THE EFFECT OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHM ON GAME PERFORMANCE IN ELITE YOUTH MALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS

Abstract

Winning a basketball game requires advanced physical, physiological, psychological, biomotor, cognitive, technical, and tactical attributes. These attributes are affected by circadian rhythm. Hence mentioned performances might be altered during different times of the day. In this study, the effect of circadian rhythm on the team performances in the Under-18 Men’s Turkish Basketball Championship was investigated. Statistical data from 208 games, available open-access on the official website of the Turkish Basketball Federation, were collected. 97 games, which ended with an overtime period or a final difference lower than 10 points, were included. The statistical data of the teams were collected and a total of 194 different statistical team data (two per game) were examined. To investigate the effect of circadian rhythm on performance, the relations between the game statistics and the game starting time were analyzed. Also, statistics of the morning and evening games were compared with each other. The correlation analysis revealed that the game starting time was negatively correlated with two-point attempt and assist statistics; but positively correlated with three-point attempt, free throw attempt, free throw made, and foul statistics (p<0.05). The comparison of the morning and evening games showed that field goal attempt, two-point attempt, and assist statistics were higher in the morning games; but free throw percentage, free throw attempt, free throw made, and foul statistics were higher in the evening games (p<0.05). For the evening games, increasing the playing time of the successful shooters and planning strategies to protect important centers from foul trouble are recommended. For the morning games, tactical preparations for stopping and defending more effectively the penetrations of the opponent, are important.

Keywords

• Circadian rhythm
• basketball
• sports analytics
• basketball statistics
• basketball performance

ELİT GENÇ ERKEK BASKETBOLCULARDA SİRKADİYEN RİTMİN MAÇ PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİ

Öz

Bir basketbol maçını kazanabilmek için fiziksel, fizyolojik, psikolojik, biyomotor, bilişsel, teknik ve taktik özelliklerin gelişmiş olması gerekmektedir. Bu özelliklerin sirkadiyen ritimden etkilendiği, bu nedenle günün farklı saatlerinde söz konusu performansların değişebildiği bilinmektedir. Bu araştırmada, sirkadiyen ritmin 18 Yaş Altı Erkekler Basketbol Türkiye Şampiyonasına katılan takımların performanslarına olan etkisi incelenmiştir. Türkiye Basketbol Federasyonu resmi sitesinde açık erişimli olarak paylaşılan beş turnuvadaki 208 maçın istatistik verisi toplanmıştır. Araştırmaya sadece uzatmaya giden ya da 10 sayıdan az farkla biten 97 maç dahil edilmiştir. Bu maçlarda takımların istatistik verileri toplanmış ve her maç için takım başı birer veri seti olmak üzere toplamda 194 farklı takım istatistik verisi incelenmiştir. Sirkadiyen ritmin performansa etkisini incelemek için maç istatistikleri ile maç başlama saati arasındaki ilişki test edilmiştir. Ayrıca sabah ve akşam saatlerindeki maçların istatistikleri de birbirileriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Korelasyon analizi sonucu iki sayılık deneme ve asist istatistiklerinin maç saati ile negatif; üç sayılık deneme, serbest atış deneme, başarılı serbest atış ve faul istatistiklerinin ise maç saatiyle pozitif korelasyon gösterdiği belirlenmiştir (p<0.05). Sabah ve akşam maçlarının karşılaştırılması sonucu ise saha içi deneme, iki sayılık deneme ve asist istatistiklerinin sabah maçlarında; serbest atış yüzdesi, serbest atış deneme, başarılı serbest atış ve faul istatistiklerinin ise akşam maçlarında daha fazla olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p<0.05). Ulaşılan bulgular ışığında akşam maçlarında şutör oyunculara verilen sürenin artırılması ve takımın önemli uzun oyuncularının faul problemine girme ihtimali göz önünde tutularak stratejik planlanmaların yapılması önerilmektedir. Sabah maçlarında ise kolay penetre yememek ve yenilen penetreleri daha etkili savunabilmek için taktik hazırlıkların planlanmış ve çalışılmış olması oldukça önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sirkadiyen ritim
• basketbol
• spor analitiği
• basketbol istatistiği
• basketbol performansı

