Çocuklar üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar çerçevesinde aerobik egzersiz, fiziksel aktivite ve yönetici işlevler

Öz

Aerobik egzersizin fiziksel faydalarının yanında bilişsel faydalarına olan ilgi giderek artmaktadır. Bu çerçevede aerobik egzersizin, prefrontal korteks ile ilişkili yönetici işlevler üzerine olan etkileri son zamanlarda en çok çalışılan konular arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; yönetici işlevler kavramına ve literatürde yer alan paradigmalara değinmek, çocuklar üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar çerçevesinde fiziksel aktivite ve aerobik egzersizin yönetici işlevler üzerine etkilerini ve potansiyel etki mekanizmalarını özetlemektir. Çalışmada literatürde yer alan ve çocuklar üzerinde gerçekleştirilen araştırmalar çerçevesinde, aerobik egzersiz ve fiziksel aktivitenin yönetici işlevler üzerine olan etkileri incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak aerobik egzersiz ve fiziksel aktivite çocukların yönetici işlevleri üzerine olumlu etkilere sahiptir ve bu olumlu etkilerin olası mekanizmalarını inceleyen daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç vardır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aerobik Egzersiz, Etki Mekanizması, Fiziksel Aktivite, Yönetici İşlevler

AEROBIC EXERCISE, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF STUDIES ON CHILDREN

Abstract

There is an increasing interest in the physical benefits as well as the cognitive benefits of aerobic exercise. In this context, the effects of aerobic exercise on the executive functions associated with the prefrontal cortex have recently been among the most studied topics. The purpose of this study is; explaining the concept of executive functions and the paradigms in the literature, summarizing the effects of physical activity and aerobic exercise on executive functions in children and potential mechanisms of the effects. The effects of aerobic exercise and physical activity on executive functions were investigated in the literature on studies conducted on children. As a result, aerobic exercise and physical activity have positive effects on the children's executive functions, and further research is needed to examine the possible mechanisms of these positive effects

Keywords

• Aerobic Exercise, Executive Functions, Mechanism of Effect, Physical Activity

Kaynakça

1. Baddeley A (1992): Working memory. Science, 255(5044), 556-559.
2. Banich MT (2009): Executive function. The search for an integrated account. Current directions in psychological science, 18(2), 89-94.
3. Best JR (2012): Exergaming immediately enhances children's executive function. Developmental psychology, 48(5), 1501.
4. Castelli DM, Hillman CH, Buck SM, & Erwin HE (2007): Physical fitness and academic achievement in third- and fifthgrade students. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29(2), 239–252.
5. Chang YK, Alderman BL, Chu CH, Wang CC, Song TF, & Chen FT (2017): Acute exercise has a general facilitative effect on cognitive function: A combined ERP temporal dynamics and BDNF study. Psychophysiology, 54(2), 289-300.
6. Chang YK, Chu CH, Wang CC, Wang YC, Song TF, Tsai CL, & Etnier JL (2015): Dose– response relation between exercise duration and cognition. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 47(1), 159-165.
7. Chang YK, Labban JD, Gapin JI, & Etnier JL (2012): The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Brain research, 1453, 87-101.
8. Chen AG, Yan J, Yin HC, Pan CY, & Chang YK (2014): Effects of acute aerobic exercise on multiple aspects of executive function in preadolescent children. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(6), 627-636.

