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The Relationship Between Renewable Energy, Economic Growth and Trade Openness: New Evidence for EU Countries

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 63, 161 - 182

Asiye Öznur Ümit , Anıl Dağdemir

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.01.08

Öz

Using panel data analysis, the study analysed the relationship between renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and trade openness for the 27 European Union (EU) member states with the highest energy imports from 1990-2021. The country-specific causality test results showed a unidirectional causality from renewable energy consumption to economic growth in Belgium, Finland, and Italy. However, in Croatia, Greece, Ireland, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Romania, a unidirectional causality was found from economic growth to renewable energy consumption. A bidirectional causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth was identified in Germany. The causality test results also indicated a unidirectional causality from renewable energy consumption to trade openness across the panel.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Renewable Energy Economic Growth Trade Openness EU-27 Countries

Kaynakça

  • Aïssa, M.S.B. et al. (2014), “Output, Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade in Africa”, Energy Policy, 66, 11-18.
  • Alkasasbeh, O. et al. (2023), “The Nexus between Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Jordan”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(2), 194-199.
  • Alper, A. & O. Oguz (2016), “The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption in Economic Growth: Evidence from Asymmetric Causality”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 953-959.
  • Amri, F. (2017), “Intercourse Across Economic Growth, Trade and Renewable Energy Consumption in Developing and Developed Countries”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 527-534.
  • Apergis, N. & J.E. Payne (2010a), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Growth in Eurasia”, Energy Economics, 32(6), 1392-1397.
  • Apergis, N. & J.E. Payne (2010b), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel of OECD Countries”, Energy Policy, 38(1), 656-660.
  • Apergis, N. & J.E. Payne (2011), “The Renewable Energy Consumption-Growth Nexus in Central America”, Applied Energy, 88(1), 343-347.
  • Aswadi, K. et al. (2023), “Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption in Indonesia: Does It Matter for Economic Growth?”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(2), 107-116.
  • Atasoy, B.S. (2017), “Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis Across the U.S.: Evidence from Panel Mean Group Estimators”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 731-747.
  • Bai, J. & S. Ng (2004), “A PANIC Attack on Unit Roots and Cointegration”, Econometrica, 72(4), 1127-1177.
  • Baltagi, B.H. et al. (2012), “A Lagrange Multiplier Test for Cross-Sectional Dependence in a Fixed Effects Panel Data Model”, Journal of Econometrics, 170(1), 164-177.
  • Breusch, T.S. & A.R. Pagan (1980), “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics”, The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Brini, R. et al. (2017), “Renewable Energy Consumption, International Trade, Oil Price and Economic Growth Inter-Linkages: The Case of Tunisia”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76, 620-627.
  • Cetin, M.A. (2016), “Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth Nexus in E-7 Countries”, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 11(12), 1180-1185.
  • Chang, T. et al. (2015), “Renewable Energy and Growth: Evidence from Heterogeneous Panel of G7 Countries using Granger Causality”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1405-1412.
  • Chen, C. et al. (2020), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Nexus: Evidence from a Threshold Model”, Energy Policy, 139, 1-13.
  • Chica-Olmo, J. et al. (2020), “Spatial Relationship between Economic Growth and Renewable Energy consumption in 26 European Countries”, Energy Economics, 92, 104962.
  • Destek, M.A. & A. Aslan (2017), “Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Emerging Economies: Evidence from Bootstrap Panel Causality”, Renewable Energy, 111, 757-763.
  • Dogan, E. (2016), “Analyzing the linkage between Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth by Considering Structural Break in Time-Series Data”, Renewable Energy, 99, 1126-1136.
  • Eberhardt, M. & F. Teal (2010), “Productivity Analysis in Global Manufacturing Production,” Department of Economics Discussion Paper Series, ISSN 1471-0498.
  • Eberhardt, M. & S. Bond (2009), “Cross-Section Dependence in Nonstationary Panel Models: a Novel Estimator”, MPRA Paper 17692, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • Emirmahmutoglu, F. & N. Kose (2011), “Testing for Granger Causality in Heterogeneous Mixed Panels”, Economic Modelling, 28(3), 870-876.
  • European Commission (2014), “Member State’s Energy Dependence: An Indicator-Based Assessment”, Occasional Papers, 196, June.
  • European Commission (2022), Energy, Climate Change, Environment, <https://commission.europa.eu/energy-climate-change-environment_en>, 21.03.2023.
  • Eurostat Statistics Data Browser (2024), Energy Imports Dependency, <https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_ind_id/default/table?lang=en>, 12.09.2024.
  • Eurostat Statistics Explained (2022), EU Energy Mix and Import Dependency, <https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=EU_energy_mix_and_import_dependency#Energy_mix_and_import_dependency>, 22.03.2023.
  • Farhani, S. (2013), “Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Selected MENA Countries”, Energy Economics Letters, 1(2), 24-41.
  • Gengenbach, C. et al. (2015), “Error Correction Testing in Panels with Common Stochastic Trends”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 31(6), 982-1004.
