Spor etkinlik kişiliği ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği
Yıl 2018,
, 245 - 258, 01.08.2018
Hüseyin Çevik
,
Kerem Yıldırım Şimşek
Anıl Onur Mercanoğlu
,
Alican Bayram
Öz
Bu çalışmada Lee ve Cho (2012) tarafından geliştirilen Spor Etkinlik Kişiliği Ölçeğinin Türk kültürü ve diline uygunluğunun test edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemi 12. Uçurtma Şenliğine katılan kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilen 191 katılımcıdan oluşmuştur. Araştırma verileri etkinlik sırasında yüz yüze görüşme tekniği kullanılarak anket aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Uyarlama sürecinin ilk aşamasında ölçeğin dil eş değerliliği sağlanmış ve uzman görüşü alınmıştır. Sonraki aşamada ölçek yapısının keşfedilmesi için Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizinden (AFA) yararlanılmıştır. AFA sonucunda ortaya çıkan yapı Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) ile test edilmiştir. Ayrıca test tekrar test, iç tutarlılık ve madde-toplam korelasyon analizleri ile güvenirlik testleri yapılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda özen, bağımsız, fit (uygun), gelenek ve eğlence boyutlarından oluşan 22 maddeli bir yapı elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, elde edilen veriler Spor Etkinlik Kişiliği Ölçeğinin Türk dili ve kültürü için geçerli ve güvenir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu desteklemiştir
Kaynakça
- Aaker JL. (1997): Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research 34, 347–56.
- Anderson JC, Gerbing DW. (1984): The effect of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions, and goodness-of-fit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Psychometrika, 49(2), 155-173.
- Ayyıldız H, Cengiz E. (2006): Pazarlama Modellerinin Testinde Kullanılabilecek Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli (YEM) Üzerine Kavramsal Bir İnceleme. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, 11 (1), 63-84.
- Bagozzi RP, Yi Y. (2011): Specification, Evaluation, Interpretion of Structural Equation Models. Academy of Marketing Science, 40, 8-14.
- Baş M. (2008): Spor sponsorluğu ve spor federasyonlarının sponsorluğa bakışı üzerine bir araştırma. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(3), 111-124.
- Bek N, Şimşek E, Erel S, Yakut Y, Uygur F. (2009): Turkish version of ımpact on family scale: A study of reliability and validity, Health Qual Life Outcomes, 2(4), 1-7.
- Berber S. (2015): Spor etkinliklerinde gönüllü motivasyonu: 2011 Avrupa Gençlik Olimpiyatları Örneği. Anadolu Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi.
- Browne MW, Cudeck R. (1993): Alternative ways of assessing model fit, In Bollen, K., and Long, S. (eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA, 136–162.
- Brown TA. (2006): Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (First Edition). NY: Guilford Publication, Inc.
- Čáslavová E, Petráčková J. (2011): The brand personality of large sport events. Kineziologija, 43(1), 91-106.
- Child D. (1970): The essentials of factor analysis. Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, London.
- Cole DA. (1987): Utility of confirmatory factor analysis in test validation research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(4), 584.
- Çokluk Ö, Şekercioğlu G, Büyüköztürk Ş (2012): Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik spss ve lisrel uygulamaları (2. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Dağ İ. (2002): Kontrol Odağı ölçeği: Ölçek geliştirme, güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 17(49), 77-90.
- Dever A, Şeran F. (2010): Spor Sosyolojisi: Tarihsel ve güncel boyutlarıyla spor ve toplum. İstanbul: Başlık Yayın Grubu.
- Gefen D, Straub D, Boudreau MC. (2000): Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research practice. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 4(1), 7.
- Greene, T. (1990): The secrets of successful public relations and ımage-making. Butterworth- Heineman, Oxford, 145-149.
- Gwinner KP, Eaton J. (1999): Building brand image through event sponsorship: the role of image transfer, Journal of Advertising, 28(4), 47‐57.
- Gwinner KP. (2005): Image transfer in global sport sponsorship. In J. Amis & B. Cornwell (Eds),Global Sport Sponsorship. Berg, NY, 163-178.
