Kafein, etki mekanizmaları ve fiziksel performansa etkileri

Yıl 2018, , 1 - 12, 01.04.2018

Fırat Akça Dicle Aras Erşan Arslan

https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000336

Cited By: 9

Öz

Kafein dünya genelinde en yaygın olarak kullanılan besin maddeleri ve besin takviyelerinden biridir. Kafein tüketiminin büyük oranı kahve yoluyla olmakla birlikte birçok başka gıda, ilaç ve içecekte de kafein bulunmaktadır. Kafein son dönemde kullanımı yaygınlaşan enerji içeceklerinin de etken maddesi olarak işlev görmekte ve fizyolojik etkileriyle psikoaktif bir ajan olarak da kullanılmaktadır. Kafeinin faydaları ve riskleri ile ilgili birçok teori ortaya atılmakla birlikte, sağlıklı yetişkinler için günlük 400 mg’a kadar (75 kg. ağırlığında bir birey için yaklaşık 5.5 mg/kg) olan dozların güvenli olduğu ve herhangi bir sağlık riskine yol açmadığı bildirilmiştir. Kafeinin ergojenik bir yardımcı olarak kullanımı ile ilgili pratik ve uygulamaya dönük bilgilendirme antrenörler ve sporcuların performanslarını destekleme açısından önemlidir, bu derleme bu konuda detaylı bilgiler vermek üzere hazırlanmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kafein, performans, beslenme, kahve, dayanıklılık, kuvvet

CAFFEINE, MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND EFFECTS ON PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE

Öz

Caffeine is one of the most widely used nutritional supplements and nutrients. While a substantial part of caffeine consumption occurred through coffee, some other foods, pills and drinks contain caffeine as well. Caffeine also functions as the active ingredient of the recently popularized energy drinks and acts as psychoactive agent with its physiological effects. Though there are different theories that proposed about the benefits and risks of caffeine, it was reported that caffeine doses up to 400 mg a day for adults can be deemed as safe and do not result in any health risk. Practical and application-oriented briefing related to caffeine usage as an ergogenic supplement is important in order to support the performance of athletes and trainers. This review was prepared to give detailed information on this topic