  • Guliyev, H. (2023), “Nexus between Renewable Energy and Economic Growth in G7 Countries: New insight from Nonlinear Time Series and Panel Cointegration Analysis”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 424, 138853.
  • Gyimah, J. et al. (2022), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: New Evidence from Ghana”, Energy, 248, 123559.
  • Halicioglu, F. & N. Ketenci (2018), “Output, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Production, and International Trade: Evidence from EU-15 countries”, Energy, 159, 995-1002.
  • Hidayat, M. et al. (2024), “The Influence of Natural Resources, Energy Consumption, and Renewable Energy on Economic Growth in ASEAN Region Countries”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 14(3), 332-338.
  • Inglesi-Lotz, R. (2016), “The Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption to Economic Growth: A Panel Data Application”, Energy Economics, 53, 58-63.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA), <https://www.iea.org/glossary#energy-security>, 12.09.2024.
  • Jebli, M.B. & S.B. Youssef (2015), “Output, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and International Trade: Evidence from a Panel of 69 Countries”, Renewable Energy, 83, 799-808.
  • Jia, H. et al. (2023), “The Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption on Economic Growth: Evidence from Countries along the Belt and Road”, Sustainability, 15(11), 8644.
  • Kahia, M. et al. (2016), “Impact of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption on Economic Growth: New Evidence from the MENA Net Oil Exporting Countries (NOECs)”, Energy, 116, 102-115.
  • Kraft, J. & A. Kraft (1978), “On the Relationship between Energy and GNP”, The Journal of Energy and Development, 3(2), 401-403.
  • Lin, B. & M. Moubarak (2014), “Renewable Energy Consumption - Economic Growth Nexus for China”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40, 111-117.
  • Magazzino, C. (2017), “Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth Nexus in Italy”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(6), 119-127.
  • Minh, T.B. & H.B. Van (2023), “Evaluating the Relationship between Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Vietnam, 1995-2019”, Energy Reports, 9, 609-617.
  • Mohammadi, H. et al. (2023), “Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Its Impact on Economic Growth”, Sustainability, 15(4), 3822.
  • Nasreen, S. & S. Anwar (2014), “Causal Relationship between Trade Openness, Economic Growth and Energy Consumption: A Panel Data Analysis of Asian Countries”, Energy Policy, 69, 82-91.
  • Ocal, O. & A. Aslan (2013), “Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth Nexus in Turkey”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 494-499.
  • Ozcan, B. & I. Ozturk (2019), “Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth nexus in Emerging Countries: A bootstrap Panel Causality Test”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 104, 30-37.
  • Pesaran, M. & R. Smith (1995),” Estimating Long-Run Relationships from Dynamic Heterogeneous panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 79-113.
  • Pesaran, M.H. & T. Yamagata (2008), “Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004), “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Sectional Dependence in Panels”, Discussion Paper No. 1240 August.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2007), “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Rafindadi, A.A. & I. Ozturk (2017), “Impacts of Renewable Energy Consumption on the German Economic Growth: Evidence from Combined Cointegration Test”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75, 1130-1141.
  • Rahman, M.M. & E. Velayutham (2020), “Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth Nexus: New Evidence from South Asia”, Renewable Energy, 147, 399-408.
  • Satrianto, A. et al. (2024), “Analysis of Renewable Energy, Environment Quality and Energy Consumption on Economic Growth: Evidence from Developing Countries”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 14(4), 57-65.
  • Sebri, M. & O. Ben-Salha (2014), “On the Causal Dynamics between Economic Growth, Renewable Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Trade Openness: Fresh Evidence from BRICS Countries”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, 14-23.
  • Shahbaz, M. et al. (2015), “Does Renewable Energy Consumption Add in Economic Growth? An Application of Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Model in Pakistan”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 44, 576-585.
  • Shahbaz, M. et al. (2020), “The Effect of Renewable Energy Consumption on Economic Growth: Evidence from the Renewable Energy Country Attractive Index”, Energy, 207, 118162.
  • Shahbaz, M. et al. (2024), “Energy Imports as Inhibitor of Economic Growth: The Role of Impact of Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption”, The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 33(4), 497-522.
  • The World Bank (2023), World Development Indicators, <https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators>, 10.03.2023.
  • Tugcu, C.T. et al. (2012), “Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Relationship Revisited: Evidence from G7 Countries”, Energy Economics, 34(6), 1942-1950.
  • Wang, Q. & L. Wang (2020), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in OECD Countries: A Nonlinear Panel Data Analysis”, Energy, 207, 118200.
  • Westerlund, J. (2007), “Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69(6), 709-748.
  • Xie, P. et al. (2023), “Renewable Energy and Economic Growth Hypothesis: Evidence from N-11 Countries”, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 36(1), 1-22.
  • Yildirim, E. et al. (2012), “Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in the USA: Evidence from Renewable Energy”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(9), 6770-6774.

