The Dynamic Effect of Biomass Energy Consumption on Economic Growth and Environmental Quality in Turkey

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 52, 199 - 217, 28.04.2022

Mohammed Alnour , Hayriye Atik

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2022.02.11

Cited By: 4

Öz

This study investigates the impact of biomass energy consumption on Turkey's economic growth and environmental quality. The research used annual time series data from 2004 to 2019. The ADF and Phillips-Perron unit root tests were utilised to test the stationarity of the series. In this study, the ARDL model is employed as an estimation technique. The results indicate that biomass energy consumption helps to reduce pollution and improve environmental quality in the long-run and short-run in Turkey, while economic growth and technological innovation increase the environmental deterioration. Therefore, this paper recommends that economic policymakers, specifically in Turkey, consider strategies that support sustainable economic growth using reusable energy sources.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Economic Growth, EKC, Technological Innovation, Environmental Pollution, Time Series, Ecological Footprint

Türkiye’de Biokütle Enerji Tüketiminin Ekonomik Büyüme ve Çevre Kalitesi Üzerindeki Dinamik Etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de biokütle enerjisi tüketiminin ekonomik büyüme ve çevre kalitesi üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktadır. Araştırmada 2004-2019 yılları arasındaki yıllık zaman serisi verileri kullanılmıştır. Serilerin durağanlığını test etmek için ADF ve Phillips-Perron birim kök testleri kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada bir tahmin tekniği olarak ARDL modeli kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, biokütle enerji tüketiminin Türkiye'de uzun ve kısa vadede kirliliği azaltmada ve çevre kalitesini iyileştirmede yardımcı olduğunu, ekonomik büyüme ve teknolojik yeniliklerin ise çevresel bozulmayı artırdığını göstermektedir. Bu nedenle, bu makale, özellikle Türkiye'deki ekonomi politikası yapıcılarının, temiz ve yeniden kullanılabilir enerji kaynakları kullanarak sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyümeyi destekleyen stratejileri dikkate almalarını tavsiye etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ekonomik Büyüme, EKC, Teknolojik Yenilik, Çevre Kirliliği, Zaman Serisi, Ekolojik Ayak İzi