Anahtar Kelimeler

Caffeine, performance, nutrition, coffee, endurance, strength

Kaynakça

• Anderson, M. E., Bruce, C. R., Fraser, S. F., Stepto, N. K., Klein, R., Hopkins, W. G., & Hawley, J. A. (2000). Improved 2000-meter rowing performance in competitive oarswomen after caffeine ingestion. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 10(4), 464-475.
• Armstrong, L. E. (2002). Caffeine, body fluid- electrolyte balance, and exercise performance. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 12(2), 189-206.
• Asmussen, E., & Boje, O. (1948). The effect of alcohol and some drugs on the capacity for work. Acta Physiol. Scand., 15(2), doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1948.tb00488.x 109-113.
• Asmussen, E., Dobeln, W. V., & Nielsen, M. (1948). Blood lactate and oxygen debt after exhaustive work at different oxygen tensions. Acta Physiol. Scand., 15(1), 57-62. doi:10.1111/j.1748- 1716.1948.tb00481.x
• Astorino, T. A., Rohmann, R. L., & Firth, K. (2008). Effect of caffeine ingestion on one-repetition maximum muscular strength. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 102(2), 127-132. doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0557-x
• Astrup, A., Toubro, S., Cannon, S., Hein, P., Breum, L., & Madsen, J. (1990). Caffeine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of its thermogenic, metabolic, and cardiovascular effects in healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr, 51(5), 759-767.
• Beck, T. W., Housh, T. J., Schmidt, R. J., Johnson, G. O., Housh, D. J., Coburn, J. W., & Malek, M. H. (2006). The acute effects of a caffeine-containing supplement on strength, muscular endurance, and anaerobic capabilities. J. Strength Cond. Res., 20(3), 506-510. doi:10.1519/18285.1
• Bell, D. G., & McLellan, T. M. (2002). Exercise endurance 1, 3, and 6 h after caffeine ingestion in caffeine users and nonusers. J Appl Physiol (1985), 93(4), doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00187.2002 1227-1234.
• Blanchard, J., & Sawers, S. J. (1983). The absolute bioavailability of caffeine in man. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 24(1), 93-98.
• Bracco, D., Ferrarra, J. M., Arnaud, M. J., Jequier, E., & Schutz, Y. (1995). Effects of caffeine on energy metabolism, heart rate, and methylxanthine metabolism in lean and obese women. Am. J. Physiol., 269(4 doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1995.269.4.E671 1), E671-678.
• Bruce, C. R., Anderson, M. E., Fraser, S. F., Stepto, N. K., Klein, R., Hopkins, W. G., & Hawley, J. A. (2000). performance after caffeine ingestion. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 32(11), 1958-1963. rowing
• Burke, L. M. (2008). Caffeine and sports performance. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab., 33(6), 1319-1334. doi:10.1139/H08-130
• Chester, N., & Wojek, N. (2008). Caffeine consumption amongst British athletes following changes to the 2004 WADA prohibited list. Int. J. Sports Med., 29(6), 524-528. doi:10.1055/s-2007- 989231
• Clarke, N. D., & Duncan, M. J. (2016). Effect of Carbohydrate and Caffeine Ingestion on Badminton Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 11(1), 108-115. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2014-0426
• Clarke, N. D., Richardson, D. L., Thie, J., & Taylor, R. (2017). Coffee Ingestion Enhances One-Mile Running Race Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 1-20. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2017-0456
• Collomp, K., Ahmaidi, S., Audran, M., Chanal, J. L., & Prefaut, C. (1991). Effects of caffeine ingestion on performance and anaerobic metabolism during the Wingate Test. Int. J. Sports Med., 12(5), 439-443. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024710
• Collomp, K., Anselme, F., Audran, M., Gay, J. P., Chanal, J. L., & Prefaut, C. (1991). Effects of moderate exercise on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 40(3), 279-282.
• Costill, D. L., Dalsky, G. P., & Fink, W. J. (1978). Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and exercise performance. Med. Sci. Sports, 10(3), 155- 158.
• Cox, G. R., Desbrow, B., Montgomery, P. G., Anderson, M. E., Bruce, C. R., Macrides, T. A., . . . Burke, L. M. (2002). Effect of different protocols of caffeine intake on metabolism and endurance performance. J Appl Physiol (1985), 93(3), 990-999. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00249.2002