Yenilenebilir Enerji, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Ticari Açıklık Arasındaki İlişki: AB Ülkeleri için Yeni Kanıtlar

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 63, 161 - 182

Asiye Öznur Ümit , Anıl Dağdemir

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.01.08

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme ve ticari açıklık arasındaki ilişkinin 1990-2021 döneminde 27 AB üye ülkesi için panel veri yöntemiyle analiz edilmesidir. Ülke genelindeki nedensellik test sonuçları, Belçika, Finlandiya ve İtalya’da yenilebilir enerji tüketiminden ekonomik büyümeye doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkini göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte, Hırvatistan, Yunanistan, İrlanda, Hollanda, Portekiz ve Romanya’da ekonomik büyümeden yenilebilir enerji tüketimine doğru olan tek yönlü nedensellik tespit edilmiştir. Almanya’da ise yenilebilir enerji tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasında çift yönlü nedensellik tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, nedensellik test sonuçlarında, panel genelinde yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminden ticari açıklığa doğru olan tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisine ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yenilenebilir Enerji Ekonomik Büyüme Ticari Açıklık 27-AB Ülkesi

Kaynakça

  • Aïssa, M.S.B. et al. (2014), “Output, Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade in Africa”, Energy Policy, 66, 11-18.
  • Alkasasbeh, O. et al. (2023), “The Nexus between Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Jordan”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(2), 194-199.
  • Alper, A. & O. Oguz (2016), “The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption in Economic Growth: Evidence from Asymmetric Causality”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 953-959.
  • Amri, F. (2017), “Intercourse Across Economic Growth, Trade and Renewable Energy Consumption in Developing and Developed Countries”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 527-534.
  • Apergis, N. & J.E. Payne (2010a), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Growth in Eurasia”, Energy Economics, 32(6), 1392-1397.
  • Apergis, N. & J.E. Payne (2010b), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel of OECD Countries”, Energy Policy, 38(1), 656-660.
  • Apergis, N. & J.E. Payne (2011), “The Renewable Energy Consumption-Growth Nexus in Central America”, Applied Energy, 88(1), 343-347.
  • Aswadi, K. et al. (2023), “Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption in Indonesia: Does It Matter for Economic Growth?”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(2), 107-116.
  • Atasoy, B.S. (2017), “Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis Across the U.S.: Evidence from Panel Mean Group Estimators”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 731-747.
  • Bai, J. & S. Ng (2004), “A PANIC Attack on Unit Roots and Cointegration”, Econometrica, 72(4), 1127-1177.
  • Baltagi, B.H. et al. (2012), “A Lagrange Multiplier Test for Cross-Sectional Dependence in a Fixed Effects Panel Data Model”, Journal of Econometrics, 170(1), 164-177.
  • Breusch, T.S. & A.R. Pagan (1980), “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics”, The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Brini, R. et al. (2017), “Renewable Energy Consumption, International Trade, Oil Price and Economic Growth Inter-Linkages: The Case of Tunisia”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76, 620-627.
  • Cetin, M.A. (2016), “Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth Nexus in E-7 Countries”, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 11(12), 1180-1185.
  • Chang, T. et al. (2015), “Renewable Energy and Growth: Evidence from Heterogeneous Panel of G7 Countries using Granger Causality”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1405-1412.
  • Chen, C. et al. (2020), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Nexus: Evidence from a Threshold Model”, Energy Policy, 139, 1-13.
  • Chica-Olmo, J. et al. (2020), “Spatial Relationship between Economic Growth and Renewable Energy consumption in 26 European Countries”, Energy Economics, 92, 104962.
  • Destek, M.A. & A. Aslan (2017), “Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Emerging Economies: Evidence from Bootstrap Panel Causality”, Renewable Energy, 111, 757-763.
  • Dogan, E. (2016), “Analyzing the linkage between Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth by Considering Structural Break in Time-Series Data”, Renewable Energy, 99, 1126-1136.
  • Eberhardt, M. & F. Teal (2010), “Productivity Analysis in Global Manufacturing Production,” Department of Economics Discussion Paper Series, ISSN 1471-0498.
  • Eberhardt, M. & S. Bond (2009), “Cross-Section Dependence in Nonstationary Panel Models: a Novel Estimator”, MPRA Paper 17692, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • Emirmahmutoglu, F. & N. Kose (2011), “Testing for Granger Causality in Heterogeneous Mixed Panels”, Economic Modelling, 28(3), 870-876.
  • European Commission (2014), “Member State’s Energy Dependence: An Indicator-Based Assessment”, Occasional Papers, 196, June.
  • European Commission (2022), Energy, Climate Change, Environment, <https://commission.europa.eu/energy-climate-change-environment_en>, 21.03.2023.
  • Eurostat Statistics Data Browser (2024), Energy Imports Dependency, <https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_ind_id/default/table?lang=en>, 12.09.2024.
  • Eurostat Statistics Explained (2022), EU Energy Mix and Import Dependency, <https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=EU_energy_mix_and_import_dependency#Energy_mix_and_import_dependency>, 22.03.2023.
  • Farhani, S. (2013), “Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Selected MENA Countries”, Energy Economics Letters, 1(2), 24-41.
  • Gengenbach, C. et al. (2015), “Error Correction Testing in Panels with Common Stochastic Trends”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 31(6), 982-1004.
