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Regional Integration Theory and The Dilemma of Latin American Integration

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 20, 1 - 6, 31.12.2022

Öz

Undoubtedly Latin America is one of the most prominent regions in the world. It was conquered and rapidly colonized by the Spanish and Portuguese empires in the 15th century; European rule ended in the 19th century after the ideas of the American revolution, such as anti-monarchism, freedom, and independence, spread to the center and south of the continent. Contemporary Latin America hosts 20 nation-states that share not only historical but cultural ties. Moreover, there are no linguistic barriers unlike in Europe or Asia, where language differences have made interaction challenging; in other words, communication between policymakers is easier in this region: except for Brazil where Portuguese is spoken, the predominant language in the rest of the countries is Spanish. Latin America has all the potential to integrate socially and economically and therefore, become a powerful international actor; however, this is far from happening. Latin America has long been considered United States' backyard and continues to be an area of dispute within the global influence plans of superpowers such as China, and Russia. This essay will analyze the Latin American integration process. First, through a deep literature review, I will answer What is the regional integration theory in International Relations. Then, in the framework of the analysis of the reasons for the failure of regional integration, this essay will defend that the constant ideological changes that vary between left and right governments have not allowed continuity in integration policies. Additionally, the weakness of regional economic cooperation will be discussed, indicating that the main trading partners of Latin American countries are outside the region. The last and no less important reason that will be considered is excessive nationalism, which has made no Latin American country willing to give up any minimal portion of its sovereignty for the construction of supranational institutions. Finally, this work will put forth certain recommendations that could help to strengthen the development of organizations between these countries.

Kaynakça

  • [1] J. Viner, The Customs Union Issue. New York: Cornegie Endowments for International Peace, 1950.
  • [2] E. Haas, ‘’The Study of Regional Integration: Reflections on the Joy and Anguish of Pretheorizing,” International Organization, vol. 24(4), pp. 607-646, 1970.
  • [3] E. Haas, "The uniting of Europe and the uniting of Latin America," Journal of common market studies, vol. 5, p. 315, 1966.
  • [4] A. Malamud and P.C. Schimitter, "La experiencia de integración europea y el potencial de integración del Mercosur," Desarrollo Económico, vol. 46, pp. 3-31, 2006. [5] J.V Lombardi, ‘’Simón Bolívar y el sueño de una América unida,’’ Revista de información de la Comisión Nacional Española de Cooperación con la UNESCO, vol. 35, pp. 34-36, 1983.
  • [6] J. Basadre, ‘’Historia de la República del Perú 1822-1933,'’ Lima: El Comercio, 2014.
  • [7] S. Rivera, ‘’La Confederación Peruano-boliviana : los últimos sueños bolivarianos y los primeros de integración,’’ Homenaje a Félix Denegri Luna, Lima: Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, , pp:123-147, 2000.
  • [8] A. Zelada, ‘’Perspectiva histórica del proceso de integración latinoamericana,’’ Revisa Ciencia y Cultura, vol.17, pp. 113-120, 2005.
  • [9] M. Torres, ‘’Un antecedente de la integración latinoamericana. ALALC y su recuerdo, 50 años después, ’’ Revista Relaciones Internacionales, vol.39, 2010.
  • [10] R. Zapata and E. Pérez ‘’Pasado, presente y futuro del proceso de integración centroamericano,’’ Serie Estudios y Perspectivas, CEPAL, Mexico.
  • [11] S. Insignares, ‘’ UNASUR: Regional Integration or political cooperation?,’’ Revista de Derecho, Universidad del Norte, vol.40, pp. 167-198, 2013.
  • [12] A. Valenzuela, " Unasur; un espacio en construcción para la cooperación’’, Doctoral thesis, Departamento de Ciencia Política, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 2016.
  • [13] R. Giacalone, ‘’Venezuela en Unasur: integración regional y discurso político,’’Desafíos, vol.25, pp.129-163, 2013.
  • [14] “Declaracion Presidencial de PROSUR - foroprosur.org.” [Online]. Available: https://foroprosur.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Declaraci%C3%B3n-Presidencial-27-8-2020.pdf. [Accessed: 25-Sep-2022].
  • [15] D. Araujo, “Latinoamérica: Olas de Cambio ideológico y sequías de Programas Políticos,” Diálogo Político, 20-Apr-2022. [Online]. Available: https://dialogopolitico.org/debates/latinoamerica-olas-cambio-ideologico/. [Accessed: 24-Sep-2022].
  • [16] R, Baumann, ‘’Integration in Latin America Trends and Challenges,’’ Idos research Available: https://www.idos-research.de/fileadmin/_migrated/content_uploads/GDI-Baumann.pdf [Accessed 25 September 2022].
  • [17] E. Talvi and L. L. T. Mónica Araya, “The obstacles to regional integration in Latin America,” Real Instituto Elcano, 01-Dec-2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/analyses/the-obstacles-to-regional-integration-in-latin-america/. [Accessed: 24-Sep-2022].