• Curatolo, P. W., & Robertson, D. (1983). The health consequences of caffeine. Ann. Intern. Med., 98(5 Pt 1), 641-653.
• de Paulis, T., Schmidt, D. E., Bruchey, A. K., Kirby, M. T., McDonald, M. P., Commers, P., . . . Martin, P. R. (2002). Dicinnamoylquinides in roasted coffee inhibit the human adenosine transporter. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 442(3), 215-223.
• Demura, S., Yamada, T., & Terasawa, N. (2007). Effect of coffee ingestion on physiological responses and ratings of perceived exertion during submaximal endurance exercise. Percept. Mot. Skills, 105(3 doi:10.2466/pms.105.4.1109-1116 2), 1109-1116.
• Desbrow, B., Barrett, C. M., Minahan, C. L., Grant, G. D., & Leveritt, M. D. (2009). Caffeine, cycling performance, and exogenous CHO oxidation: a dose-response study. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 41(9), 1744-1751. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a16cf7
• Desbrow, B., Biddulph, C., Devlin, B., Grant, G. D., Anoopkumar-Dukie, S., & Leveritt, M. D. (2012). The effects of different doses of caffeine on endurance cycling time trial performance. J. Sports Sci., 30(2), doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.632431 115-120.
• Dews, P. B. (1982). Caffeine. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 2, 323-341. doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.02.070182.001543
• Dodd, S. L., Brooks, E., Powers, S. K., & Tulley, R. (1991). The effects of caffeine on graded exercise performance in caffeine naive versus habituated subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 62(6), 424-429.
• Ellender, L., & Linder, M. M. (2005). Sports pharmacology and ergogenic aids. Prim. Care, 32(1), 277-292. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2004.11.008
• Erickson, M. A., Schwarzkopf, R. J., & McKenzie, R. D. (1987). Effects of caffeine, fructose, and glucose ingestion on muscle glycogen utilization during exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 19(6), 579- 583.
• Falk, B., Burstein, R., Rosenblum, J., Shapiro, Y., Zylber-Katz, E., & Bashan, N. (1990). Effects of caffeine ingestion on body fluid balance and thermoregulation during exercise. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 68(7), 889-892.
• Fiala, K. A., Casa, D. J., & Roti, M. W. (2004). Rehydration with a caffeinated beverage during the nonexercise periods of 3 consecutive days of 2-a- day practices. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 14(4), 419-429.
• Fleisher, D., Li, C., Zhou, Y., Pao, L. H., & Karim, A. (1999). Drug, meal and formulation interactions influencing administration. Pharmacokinet., 36(3), doi:10.2165/00003088-199936030-00004 oral Clin. Clinical implications. 233-254.
• Fredholm, B. B. (1995). Astra Award Lecture. Adenosine, adenosine receptors and the actions of caffeine. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 76(2), 93-101.
• Fredholm, B. B., Abbracchio, M. P., Burnstock, G., Daly, J. W., Harden, T. K., Jacobson, K. A., . . . Williams, classification of purinoceptors. Pharmacol. Rev., 46(2), 143-156. Nomenclature and
• Glaister, M., Howatson, G., Abraham, C. S., Lockey, R. A., Goodwin, J. E., Foley, P., & McInnes, G. (2008). Caffeine supplementation and multiple sprint running performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 40(10), doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817a8ad2 1835-1840.
• Graham, T. E. (2001a). Caffeine and exercise: metabolism, endurance and performance. Sports Med., 31(11), 785-807.
• Graham, T. E. (2001b). Caffeine, coffee and ephedrine: impact on exercise performance and metabolism. Can. J. Appl. Physiol., 26 Suppl, S103- 119.
• Graham, T. E., Hibbert, E., & Sathasivam, P. (1998). Metabolic and exercise endurance effects of coffee and caffeine ingestion. J Appl Physiol (1985), 85(3), 883-889. doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.3.883
• Graham, T. E., & Spriet, L. L. (1991). Performance and metabolic responses to a high caffeine dose during prolonged exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985), 71(6), doi:10.1152/jappl.1991.71.6.2292 2292-2298.
• Grandjean, A. C., Reimers, K. J., Bannick, K. E., & Haven, M. C. (2000). The effect of caffeinated, non- caffeinated, caloric and non-caloric beverages on hydration. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 19(5), 591-600.
