Araştırma Makalesi

Altruism, Love, and Justice in Beowulf: A Critical Discourse Analysis with an Evolutionary Perspective

Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1 30 Nisan 2021
PDF İndir
TR EN

Altruism, Love, and Justice in Beowulf: A Critical Discourse Analysis with an Evolutionary Perspective

Öz

In this paper, the projections of the evolutionary archetypes in discursive or narrative texts are analyzed through Critical Discourse Analysis with an evolutionary perspective of not only natural selection but also sexual selection. Accordingly, contents such as altruism, love and justice which refer to uneconomical and superfluous human behaviors in terms of natural selection but certifiable in terms of sexual selection were analyzed, categorized, compared, and contrasted in discursive and narrative texts quoted from the old English epic poem ‘Beowulf’. Initially, the narrative and discursive texts in the poem were identified on the basis of their contents of grammatical features such as person, modality, and tense as well as space and time references. Next, the distribution of the concepts related to altruism, love, and justice as well as their synonyms, or closely related lexemes such as selfishness, sex, and interest in narrative and discursive texts were identified and categorized. Finally, these qualitative findings were compared, contrasted, and criticized through evolutionary archetypes. In conclusion, contents such as altruism, love and justice which refer to uneconomical and superfluous human behaviors in terms of natural selection but certifiable in terms of sexual selection were largely found to be used in discursive texts. However, originally pragmatist contents such as utility, sex, and interest which refer to our evolutionary subluminal experiences were largely found to be used in narrative texts. That is to say, discursive contents contradict with our evolutionary background but conforms to the political or sexual strategies, seeking ‘will to power’ or ‘will to mate’. This study is significant not only because the literary data were discussed through an evolutionary critical analysis but also because it identifies a clear distinction between discourse and narrative on the basis of conceptual manipulation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

altruism, love, justice, Beowulf, evolutionary critical, discourse, selection

Kaynakça

  1. Abel, C. F., & Sementelli, A. J. (2005). “Evolutionary critical theory, metaphor, and organizational change”. Journal of Management Development, 24(5), 443-458.
  2. Alter, R. (2008). The five books of Moses: A translation with commentary. WW Norton & Company.
  3. Benveniste, E. (1995). Genel Dilbilim Sorunları (çev. Erdim Öztokat). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  4. Büyükkantarcıoğlu, N. (2001). “Yazınsal Eleştiri Kuramları İçerisinde Eleştirel Söylem Çözümlemesinin Yeri ve İşlevi”. TÖMER Dil Dergisi: Dilbilimsel Eleştiri Özel Sayısı, 17-29.
  5. Campbell, J. (2003). The hero's journey: Joseph Campbell on his life and work (Vol. 7). New World Library.
  6. Chance, J. (2005). Woman as hero in Old English literature. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
  7. Dunbar, R. (1996). Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language. London: Faber & Faber.
  8. Fairclough, N. (2010). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language (2. ed). Malaysia: Pearson.
  9. Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2003). “The nature of human altruism”. Nature, 425(6960), 785-791.
  10. Flesch, W. (2007). Comeuppance: Costly signaling, altruistic punishment, and other biological components of fiction. Harvard University Press.

Kaynak Göster

APA
Şeker, E. (2021). Altruism, Love, and Justice in Beowulf: A Critical Discourse Analysis with an Evolutionary Perspective. Söylem Filoloji Dergisi, 6(1), 109-127. https://doi.org/10.29110/soylemdergi.850227
AMA
1.Şeker E. Altruism, Love, and Justice in Beowulf: A Critical Discourse Analysis with an Evolutionary Perspective. Söylem. 2021;6(1):109-127. doi:10.29110/soylemdergi.850227
Chicago
Şeker, Emrullah. 2021. “Altruism, Love, and Justice in Beowulf: A Critical Discourse Analysis with an Evolutionary Perspective”. Söylem Filoloji Dergisi 6 (1): 109-27. https://doi.org/10.29110/soylemdergi.850227.
EndNote
Şeker E (01 Nisan 2021) Altruism, Love, and Justice in Beowulf: A Critical Discourse Analysis with an Evolutionary Perspective. Söylem Filoloji Dergisi 6 1 109–127.
IEEE
[1]E. Şeker, “Altruism, Love, and Justice in Beowulf: A Critical Discourse Analysis with an Evolutionary Perspective”, Söylem, c. 6, sy 1, ss. 109–127, Nis. 2021, doi: 10.29110/soylemdergi.850227.
ISNAD
Şeker, Emrullah. “Altruism, Love, and Justice in Beowulf: A Critical Discourse Analysis with an Evolutionary Perspective”. Söylem Filoloji Dergisi 6/1 (01 Nisan 2021): 109-127. https://doi.org/10.29110/soylemdergi.850227.
JAMA
1.Şeker E. Altruism, Love, and Justice in Beowulf: A Critical Discourse Analysis with an Evolutionary Perspective. Söylem. 2021;6:109–127.
MLA
Şeker, Emrullah. “Altruism, Love, and Justice in Beowulf: A Critical Discourse Analysis with an Evolutionary Perspective”. Söylem Filoloji Dergisi, c. 6, sy 1, Nisan 2021, ss. 109-27, doi:10.29110/soylemdergi.850227.
Vancouver
1.Emrullah Şeker. Altruism, Love, and Justice in Beowulf: A Critical Discourse Analysis with an Evolutionary Perspective. Söylem. 01 Nisan 2021;6(1):109-27. doi:10.29110/soylemdergi.850227