Regional Integration Theory and The Dilemma of Latin American Integration

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 20, 1 - 6, 31.12.2022

Öz

Undoubtedly Latin America is one of the most prominent regions in the world. It was conquered and rapidly colonized by the Spanish and Portuguese empires in the 15th century; European rule ended in the 19th century after the ideas of the American revolution, such as anti-monarchism, freedom, and independence, spread to the center and south of the continent. Contemporary Latin America hosts 20 nation-states that share not only historical but cultural ties. Moreover, there are no linguistic barriers unlike in Europe or Asia, where language differences have made interaction challenging; in other words, communication between policymakers is easier in this region: except for Brazil where Portuguese is spoken, the predominant language in the rest of the countries is Spanish. Latin America has all the potential to integrate socially and economically and therefore, become a powerful international actor; however, this is far from happening. Latin America has long been considered United States' backyard and continues to be an area of dispute within the global influence plans of superpowers such as China, and Russia. This essay will analyze the Latin American integration process. First, through a deep literature review, I will answer What is the regional integration theory in International Relations. Then, in the framework of the analysis of the reasons for the failure of regional integration, this essay will defend that the constant ideological changes that vary between left and right governments have not allowed continuity in integration policies. Additionally, the weakness of regional economic cooperation will be discussed, indicating that the main trading partners of Latin American countries are outside the region. The last and no less important reason that will be considered is excessive nationalism, which has made no Latin American country willing to give up any minimal portion of its sovereignty for the construction of supranational institutions. Finally, this work will put forth certain recommendations that could help to strengthen the development of organizations between these countries.

Kaynakça

  • [1] J. Viner, The Customs Union Issue. New York: Cornegie Endowments for International Peace, 1950.
  • [2] E. Haas, ‘’The Study of Regional Integration: Reflections on the Joy and Anguish of Pretheorizing,” International Organization, vol. 24(4), pp. 607-646, 1970.
  • [3] E. Haas, "The uniting of Europe and the uniting of Latin America," Journal of common market studies, vol. 5, p. 315, 1966.
  • [4] A. Malamud and P.C. Schimitter, "La experiencia de integración europea y el potencial de integración del Mercosur," Desarrollo Económico, vol. 46, pp. 3-31, 2006. [5] J.V Lombardi, ‘’Simón Bolívar y el sueño de una América unida,’’ Revista de información de la Comisión Nacional Española de Cooperación con la UNESCO, vol. 35, pp. 34-36, 1983.
  • [6] J. Basadre, ‘’Historia de la República del Perú 1822-1933,'’ Lima: El Comercio, 2014.
  • [7] S. Rivera, ‘’La Confederación Peruano-boliviana : los últimos sueños bolivarianos y los primeros de integración,’’ Homenaje a Félix Denegri Luna, Lima: Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, , pp:123-147, 2000.
  • [8] A. Zelada, ‘’Perspectiva histórica del proceso de integración latinoamericana,’’ Revisa Ciencia y Cultura, vol.17, pp. 113-120, 2005.
  • [9] M. Torres, ‘’Un antecedente de la integración latinoamericana. ALALC y su recuerdo, 50 años después, ’’ Revista Relaciones Internacionales, vol.39, 2010.
  • [10] R. Zapata and E. Pérez ‘’Pasado, presente y futuro del proceso de integración centroamericano,’’ Serie Estudios y Perspectivas, CEPAL, Mexico.
  • [11] S. Insignares, ‘’ UNASUR: Regional Integration or political cooperation?,’’ Revista de Derecho, Universidad del Norte, vol.40, pp. 167-198, 2013.
  • [12] A. Valenzuela, " Unasur; un espacio en construcción para la cooperación’’, Doctoral thesis, Departamento de Ciencia Política, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 2016.
  • [13] R. Giacalone, ‘’Venezuela en Unasur: integración regional y discurso político,’’Desafíos, vol.25, pp.129-163, 2013.
  • [14] “Declaracion Presidencial de PROSUR - foroprosur.org.” [Online]. Available: https://foroprosur.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Declaraci%C3%B3n-Presidencial-27-8-2020.pdf. [Accessed: 25-Sep-2022].
  • [15] D. Araujo, “Latinoamérica: Olas de Cambio ideológico y sequías de Programas Políticos,” Diálogo Político, 20-Apr-2022. [Online]. Available: https://dialogopolitico.org/debates/latinoamerica-olas-cambio-ideologico/. [Accessed: 24-Sep-2022].
  • [16] R, Baumann, ‘’Integration in Latin America Trends and Challenges,’’ Idos research Available: https://www.idos-research.de/fileadmin/_migrated/content_uploads/GDI-Baumann.pdf [Accessed 25 September 2022].
  • [17] E. Talvi and L. L. T. Mónica Araya, “The obstacles to regional integration in Latin America,” Real Instituto Elcano, 01-Dec-2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/analyses/the-obstacles-to-regional-integration-in-latin-america/. [Accessed: 24-Sep-2022].
Toplam 16 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Oween Cesar Barranzuela Carrasco Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-7451-7959

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 20 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 20

Kaynak Göster

APA Carrasco, O. C. B. (2022). Regional Integration Theory and The Dilemma of Latin American Integration. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Teknik Araştırmalar Dergisi(20), 1-6.

 Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Teknik Araştırmalar Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.