• Greer, F., McLean, C., & Graham, T. E. (1998). Caffeine, performance, and metabolism during repeated Wingate exercise tests. J Appl Physiol (1985), 85(4), doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.4.1502 1502-1508.
• Haldi, J., & Wynn, W. (1946). Action of drugs on efficiency of swimmers. Res. Q., 17, 96-101.
• Ivy, J. L., Costill, D. L., Fink, W. J., & Lower, R. W. (1979). Influence of caffeine and carbohydrate feedings on endurance performance. Med. Sci. Sports, 11(1), 6-11.
• Kamimori, G. H., Karyekar, C. S., Otterstetter, R., Cox, D. S., Balkin, T. J., Belenky, G. L., & Eddington, N. D. (2002). The rate of absorption and relative bioavailability of caffeine administered in chewing gum versus capsules to normal healthy volunteers. Int. J. Pharm., 234(1-2), 159-167.
• Kovacs, E. M., Stegen, J., & Brouns, F. (1998). Effect of caffeinated drinks on substrate metabolism, caffeine excretion, and performance. J Appl Physiol (1985), 85(2), doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.2.709 709-715.
• Landolt, H. P. (2008). Sleep homeostasis: a role for adenosine in humans? Biochem. Pharmacol., 75(11), 2070-2079. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2008.02.024
• Laurent, D., Schneider, K. E., Prusaczyk, W. K., Franklin, C., Vogel, S. M., Krssak, M., . . . Shulman, G. I. (2000). Effects of caffeine on muscle glycogen utilization and the neuroendocrine axis during exercise. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 85(6), doi:10.1210/jcem.85.6.6655 2170-2175.
• Lieberman, H. R., Tharion, W. J., Shukitt-Hale, B., Speckman, K. L., & Tulley, R. (2002). Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during U.S. Navy SEAL training. (Berl.), 164(3), 250-261. doi:10.1007/s00213-002- 1217-9 Psychopharmacology
• Lorino, A. J., Lloyd, L. K., Crixell, S. H., & Walker, J. L. (2006). The effects of caffeine on athletic agility. J. Strength Cond. Res., 20(4), 851-854. doi:10.1519/R-17445.1
• MacIntosh, B. R., & Wright, B. M. (1995). Caffeine ingestion and performance of a 1,500-metre swim. Can. J. Appl. Physiol., 20(2), 168-177.
• Margaria, R., Aghemo, P., & Rovelli, E. (1964). The Effect of Some Drugs on the Maximal Capacity of Athletic Performance in Man. Int. Z. Angew. Physiol., 20, 281-287.
• Margaria, R., Cerretelli, P., & Mangili, F. (1964). Balance and Kinetics of Anaerobic Energy Release during Strenuous Exercise in Man. J. Appl. Physiol., 19, 623-628. doi:10.1152/jappl.1964.19.4.623
• Martin, E. A., Nicholson, W. T., Eisenach, J. H., Charkoudian, N., & Joyner, M. J. (2006). Influences of adenosine receptor antagonism on vasodilator responses to adenosine and exercise in adenosine responders and nonresponders. J Appl Physiol (1985), 101(6), doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00546.2006 1678-1684.
• Maughan, R. J., & Griffin, J. (2003). Caffeine ingestion and fluid balance: a review. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet., 16(6), 411-420.
• McLellan, T. M., & Bell, D. G. (2004). The impact of prior coffee consumption on the subsequent ergogenic effect of anhydrous caffeine. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 14(6), 698-708.
• McNaughton, L. R., Lovell, R. J., Siegler, J., Midgley, A. W., Moore, L., & Bentley, D. J. (2008). The effects of caffeine ingestion on time trial cycling performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 3(2), 157-163.
• Millard-Stafford, M. L., Cureton, K. J., Wingo, J. E., Trilk, J., Warren, G. L., & Buyckx, M. (2007). Hydration during exercise in warm, humid conditions: effect of a caffeinated sports drink. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 17(2), 163-177.
• Nehlig, A. (1999). Are we dependent upon coffee and caffeine? A review on human and animal data. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 23(4), 563-576.
• Nehlig, A., Daval, J. L., & Debry, G. (1992). Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev., 17(2), 139-170.
• Pasman, W. J., van Baak, M. A., Jeukendrup, A. E., & de Haan, A. (1995). The effect of different dosages of caffeine on endurance performance time. Int. J. Sports Med., 16(4), 225-230. doi:10.1055/s- 2007-972996
• Peterson, S., Schwarz, Y., Li, S. S., Li, L., King, I. B., Chen, C., . . . Lampe, J. W. (2009). CYP1A2, GSTM1, and GSTT1 polymorphisms and diet effects on CYP1A2 activity in a crossover feeding trial. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 18(11), 3118-3125. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0589