Kaynakça

1. Anderson, K.J., & Pierce, D.A. (2009). Officiating bias: The effect of foul differential on foul calls in NCAA basketball. J Sports Sci, 27(7), 687-94. doi:10.1080/02640410902729733
2. Ceylan, H.İ., & Günay, A.R. (2020). The effects of time of day and chronotype on anticipation timing performance in team sports athletes. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 9(7), 19-29.
3. Chtourou, H., Driss, T., Souissi, S., Gam, A., Chaouachi, A., & Souissi, N. (2012). The effect of strength training at the same time of the day on the diurnal fluctuations of muscular anaerobic performances. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(1), 217-25.
4. Chtourou, H., & Souissi, N. (2012). The effect of training at a specific time of day: A review. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(7), 1984-2005.
5. Clarizio, G., & Gill, P. (2022). The effects of circadian rhythm in adolescents on optimal performance in cognitive tasks. URNCST Journal, 6(2), 1-8.
6. Cook, J.D., Charest, J., Walch, O., & Bender, A.M. (2022). Associations of circadian change, travel distance, and their interaction with basketball performance: a retrospective analysis of 2014–2018 National Basketball Association data. Chronobiology International, 39(10), 1399-1410. doi:10.1080/07420528.2022.2113093
7. Çene, E. (2018). What is the difference between a winning and a losing team: Insights from euroleague basketball. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 18(1), 55–68. doi:10.1080/24748668.2018.1446234
8. Dehesa, R., Vaquera, A., Gomez-Ruano, M.A., Gonçalves, B., Mateus, N., & Sampaio, J. (2019). Key performance indicators in NBA players' performance profıles. Kinesiology, 51(1), 92-101.