  • Guliyev, H. (2023), “Nexus between Renewable Energy and Economic Growth in G7 Countries: New insight from Nonlinear Time Series and Panel Cointegration Analysis”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 424, 138853.
  • Gyimah, J. et al. (2022), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: New Evidence from Ghana”, Energy, 248, 123559.
  • Halicioglu, F. & N. Ketenci (2018), “Output, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Production, and International Trade: Evidence from EU-15 countries”, Energy, 159, 995-1002.
  • Hidayat, M. et al. (2024), “The Influence of Natural Resources, Energy Consumption, and Renewable Energy on Economic Growth in ASEAN Region Countries”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 14(3), 332-338.
  • Inglesi-Lotz, R. (2016), “The Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption to Economic Growth: A Panel Data Application”, Energy Economics, 53, 58-63.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA), <https://www.iea.org/glossary#energy-security>, 12.09.2024.
  • Jebli, M.B. & S.B. Youssef (2015), “Output, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and International Trade: Evidence from a Panel of 69 Countries”, Renewable Energy, 83, 799-808.
  • Jia, H. et al. (2023), “The Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption on Economic Growth: Evidence from Countries along the Belt and Road”, Sustainability, 15(11), 8644.
  • Kahia, M. et al. (2016), “Impact of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption on Economic Growth: New Evidence from the MENA Net Oil Exporting Countries (NOECs)”, Energy, 116, 102-115.
  • Kraft, J. & A. Kraft (1978), “On the Relationship between Energy and GNP”, The Journal of Energy and Development, 3(2), 401-403.
  • Lin, B. & M. Moubarak (2014), “Renewable Energy Consumption - Economic Growth Nexus for China”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40, 111-117.
  • Magazzino, C. (2017), “Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth Nexus in Italy”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(6), 119-127.
  • Minh, T.B. & H.B. Van (2023), “Evaluating the Relationship between Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Vietnam, 1995-2019”, Energy Reports, 9, 609-617.
  • Mohammadi, H. et al. (2023), “Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Its Impact on Economic Growth”, Sustainability, 15(4), 3822.
  • Nasreen, S. & S. Anwar (2014), “Causal Relationship between Trade Openness, Economic Growth and Energy Consumption: A Panel Data Analysis of Asian Countries”, Energy Policy, 69, 82-91.
  • Ocal, O. & A. Aslan (2013), “Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth Nexus in Turkey”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 494-499.
  • Ozcan, B. & I. Ozturk (2019), “Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth nexus in Emerging Countries: A bootstrap Panel Causality Test”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 104, 30-37.
  • Pesaran, M. & R. Smith (1995),” Estimating Long-Run Relationships from Dynamic Heterogeneous panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 79-113.
  • Pesaran, M.H. & T. Yamagata (2008), “Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004), “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Sectional Dependence in Panels”, Discussion Paper No. 1240 August.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2007), “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Rafindadi, A.A. & I. Ozturk (2017), “Impacts of Renewable Energy Consumption on the German Economic Growth: Evidence from Combined Cointegration Test”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75, 1130-1141.
  • Rahman, M.M. & E. Velayutham (2020), “Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth Nexus: New Evidence from South Asia”, Renewable Energy, 147, 399-408.
  • Satrianto, A. et al. (2024), “Analysis of Renewable Energy, Environment Quality and Energy Consumption on Economic Growth: Evidence from Developing Countries”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 14(4), 57-65.
  • Sebri, M. & O. Ben-Salha (2014), “On the Causal Dynamics between Economic Growth, Renewable Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Trade Openness: Fresh Evidence from BRICS Countries”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, 14-23.
  • Shahbaz, M. et al. (2015), “Does Renewable Energy Consumption Add in Economic Growth? An Application of Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Model in Pakistan”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 44, 576-585.
  • Shahbaz, M. et al. (2020), “The Effect of Renewable Energy Consumption on Economic Growth: Evidence from the Renewable Energy Country Attractive Index”, Energy, 207, 118162.
  • Shahbaz, M. et al. (2024), “Energy Imports as Inhibitor of Economic Growth: The Role of Impact of Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption”, The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 33(4), 497-522.
  • The World Bank (2023), World Development Indicators, <https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators>, 10.03.2023.
  • Tugcu, C.T. et al. (2012), “Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Relationship Revisited: Evidence from G7 Countries”, Energy Economics, 34(6), 1942-1950.
  • Wang, Q. & L. Wang (2020), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in OECD Countries: A Nonlinear Panel Data Analysis”, Energy, 207, 118200.
  • Westerlund, J. (2007), “Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69(6), 709-748.
  • Xie, P. et al. (2023), “Renewable Energy and Economic Growth Hypothesis: Evidence from N-11 Countries”, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 36(1), 1-22.
  • Yildirim, E. et al. (2012), “Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in the USA: Evidence from Renewable Energy”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(9), 6770-6774.
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Büyüme, Makro İktisat (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Asiye Öznur Ümit 0000-0003-0459-4240