Kaynakça

• Adewuyi, A.O. & O.B. Awodumi (2017), “Biomass energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emissions: fresh evidence from West Africa using a simultaneous equation model”, Energy, 119, 453-471.
• Ahmed, A. et al. (2016), “Biomass energy, technological progress and the environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from selected European countries”, Biomass and Bioenergy, 90, 202-208.
• Ajmi, A.N. & R. Inglesi-Lotz (2020), “Biomass energy consumption and economic growth nexus in OECD countries: A panel analysis”, Renewable Energy, 162, 1649-1654.
• Ali, H.S. et al. (2017), “Dynamic implication of biomass energy consumption on economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from panel data analysis”, GeoJournal, 82(3), 493-502.
• Al-Mulali, U. et al. (2015), “Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Vietnam”, Energy Policy, 76, 123-131.
• Altinay, G. & E. Karagol (2004), “Structural break, unit root, and the causality between energy consumption and GDP in Turkey”, Energy Economics, 26(6), 985-994.
• Apergis, N. & J.E. Payne (2009), “Energy consumption and economic growth in Central America: evidence from a panel cointegration and error correction model”, Energy Economics, 31(2), 211-216.
• Aslan, A. (2016), “The causal relationship between biomass energy use and economic growth in the United States”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57, 362-366.
• Aydin, M. (2019), “The effect of biomass energy consumption on economic growth in BRICS countries: A country-specific panel data analysis”, Renewable Energy, 138, 620-627.
• Bhattacharya, M. et al. (2016), “The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Evidence from top 38 countries”, Applied Energy, 162, 733-741.
• Bildirici, M. & F. Özaksoy (2016), “Woody biomass energy consumption and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Procedia Economics and Finance, 38, 287-293.
• Bilgili, F. & I. Ozturk (2015), “Biomass energy and economic growth nexus in G7 countries: Evidence from dynamic panel data”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 49, 132-138.
• Bilgili, F. et al. (2016), “The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions: a revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve approach”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 838-845.
• Canbay, Ş. (2019), “Türkiye'de iktisadi büyüme ile yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin çevre kirliliği üzerindeki etkileri”, Maliye Dergisi, 176, 140-151.
• Chen, S.T. et al. (2007), “The relationship between GDP and electricity consumption in 10 Asian countries” Energy Policy, 35(4), 2611-2621.
• Danish & Ulucak, R. (2020), “How do environmental technologies affect green growth? Evidence from BRICS economies”, Science of the Total Environment, 712, 136504.
• Destek, M.A. (2017), “Biomass energy consumption and economic growth: evidence from top 10 biomass consumer countries”, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 12(10), 853-858.
• Dickey, D.A. & A. Wayne-Fuller (1979), “Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427-431.
• Erdal, G. et al. (2008), “The causality between energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey”, Energy Policy, 36(10), 3838-3842.
• Gao, J. & L. Zhang (2021), “Does biomass energy consumption mitigate CO2 emissions? The role of economic growth and urbanization: evidence from developing Asia”, Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 26(1), 96-115.
• Global Footprint Network (N/A), Ecological Footprint, <https://www.footprintnetwork.org/>, 28.12.2020.
• Gregory, A.W. & B.E. Hansen (1996), “Residual-based tests for cointegration in models with regime shifts”, Journal of Econometrics, 70(1), 99-126.
• Halicioglu, F. (2009), “An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey”, Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164.
• Hatemi-j, A. (2008), “Tests for cointegration with two unknown regime shifts with an application to financial market integration”, Empirical Economics, 35(3), 497-505.
• Jobert, T. & F. Karanfil (2007), Sectoral energy consumption by source and economic growth in Turkey”, Energy Policy, 35(11), 5447-5456.
• Kaygusuz, K. (2012), “Energy for sustainable development: A case of developing countries”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(2), 1116-1126.
• Kim, G. et al. (2020), Does biomass energy consumption reduce total energy CO2 emissions in the US?”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 42(5), 953-967.
• Lacheheb, M. et al. (2015), “Economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions: Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Algeria”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 5(4), 1125-1132.
• Lise, W. & K. Van Montfort (2007), “Energy consumption and GDP in Turkey: Is there a co‐integration relationship?”, Energy Economics, 29(6), 1166-1178.
• Lise, W. (2006), “Decomposition of CO2 emissions over 1980-2003 in Turkey”, Energy Policy, 34(14), 1841-1852.
• Mao, G. et al. (2018), “Research on biomass energy and environment from the past to the future: A bibliometric analysis”, Science of The Total Environment, 635, 1081-1090.
• Mozumder, P. & A. Marathe (2007), “Causality relationship between electricity consumption and GDP in Bangladesh”, Energy Policy, 35(1), 395-402.
• Narayan, P.K. & S. Narayan (2010), “Carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth: Panel data evidence from developing countries”, Energy Policy, 38(1), 661-666.
• Owusu, P.A. & S. Asumadu-Sarkodie (2016), “A review of renewable energy sources, sustainability issues and climate change mitigation”, Cogent Engineering, 3(1), 1167990.
• Ozturk, I. (2010), “A literature survey on energy-growth nexus”, Energy Policy, 38(1), 340-349.
• Pata, U.K. (2018), “Renewable energy consumption, urbanization, financial development, income and CO2 emissions in Turkey: testing EKC hypothesis with structural breaks”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 770-779.
• Pesaran, M.H. et al. (2001), “Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
• Phillips, P.C. & P. Perron (1988), “Testing for a unit root in time series regression”, Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
• Presidency of The Republic of Türkiye (2019), Eleventh Development Plan, 2019-2023, <https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/On_BirinciPLan_ingilizce_SonBaski.pdf>, 28.12.2020.
• Sarkodie, S.A. & V. Strezov (2019), “Effect of foreign direct investments, economic development and energy consumption on greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries”, Science of the Total Environment, 646, 862-871.
• Say, N.P. & M. Yücel (2006), “Energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Turkey: Empirical analysis and future projection based on an economic growth”, Energy Policy, 34(18), 3870-3876.
• Shahbaz, M. et al. (2016), “Considering the effect of biomass energy consumption on economic growth: fresh evidence from BRICS region”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 1442-1450.
• Shahbaz, M. et al. (2017), “Bounds testing approach to analyzing the environment Kuznets curve hypothesis with structural beaks: The role of biomass energy consumption in the United States”, Energy Economics, 68, 548-565.
• Shahbaz, M. et al. (2019), “The influencing factors of CO2 emissions and the role of biomass energy consumption: statistical experience from G-7 countries”, Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 24(2), 143-161.
• Sinha, A. & M. Shahbaz (2018), “Estimation of environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emission: role of renewable energy generation in India”, Renewable Energy, 119, 703-711.
• Sirag, A. et al. (2018), “Does environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis exist? Evidence from dynamic panel threshold”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 7(2), 145-165.
• Solarin, S.A. & M.O. Bello (2018), “Persistence of policy shocks to an environmental degradation index: the case of ecological footprint in 128 developed and developing countries”, Ecological Indicators, 89, 35-44.
• Solarin, S.A. et al. (2018), “The impact of biomass energy consumption on pollution: evidence from 80 developed and developing countries”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(23), 22641-22657.
• Soytas, U. & R. Sari (2003), “Energy consumption and GDP: causality relationship in G-7 countries and emerging markets”, Energy Economics, 25(1), 33-37.
• Soytas, U. & R. Sari (2009), “Energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emissions: challenges faced by an EU candidate member”, Ecological Economics, 68(6), 1667-1675.
• Soytas, U. et al. (2001), “Energy consumption and GDP relation in Turkey: a cointegration and vector error correction analysis”, Economies and business in transition: facilitating competitiveness and change in the global environment proceedings, 1, 838-844.
• Squalli, J. (2007), “Electricity consumption and economic growth: Bounds and causality analyses of OPEC members”, Energy Economics, 29(6), 1192-1205.
• Sulaiman, C. & A.S. Abdul-Rahim (2020), “Can clean biomass energy use lower CO2 emissions in African economies? Empirical evidence from dynamic long-run panel framework”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(30), 37699-37708.
• Tutulmaz, O. (2015), “Environmental Kuznets curve time series application for Turkey: why controversial results exist for similar models?”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50, 73-81.
• Uddin, G.A. et al. (2017), “Ecological footprint and real income: Panel data evidence from the 27 highest emitting countries”, Ecological Indicators, 77, 166-175.
• Ulucak, R. (2020), “Linking biomass energy and CO2 emissions in China using dynamic Autoregressive-Distributed Lag simulations”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 250, 119533.
• Umar, M. et al. (2021), “The imperativeness of environmental quality in the United States transportation sector amidst biomass-fossil energy consumption and growth”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 285, 124863.
• Wang, Z. (2019), “Does biomass energy consumption help to control environmental pollution? Evidence from BRICS countries”, Science of the Total Environment, 670, 1075-1083.
• World Bank (2020), World Development Indicators, <https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators>, 20.12.2020.
• Zafar, M.W. et al. (2021), “Effects of biomass energy consumption on environmental quality: The role of education and technology in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation countries”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 142, 110868.