Positive Theory of Consumer Choice”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1, 39-60.
• Thaler, R. (1999), “Mental Accounting Matters”, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 12, 183-206.
• Thaler, R.H. & C.R. Sunstein (2015), Dürtme: Sağlık, Zenginlik ve Mutlulukla İlgili Kararları Uygulamak, E. Günsel (Çev.), 4. Baskı, İstanbul: Pegasus Yayınları.
• Thaler, R.H. (1997), “Irving Fisher: Modern Behavioral Economist”, The American Economic Review, 87(2), 439-441.
• Thaler, R.H. (2015), Misbehaving, 1. Baskı, UK: Penguin Books.
• Thaler, R.H. (2016), “Behavioral Economics: Past, Present and Future”, American Economic Review, 106(7), 1577-1600.
• Ticaret Bakanlığı (2018); <https://ticaret.gov.tr/duyurular/davranissal-kamu-politikalarinda-akademi-ile-buyuk-isbirligi-odtu-nudge-bootcamp>, 02.12.2018.
• Tomer, J.F. (2007), “What is Behavioral Economics”, The Journal of Socio-Economics, 36, 463-479.
• Türkmen, N.C. & S. Demir & B. Akgül (2012), “Çerçeve Etkisi Uygulama Örneği: Rasyonel Bireye Eleştirel Bir Bakış”, Okan Üniversitesi Finansal Riskleri Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Tartışma Notları, <https://www.okan.edu.tr/okfram/OKFRAM/RePEc/okn/makaleler/turkmen0002.pdf>, 04.12.2018.
• Tversky, A. & D. Kahneman (1971), “Belief in The Law of Small Numbers”, Psychological Bulletin, 76(2), 105-110.
• Tversky, A. & D. Kahneman (1973), “Availability: A Heuristic for Judging Frequency and Probability”, Cognitive Psychology, 5, 207-232.
• Tversky, A. & D. Kahneman (1981), “The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice”, Science, 211, 453-458.
• Warneryd, K-E. (1982), “The Life and Work of George Katona”, Journal of Economic Psychology, 2, 1-32.
• Yay, T. & G.G. Yay (2000), İktisat Yazıları: Metodoloji-Düşünce-Politika, 1. Baskı, İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.