Anıl Dağdemir 0000-0002-1087-0849

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 1 Ocak 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 8 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 33 Sayı: 63

Kaynak Göster

APA Ümit, A. Ö., & Dağdemir, A. (2025). The Relationship Between Renewable Energy, Economic Growth and Trade Openness: New Evidence for EU Countries. Sosyoekonomi, 33(63), 161-182. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.01.08
AMA Ümit AÖ, Dağdemir A. The Relationship Between Renewable Energy, Economic Growth and Trade Openness: New Evidence for EU Countries. Sosyoekonomi. Ocak 2025;33(63):161-182. doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.01.08
Chicago Ümit, Asiye Öznur, ve Anıl Dağdemir. “The Relationship Between Renewable Energy, Economic Growth and Trade Openness: New Evidence for EU Countries”. Sosyoekonomi 33, sy. 63 (Ocak 2025): 161-82. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.01.08.
EndNote Ümit AÖ, Dağdemir A (01 Ocak 2025) The Relationship Between Renewable Energy, Economic Growth and Trade Openness: New Evidence for EU Countries. Sosyoekonomi 33 63 161–182.
IEEE A. Ö. Ümit ve A. Dağdemir, “The Relationship Between Renewable Energy, Economic Growth and Trade Openness: New Evidence for EU Countries”, Sosyoekonomi, c. 33, sy. 63, ss. 161–182, 2025, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.01.08.
ISNAD Ümit, Asiye Öznur - Dağdemir, Anıl. “The Relationship Between Renewable Energy, Economic Growth and Trade Openness: New Evidence for EU Countries”. Sosyoekonomi 33/63 (Ocak 2025), 161-182. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.01.08.
JAMA Ümit AÖ, Dağdemir A. The Relationship Between Renewable Energy, Economic Growth and Trade Openness: New Evidence for EU Countries. Sosyoekonomi. 2025;33:161–182.
MLA Ümit, Asiye Öznur ve Anıl Dağdemir. “The Relationship Between Renewable Energy, Economic Growth and Trade Openness: New Evidence for EU Countries”. Sosyoekonomi, c. 33, sy. 63, 2025, ss. 161-82, doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2025.01.08.
Vancouver Ümit AÖ, Dağdemir A. The Relationship Between Renewable Energy, Economic Growth and Trade Openness: New Evidence for EU Countries. Sosyoekonomi. 2025;33(63):161-82.