9. Chen AG, Zhu LN, Yan J, & Yin HC (2016): Neural basis of working memory enhancement after acute aerobic exercise: FMRI study of preadolescent children. Frontiers in psychology, 7.
10. Chu CH, Kramer AF, Song TF, Wu CH, Hung TM, & Chang YK (2017): Acute Exercise and Neurocognitive Development in Preadolescents and Young Adults: An ERP Study. Neural plasticity, 2017.
11. Coetsee C & Terblanche E (2017): Cerebral oxygenation during cortical activation: the differential influence of three exercise training modalities. A randomized controlled trial. European journal of applied physiology, 117(8), 1617-1627.
12. Colcombe SJ, Kramer AF, Erickson KI, Scalf P, McAuley E, Cohen NJ, ... & Elavsky, S. (2004): Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(9), 3316-3321.
13. Coles K & Tomporowski PD (2008): Effects of acute exercise on executive processing, short- term and long-term memory. Journal of sports sciences, 26(3), 333-344.
14. Diamond A (2013): Executive functions. Annual review of psychology, 64, 135-168.
15. Donnelly JE, Hillman CH, Castelli D, Etnier JL, Lee S, Tomporowski, P, ... & Szabo-Reed AN (2016): Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children: a systematic review. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 48(6), 1197. Dunsky A, Abu-Rukun M, Tsuk S, Dwolatzky T, Carasso R, & Netz Y (2017): The effects of a resistance vs. an aerobic single session on attention and executive functioning in adults. PloS one, 12(4), e0176092.
16. Eriksen BA & Eriksen CW (1974): Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception & psychophysics, 16(1), 143-149.
17. Kipp, K. (2005): A developmental perspective on the measurement of cognitive deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1256-1260. Kubesch S, Bretschneider V, Freudenmann R, Weidenhammer N, Lehmann M, Spitzer, M & Gron G (2003): Aerobic endurance exercise improves executive functions in depressed patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64(9), 1005-1012.
18. Lambrick D, Stoner L, Grigg R & Faulkner J (2016): Effects of continuous and intermittent exercise on executive function in children aged 8–10 years. Psychophysiology, 53(9), 1335- 1342.
19. Lerche S, Gutfreund A, Brockmann, K, Hobert MA, Wurster, I, Sünkel, U., ... & Berg, D. (2018): Effect of physical activity on cognitive flexibility, depression and RBD in healthy elderly. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery.
20. Li L, Men WW, Chang YK, Fan MX, Ji L & Wei GX (2014): Acute aerobic exercise increases cortical activity during working memory: a functional MRI study in female college students. PloS one, 9(6), e99222.
21. Lindheimer JB, O'connor PJ, Mccully KK & Dishman RK (2017): The effect of light-intensity cycling on mood and working memory in response to a randomized, placebo-controlled design. Psychosomatic medicine, 79(2), 243-253.
22. Lindheimer JB, O'Connor PJ, McCully KK, & Dishman RK (2017): The effect of light-intensity cycling on mood and working memory in response to a randomized, placebo-controlled design. Psychosomatic medicine, 79(2), 243-253.
23. Ludyga S, Gerber M, Herrmann C, Brand S & Pühse, U (2018a): Chronic effects of exercise implemented during school-break time on neurophysiological indices of inhibitory control in adolescents. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 10, 1-7.
24. Ludyga S, Gerber M, Kamijo K, Brand S & Pühse U (2018b): The effects of a school-based exercise program on neurophysiological indices of working memory operations in adolescents. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport.
25. McMorris T, Collard K, Corbett J, Dicks M & Swain JP (2008): A test of the catecholamines hypothesis for an acute exercise–cognition interaction. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 89(1), 106-115.
26. Miyake A, Friedman NP, Emerson MJ, Witzki AH, Howerter, A & Wager TD (2000): The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41 (1), 49–100.
27. Nagamatsu LS, Handy TC, Hsu CL, Voss M, Liu-Ambrose T (2012): Resistancetraining promotes cognitive and functional brain plasticity in seniors withprobable mild cognitive impairment. Arch. Intern. Med. 172, 666–668.
28. Pennington BF & Ozonoff S (1996): Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 37(1), 51-87.
29. Pereira AC, Huddleston DE, Brickman AM, Sosunov AA, Hen R, Mckhann GM, Et Al (2007): An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, 5638–5643. Pereira AC, Huddleston DE, Brickman AM, Sosunov AA, Hen R, McKhann GM ... & Small SA (2007): An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(13), 5638-5643.
30. Pontifex MB, Hillman CH, Fernhall BO, Thompson KM & Valentini TA (2009): The effect of acute aerobic and resistance exercise on working memory. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(4), 927-934.
31. Tsujii T, Komatsu K & Sakatani K (2013): Acute Effects Of Physical Exercise On Prefrontal Cortex Activity İn Older Adults: A Functional Near-İnfrared Spectroscopy Study. In Oxygen Transport To Tissue XXXIV (Pp. 293-298). Springer, New York, Ny. Tsujii T, Komatsu K & Sakatani K (2013): Acute effects of physical exercise on prefrontal cortex activity in older adults: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. In Oxygen transport to tissue XXXIV (pp. 293-298). Springer, New York, NY.
32. Tsukamoto H, Suga T, Takenaka S, Tanaka D, Takeuchi T, Hamaoka T & Ashimoto T (2016): Greater impact of acute high-intensity interval exercise on post-exercise executive function compared to moderate-intensity continuous exercise. Physiology & behavior, 155, 224-230.
33. Vazou S & Smiley-Oyen A (2014): Moving and academic learning are not antagonists: acute effects on executive function and enjoyment. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36(5), 474-485.
34. Yüksel HS, Tuncel F (2017): Experiences of 5th Grade Students Participating in Active Gaming- Assisted Physical Education Lessons. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 5(13), 19-31.