9. EuroLeague Basketball (ELB), Players. (2018). Onuralp Bitim, Erişim: 24 Haziran 2023. https://www.euroleaguebasketball.net/euroleague/players/onuralp-bitim/007929/
10. EuroLeague Basketball (ELB), Players. (2022). Yigitcan Saybir, Erişim: 24 Haziran 2023. https://www.euroleaguebasketball.net/euroleague/players/yigitcan-saybir/006693/
11. EuroLeague Basketball (ELB), Players. (2023a). Furkan Haltali, Erişim: 24 Haziran 2023. https://www.euroleaguebasketball.net/euroleague/players/furkan-haltali/012405/
12. EuroLeague Basketball (ELB), Players. (2023b). Sehmus Hazer, Erişim: 24 Haziran 2023. https://www.euroleaguebasketball.net/euroleague/players/sehmus-hazer/011201/
13. Ghasemi, A., & Zahediasl, S. (2012). Normality tests for statistical analysis: A guide for non-statisticians. Int J Endocrinol Metab, 10(2), 486-9.
14. Glinski, J., & Chandy, D. (2022). Impact of jet lag on free throw shooting in the National Basketball Association. Chronobiology International, 39(7), 1001-5. doi:10.1080/07420528.2022.2057321
15. Gómez, M.A., Lorenzo, A., Barakat, R., Ortega, E., & Palao, J.M. (2008). Differences in game-related statistics of basketball performance by game location for men's winning and losing teams. Percept Mot Skills, 106(1), 43-50. doi:10.2466/pms.106.1.43-50
16. Heishman, A.D., Curtis, M.A., Saliba, E.N., Hornett, R.J., Malin, S.K., & Weltman, A.L. (2017). Comparing performance during morning vs. afternoon training sessions in intercollegiate basketball players. J Strength Cond Res, 31(6), 1557-62. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001882
17. Jakovljević, S., Pajić, Z., & Gardašević, B. (2015). The influence of selected cognitive abilities on the efficiency of basketball players. Facta Universitatis: Series Physical Education and Sport, 13(2), 283-90.
18. Kılınç, F. (2008). An intensive combined training program modulates physical, physiological, biomotoric, and technical parameters in women basketball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(6), 1769-78.
19. Kubatko, J., Oliver, D., Pelton, K., & Rosenbaum, D.T. (2007). A starting point for analyzing basketball statistics. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 3(3), Article 1. doi:10.2202/1559-0410.1070
20. Madarame, H. (2018). Are regional differences in basketball already established in under-18 games? Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 24(3), e0055-18. doi: http:10.1590/s1980-657420180003e0055-18
21. Mancha-Triguero, D., García-Rubio, J., Calleja-González, J., & Ibáñez, S.J. (2019). Physical fitness in basketball players: A systematic review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 59(9), 1513-25. doi:10.23736/S0022-4707.19.09180-1
22. Mancı, E., Herold, F., Günay, E., Güdücü, Ç., Müller, N.G., & Bediz, C.Ş. (2023). The influence of acute sprint interval training on the cognitive performance of male basketball players: An investigation of expertise-related differences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6), 4719.
23. Mancı, E., Özdalyan, F., Kosova, S., Gümüş, H., & Gençoğlu, C. (2021). Comparison of the cognitive skills of adolescent basketball players and sedentary adolescents. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 23(3), 320-7.
24. Milanovic, D.V., Štefan, L., & Škegro, D. (2016). Situational efficiency parameters of successful and unsuccessful top male basketball teams in the Olympic tournament games in London 2012. Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences, 100, 31-7.
25. Milanović, Z., Stojanović, E., & Scanlan, A.T. (2020). Activity and physiological demands during basketball game play. L. Laver, B. Kocaoglu, B. Cole, A.J.H. Arundale, J. Bytomski, A. Amendola (Ed.), Basketball Sports Medicine and Science içinde(13-23). Berlin: Springer.
26. Narazaki, K., Berg, K., Stergiou, N., & Chen, B. (2009). Physiological demands of competitive basketball. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 19(3), 425-32.
27. National Basketball Association (NBA), Players. (2023). Alperen Sengun, Erişim: 24 Haziran 2023. https://www.nba.com/player/1630578/alperen-sengun
28. Ostojic, S.M., Mazic, S., & Dikic, N. (2006). Profiling in basketball: Physical and physiological characteristics of elite players. Journal of strength and Conditioning Research, 20(4), 740.
29. Ozdalyan, F., Gumus, H., Gencoglu, C., Tunar, M., Cetinkaya, C., & Kayatekin, B.M. (2022) Comparison of the biomechanical parameters during drop jump on compliant and noncompliant surfaces: A new methodological approach. Turk J Sports Med, 57(1), 15-20.
30. Özdalyan, F., Mancı, E., Gençoğlu, C., Gümüş, H., & Kosova, S. (2022). Comparison of the shooting angles in wheelchair basketball and basketball players. European Journal of Human Movement, 48, 35-45.
31. Özdalyan, F., Tütüncü, Ö., Gümüş, H., & Açıkgöz, O. (2021). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire. Neurol Sci Neurophysiol, 38, 50-9.
32. Paulauskas, R., Masiulis, N., Vaquera, A., Figueira, B., & Sampaio, J. (2018). Basketball game-related statistics that discriminate between European players competing in the NBA and in the Euroleague. Journal of Human Kinetics, 65(1), 225-33.
33. Pengelly, M.J.S., Guy, J.H., Elsworthy, N., Scanlan, A.T., & Lastella, M. (2022). Player chronotype does not affect shooting accuracy at different times of the day in a professional, male basketball team: A pilot study. Sleep Sci, 15(Spec 1), 149-55. doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20220014
34. Perrey, S. (2020). Exercise: A gate that primes the brain to perform. Brain Sci, 10(12), 980. doi:10.3390/brainsci10120980
35. Pojskić, H., Šeparović, V., & Užičanin, E. (2011). Modelling home advantage in basketball at different levels of competition. Acta Kinesiologica, 5(1), 25-30.
36. Punduk, Z., Gur, H., & Ercan, I. (2005). A reliability study of the Turkish version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. Turk J Psychiatry, 16(1), 40‑5.
37. Rowland, T.W. (2011). The athlete’s clock. ABD: Human Kinetics.
38. Schmidt, C., Collette, F., Cajochen, C., & Peigneux, P. (2007). A time to think: Circadian rhythms in human cognition. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 24(7), 755-89.
39. Thun, E., Bjorvatn, B., Flo, E., Harris, A., & Pallesen, S. (2015). Sleep, circadian rhythms, and athletic performance. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 23, 1-9.
40. Trninić, S., Dizdar, D., & Lukšić, E. (2002). Differences between winning and defeated top quality basketball teams in final tournaments of European club championship. Collegium Antropologicum, 26(2), 521-31.
41. Türkiye Basketbol Federasyonu (TBF), A erkek milli takım. (2023a). Basketbolcular, Erişim: 24 Haziran 2023. https://www.tbf.org.tr/a-milli-erkek-takim/basketbolcular
42. Türkiye Basketbol Federasyonu (TBF), Altyapılar, Faaliyetler. (2023b). U18 erkekler, Erişim: 5 Mayıs 2023. https://www.tbf.org.tr/faaliyetler/u18-erkekler
43. Valdez, P. (2019). Focus: Attention science: Circadian rhythms in attention. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 92(1), 81.
44. Valdez, P., Ramírez, C., & García, A. (2012). Circadian rhythms in cognitive performance: Implications for neuropsychological assessment. ChronoPhysiology and Therapy, 2, 81-92.
45. Vitošević, B. (2017). The circadian clock and human athletic performance. Bulletin of Natural Sciences Research, 7(1), 1-7.
46. Yalçin, Y.G., Altin, M., & Demir, H. (2016). Comparison of basketball performance and efficiency scores between Turkish basketball league players who are Turkish, American and other nations origin. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 2(4), 153-63.
47. Zhang, S., Lorenzo, A., Zhou, C., Cui, Y., Gonçalves, B., & Gómez, M.A. (2019). Performance profiles and opposition interaction during game-play in elite basketball: Evidences from National Basketball Association. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 19(19), 28-48. doi:10.1080/24748668.2018.1555738