- Hair J, Anderson RE, Tatham RL, Black WC. (1995): Multivariate data analysis. Prentice-Hall Inc, 4th ed., New Jersey.
- Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. (2014): Multivariate data analysis. Pearson, 7th edition, USA.
- Hambleton RK, Patsula L. (1999): Increasing the validity of adapted tests: Myths to be avoided and guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. Journal of Applied Testing Technology, August, 1-13.
- Henson RK, Roberts JK. (2006): Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Published Research: Common Errors and Some Comment on Improved Practice. Educational and Psychological Measurement; 66(3), 393-416.
- Jöreskog K. Sörbom D. (1996): LISREL 8: User’s reference guide. Scientific Software International, 2nd ed., Lincolnwood.
- Jöroskog KG, And Sörbom D. (1993): LISREL 8: structural equation modelling with the SIMPLIS command language. Scientific Software International. IL Chicago.
- Karadeniz M. (2009): Pazarlama iletişimi kapsamında sponsorluk faaliyetlerinin önemi. Journal of Noval Science and Engineering, 5 (1), 62-75.
- Khan B, Ahmed A, Abid G. (2016): Using the ‘big-five’-for assessing personality traits of the champions: An insinuation for the sports ındustry. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 10(1), 175-191.
- Lee HS, Cho CH. (2007): Sporting event-personality: Scale development and sponsorship implications. Paper presented at the 2007 conference of the American Academy of Advertising, Burlington, VT.
- Lee HS, Cho CH. (2012): Sporting event personality: Scale development and sponsorship implications. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 14(1), 46-63.
- Lee HS, Cho CH. (2009): The matching effect of brand and sporting event personality: Sponsorship implications. Journal of Sport Management, 23(1), 41-64.
- Lynn MR. (1986): Determination and quantiŞcation of content validity. Nursing Research, 35, 382– 385.
- MacKenzie SB, Podsakoff PM, Podsakoff NP. (2011): Construct measurement and validation procedures in MIS and behavioral research: Integrating new and existing techniques. MIS Quarterly, 35(2), 293-334.
- Marsh HW, Balla JR, McDonald RP. (1988): Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 391.
- Mc Carville DE, Flood CM, Froats TA. (1998): “Effectiveness of Selected Promotions on a Nonprofit Sporting Event Sponsor”, Journal of Sport Management, 12(1), 51-62.
- Meydan CH, Şeşen H. (2015): Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi AMOS Uygulamaları. Detay Yayıncılık, 2. Baskı, Ankara.
- Nunnally J, Bernstein I. (1994): Psycometric theory., McGraw-Hill, 33-34.
- Özgüven İE. (1994): Psikolojik testler. Yeni Doğuş Matbaası, Ankara, 54-62.
- Preacher KJ, MacCallum RC. (2002): Exploratory factor analysis ın behavior genetics research: Factor recovery with small sample size. Behavior Genetics. 32 (2), 153-161.
- Peltekoğlu FB. (1993): Halkla ilişkilere giriş. Marmara Üniversitesi Yayın No: 524, İstanbul.
- Polit DF, Beck CT. (2006): The content validity index: are you sure you know what's being reported? Critique and recommendations. Research in nursing & health, 29(5), 489-497.
- Roy DP, Bettina Cornwell T. (2003): Brand equity's influence on responses to event sponsorships. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 12(6), 377-393.
- Schermelleh-Engel K, Moosbrugger H, Müller H. (2003): Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74.
- Schumacker RE, Lomax RG. (2004): A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. Psychology Press.
- Tabachnick BG, Fidel LS. (1989): Using multivariate statistics. Harper & Row New York.
- Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS, Osterlind SJ. (2001): Using multivariate statistics, Ally and Bacon, 4th Edition. Boston.
- Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. (2007): Using multivariate statistics. Pearson Education Inc., Boston.
- Tavşancıl E. (2002): Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara, 48-55.
- Turgut MF. (1997): Eğitimde ölçme ve değerlendirme metotları. Gül Yayınevi, Ankara, 48-72.