• Powers, S. K., Byrd, R. J., Tulley, R., & Callender, T. (1983). Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and performance during graded exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 50(3), 301-307.
• Ragazzi, E., Froldi, G., Santi Soncin, E., Borea, P. A., & Fassina, G. (1989). Pharmacological effects and binding studies of new methylxanthine thioderivatives. Pharmacol. Res., 21(6), 707-717.
• Rivers, W. H., & Webber, H. N. (1907). The action of caffeine on the capacity for muscular work. J. Physiol., 36(1), 33-47.
• Robertson, D., Wade, D., Workman, R., Woosley, R. L., & Oates, J. A. (1981). Tolerance to the humoral and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in man. J. Clin. Invest., 67(4), 1111-1117.
• Roti, M. W., Casa, D. J., Pumerantz, A. C., Watson, G., Judelson, D. A., Dias, J. C., . . . Armstrong, L. E. (2006). Thermoregulatory responses to exercise in the heat: chronic caffeine intake has no effect. Aviat. Space Environ. Med., 77(2), 124-129.
• Schneiker, K. T., Bishop, D., Dawson, B., & Hackett, L. P. (2006). Effects of caffeine on prolonged intermittent-sprint ability in team-sport athletes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 38(3), 578-585. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000188449.18968.62
• Scott, A. T., O'Leary, T., Walker, S., & Owen, R. (2015). performance with caffeinated carbohydrate-gel ingestion. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 10(4), 464- 468. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2014-0210 rowing
• Skinner, T. L., Jenkins, D. G., Coombes, J. S., Taaffe, D. R., & Leveritt, M. D. (2010). Dose response of caffeine on 2000-m rowing performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 42(3), 571- 576. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b6668b
• Skinner, T. L., Jenkins, D. G., Folling, J., Leveritt, M. D., Coombes, J. S., & Taaffe, D. R. (2013). Influence of carbohydrate on serum caffeine concentrations following caffeine ingestion. J. Sci. Med. Sport, 16(4), doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2012.08.004 343-347.
• Skinner, T. L., Jenkins, D. G., Taaffe, D. R., Leveritt, M. D., & Coombes, J. S. (2013). Coinciding exercise with peak serum caffeine does not improve cycling performance. J. Sci. Med. Sport, 16(1), doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2012.04.004 54-59.
• Spriet, L. L., MacLean, D. A., Dyck, D. J., Hultman, E., Cederblad, G., & Graham, T. E. (1992). Caffeine ingestion and muscle metabolism during prolonged exercise in humans. Am. J. Physiol., 262(6 Pt 1), E891-898. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1992.262.6.E891
• Stuart, G. R., Hopkins, W. G., Cook, C., & Cairns, S. P. (2005). Multiple effects of caffeine on simulated high-intensity team-sport performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 37(11), 1998-2005.
• Van Soeren, M. H., Sathasivam, P., Spriet, L. L., & Graham, T. E. (1993). Caffeine metabolism and epinephrine responses during exercise in users and nonusers. J Appl Physiol (1985), 75(2), 805-812. doi:10.1152/jappl.1993.75.2.805
• Varani, K., Portaluppi, F., Gessi, S., Merighi, S., Ongini, E., Belardinelli, L., & Borea, P. A. (2000). Dose and time effects of caffeine intake on human platelet adenosine A(2A) receptors : functional and biochemical aspects. Circulation, 102(3), 285-289.
• Wemple, R. D., Lamb, D. R., & McKeever, K. H. (1997). Caffeine vs caffeine-free sports drinks: effects on urine production at rest and during prolonged exercise. Int. J. Sports Med., 18(1), 40- 46. doi:10.1055/s-2007-972593
• Wiles, J. D., Bird, S. R., Hopkins, J., & Riley, M. (1992). Effect of caffeinated coffee on running speed, respiratory factors, blood lactate and perceived exertion during 1500-m treadmill running. Br. J. Sports Med., 26(2), 116-120.
• Wiles, J. D., Coleman, D., Tegerdine, M., & Swaine, I. L. (2006). The effects of caffeine ingestion on performance time, speed and power during a laboratory-based 1 km cycling time-trial. J. Sports Sci., 24(11), doi:10.1080/02640410500457687 1165-1171.
• Woolf, K., Bidwell, W. K., & Carlson, A. G. (2008). The effect of caffeine as an ergogenic aid in anaerobic exercise. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 18(4), 412-429.