- Thompson B. (2004): Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: understanding concepts and applications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Waltz CF, Strickland OL, Lenz ER. (2005): Measurement innursing and health research. Springer Publishing Co., 3rded., New York.
- Williams B, Onsman A, Brown T. (2010): Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 8(3).
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE SPORTING EVENT PERSONALITY SCALE
Yıl 2018,
, 245 - 258, 01.08.2018
Hüseyin Çevik
,
Kerem Yıldırım Şimşek
Anıl Onur Mercanoğlu
,
Alican Bayram
Öz
In this study, it is aimed to evaluate Sporting Event Personality Scale developed by Leo and Cho (2012) in terms of it compliance with Turkish culture and language. The sample of study consisted of 191 participants who were selected by convenience sampling method, participated in 12th Kite Festival. Data were collected through questionnaires using face-to-face interview techniques during the event. In the first phase of the adaptation process language equivalent version of the scale was provided and expert opinion was obtained. For the exploring of scale structure Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used. The result of the exploratory factor analysis was tested with a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). In addition, reliability of the scale was tested using test-retest method, internal consistency and item-total correlation analysis. The analysis resulted in a new 22-item structure including 5 dimensions such as diligence, uninhibitedness, fit, tradition and amusement. The results of this study indicated that Sporting Event Personality Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool for Turkish culture and language
Kaynakça
- Aaker JL. (1997): Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research 34, 347–56.
- Anderson JC, Gerbing DW. (1984): The effect of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions, and goodness-of-fit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Psychometrika, 49(2), 155-173.
- Ayyıldız H, Cengiz E. (2006): Pazarlama Modellerinin Testinde Kullanılabilecek Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli (YEM) Üzerine Kavramsal Bir İnceleme. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, 11 (1), 63-84.
- Bagozzi RP, Yi Y. (2011): Specification, Evaluation, Interpretion of Structural Equation Models. Academy of Marketing Science, 40, 8-14.
- Baş M. (2008): Spor sponsorluğu ve spor federasyonlarının sponsorluğa bakışı üzerine bir araştırma. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(3), 111-124.
- Bek N, Şimşek E, Erel S, Yakut Y, Uygur F. (2009): Turkish version of ımpact on family scale: A study of reliability and validity, Health Qual Life Outcomes, 2(4), 1-7.
- Berber S. (2015): Spor etkinliklerinde gönüllü motivasyonu: 2011 Avrupa Gençlik Olimpiyatları Örneği. Anadolu Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi.
- Browne MW, Cudeck R. (1993): Alternative ways of assessing model fit, In Bollen, K., and Long, S. (eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA, 136–162.
- Brown TA. (2006): Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (First Edition). NY: Guilford Publication, Inc.
- Čáslavová E, Petráčková J. (2011): The brand personality of large sport events. Kineziologija, 43(1), 91-106.
- Child D. (1970): The essentials of factor analysis. Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, London.
- Cole DA. (1987): Utility of confirmatory factor analysis in test validation research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(4), 584.
- Çokluk Ö, Şekercioğlu G, Büyüköztürk Ş (2012): Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik spss ve lisrel uygulamaları (2. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Dağ İ. (2002): Kontrol Odağı ölçeği: Ölçek geliştirme, güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 17(49), 77-90.
- Dever A, Şeran F. (2010): Spor Sosyolojisi: Tarihsel ve güncel boyutlarıyla spor ve toplum. İstanbul: Başlık Yayın Grubu.
- Gefen D, Straub D, Boudreau MC. (2000): Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research practice. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 4(1), 7.
- Greene, T. (1990): The secrets of successful public relations and ımage-making. Butterworth- Heineman, Oxford, 145-149.
- Gwinner KP, Eaton J. (1999): Building brand image through event sponsorship: the role of image transfer, Journal of Advertising, 28(4), 47‐57.
- Gwinner KP. (2005): Image transfer in global sport sponsorship. In J. Amis & B. Cornwell (Eds),Global Sport Sponsorship. Berg, NY, 163-178.
- Hair J, Anderson RE, Tatham RL, Black WC. (1995): Multivariate data analysis. Prentice-Hall Inc, 4th ed., New Jersey.
- Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. (2014): Multivariate data analysis. Pearson, 7th edition, USA.
- Hambleton RK, Patsula L. (1999): Increasing the validity of adapted tests: Myths to be avoided and guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. Journal of Applied Testing Technology, August, 1-13.
- Henson RK, Roberts JK. (2006): Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Published Research: Common Errors and Some Comment on Improved Practice. Educational and Psychological Measurement; 66(3), 393-416.
- Jöreskog K. Sörbom D. (1996): LISREL 8: User’s reference guide. Scientific Software International, 2nd ed., Lincolnwood.
- Jöroskog KG, And Sörbom D. (1993): LISREL 8: structural equation modelling with the SIMPLIS command language. Scientific Software International. IL Chicago.
- Karadeniz M. (2009): Pazarlama iletişimi kapsamında sponsorluk faaliyetlerinin önemi. Journal of Noval Science and Engineering, 5 (1), 62-75.
- Khan B, Ahmed A, Abid G. (2016): Using the ‘big-five’-for assessing personality traits of the champions: An insinuation for the sports ındustry. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 10(1), 175-191.
- Lee HS, Cho CH. (2007): Sporting event-personality: Scale development and sponsorship implications. Paper presented at the 2007 conference of the American Academy of Advertising, Burlington, VT.
- Lee HS, Cho CH. (2012): Sporting event personality: Scale development and sponsorship implications. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 14(1), 46-63.
- Lee HS, Cho CH. (2009): The matching effect of brand and sporting event personality: Sponsorship implications. Journal of Sport Management, 23(1), 41-64.
- Lynn MR. (1986): Determination and quantiŞcation of content validity. Nursing Research, 35, 382– 385.
- MacKenzie SB, Podsakoff PM, Podsakoff NP. (2011): Construct measurement and validation procedures in MIS and behavioral research: Integrating new and existing techniques. MIS Quarterly, 35(2), 293-334.
- Marsh HW, Balla JR, McDonald RP. (1988): Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 391.
- Mc Carville DE, Flood CM, Froats TA. (1998): “Effectiveness of Selected Promotions on a Nonprofit Sporting Event Sponsor”, Journal of Sport Management, 12(1), 51-62.
- Meydan CH, Şeşen H. (2015): Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi AMOS Uygulamaları. Detay Yayıncılık, 2. Baskı, Ankara.
- Nunnally J, Bernstein I. (1994): Psycometric theory., McGraw-Hill, 33-34.
- Özgüven İE. (1994): Psikolojik testler. Yeni Doğuş Matbaası, Ankara, 54-62.
- Preacher KJ, MacCallum RC. (2002): Exploratory factor analysis ın behavior genetics research: Factor recovery with small sample size. Behavior Genetics. 32 (2), 153-161.
- Peltekoğlu FB. (1993): Halkla ilişkilere giriş. Marmara Üniversitesi Yayın No: 524, İstanbul.
- Polit DF, Beck CT. (2006): The content validity index: are you sure you know what's being reported? Critique and recommendations. Research in nursing & health, 29(5), 489-497.
- Roy DP, Bettina Cornwell T. (2003): Brand equity's influence on responses to event sponsorships. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 12(6), 377-393.
- Schermelleh-Engel K, Moosbrugger H, Müller H. (2003): Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74.
- Schumacker RE, Lomax RG. (2004): A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. Psychology Press.
- Tabachnick BG, Fidel LS. (1989): Using multivariate statistics. Harper & Row New York.
- Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS, Osterlind SJ. (2001): Using multivariate statistics, Ally and Bacon, 4th Edition. Boston.
- Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. (2007): Using multivariate statistics. Pearson Education Inc., Boston.
- Tavşancıl E. (2002): Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara, 48-55.
- Turgut MF. (1997): Eğitimde ölçme ve değerlendirme metotları. Gül Yayınevi, Ankara, 48-72.
- Thompson B. (2004): Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: understanding concepts and applications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Waltz CF, Strickland OL, Lenz ER. (2005): Measurement innursing and health research. Springer Publishing Co., 3rded., New York.
- Williams B, Onsman A, Brown T. (2010): Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 8(3).