USE OF EYE-TRACKING SYSTEM IN SPORT SCIENCE: A GUIDE TO NOVICE RESEARCHERS

Öz

Eye-tracking technology allows special and applied research in sport and exercise psychology field. This technology, already constantly developing, offers thrilling opportunities for natural gaze and eye movement behavior studies of elite and amateur athletes. Though the idea of observing or tracking the eye movements seems simple, the technology behind is quite complicated and sensitive. Also, it necessitates substantial knowledge and experience in both hardware and software. The high cost of eye-tracking and the long time allocated for data analyses requires efficient use of resources. The purpose of this paper is to present basic information to those aiming to study eye-tracking system in the field of sport science. It is expected to help beginners answer the questions considering eye-tracking research and give an idea on how to start.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Eye Tracking,Gaze Movements,Corneal Reflection,Sports,Physical Education

GÖZ TAKİP SİSTEMİNİN (EYE TRACKER) SPOR BİLİMİNDE KULLANILMASI: YENİ ARAŞTIRMACILAR İÇİN KILAVUZ

Öz

Göz takip teknolojisi, spor ve egzersiz psikolojisi alanında özel ve uygulamalı birçok çalışma yapılabilmesine imkan tanımaktadır. Sürekli gelişmekte olan bu teknoloji, elit ve amatör sporcuların doğal çevrede gerçekleşen görme ve göz hareketleri davranışlarının araştırılması için heyecan verici imkanlar sunmaktadır. Ancak göz hareketlerini izleme fikri oldukça basit olsa da arkasındaki teknoloji oldukça karmaşık ve hassastır. Ayrıca, göz takip sistemini etkin kullanabilmek için ciddi bir bilgi birikimi ve tecrübe gerekmektedir Göz takip sisteminin çok pahalı olması ve elde edilen verilerin analizinin oldukça uzun sürede tamamlanmasından dolayı, söz konusu sistemlere ayrılan kaynakların etkin şekilde kullanılmasını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, göz takip sistemi ile spor bilimleri alanında çalışma yapacak araştırmacılara temel bilgilerin kazandırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu makalenin, göz takip sistemi ile çalışmaya başlayacak araştırmacıların zihinlerinde oluşabilecek soru işaretlerinin cevaplanmasına ve nasıl bir başlangıç yapmaları gerektiği hususunda fikir sahibi olmalarına yardımcı olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Göz Takibi,Göz Hareketleri,Kornea Yansıması,Spor

Kaynakça

1. Afonso J., Garganta J., McRobert A., Williams M., Mesquita I. (2014). Visual search behaviours and verbal reports during film-based and in situ representative tasks in volleyball. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(2), 177–184.
2. Al-Abood S. A., Bennett S. J., Hernandez F. M., Ashford D., Davids K. (2002). Effect of verbal instructions and image size on visual search strategies in basketball free throw shooting. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20(3), 271–278.
3. Barfoot K.M., Casey M., Callaway A. (2012). Combined EEG and Eye-tracking in Sports Skills Training and Performance Analysis “An Archery Case Study”. University of Surrey.
4. Bojko A. (2013). Eye Tracking the User Experience. A Practical Guide to Research. Rosenfeld Media, LLC.
5. Gidlöf K., Wallin A., Dewhurst R., Holmqvist K. (2013). Gaze Behaviour During Decision Making in a Natural Environment. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 6(1), 3, 1-14.
6. Gidlöf K. (2105). Visual attention during decision-making in natural environments. Doctoral dissertation. Lund University
7. Holmqvist K., Nyström M., Andersson R., Dewhurst R., Jarodzka H., Van de Weijer J. (2011). Eye tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods and measures. New York: Oxford University Press.
8. Hossner E.J. (Ed.) (2016). Quiet Eye research – Joan Vickers on target. Current Issues in Sport Science, 1:100.

9. Hancock D. J., Ste-Marie D. M. (2013). Gaze behaviors and decision making accuracy of higher- and lower-level ice hockey referees. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(1), 66–71.
10. James E. H. (1998). “Visual Attention and Eye Movements,” in Attention, ed. Harold Pashler. London: University College London Press.119–154.
11. Krede R., Vater C., Klostermann A., Hossner E. J. (2017). Eye-tracking technology and the dynamics of natural gaze behavior in sports: A systematic review of 40 years of research. Frontiers in Psychology.
12. Lohmeyer Q., Meboldt M., Matthiesen S. (2013). Analyzing Visual Strategies of Novice and Experienced Designers by Eye Tracking Application. International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education 5-6 September 2013, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
13. Mark W.A., Robert N. S., Shane G. F. (2002) Quiet Eye Duration, Expertise, and Task Complexity in Near and Far Aiming Tasks. Journal of Motor Behavior, 34(2), 197-207.
14. McGuckian T. B., Cole M. H., Pepping G. J. (2018). A systematic review of the technology-based assessment of visual perception and exploration behaviour in association football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(8), 861–880. Oliveira R. F., Oudejans R. R. D., Beek P. J. (2008). Gaze Behavior in Basketball Shooting: Further Evidence for Online Visual Control. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 79(3), 399–404.
15. Pakkert M., Rosemann A. L. P., Duijnhoven J. Van., Donners M. A. H. (2018). Glare quantification for indoor volleyball. Building an Environment.143, 48–58.
16. Panchuk D., Vine S., Vickers J. (2015). Eye Tracking Methods in Sport Expertise. Routledge handbook of sport expertise. 176–187.
17. Panchuk D., Vickers J. N., Hopkins W. G. (2017). Quiet eye predicts goaltender success in deflected ice hockey shots†. European Journal of Sport Science, 17(1), 93–99.
18. Pizzera A., Möller C., Plessner H., Pizzera A., Möller C., Plessner H. (2018). Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport Gaze Behavior of Gymnastics Judges : Where Do Experienced Judges and Gymnasts Look While Judging ? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 89(1), 112–119.
19. Rodrigues S. T., Vickers J. N., Williams A. M. (2002). Head, eye and arm coordination in table tennis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20(3), 187–200.
20. Robert R. Horn , Michelle S. Okumura , Melissa G. F. Alexander , Fredrick A. Gardin, Curtis T. Sylvester (2012) Quiet Eye Duration Is Responsive to Variability of Practice and to the Axis of Target Changes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 83(2), 204-21.
21. Russell M. D., Stewart T. C. (2015). Eye tracking in sport: A guide for new and aspiring researchers. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review, 11(2).
22. Seo Y. Nam Kim, M., Lee D., Jung Y. (2018). Attention to eSports advertisement: effects of ad animation and in-game dynamics on viewers’ visual attention. Behaviour and Information Technology, 37(12), 1194–1202.
23. Uchida Y., Mizuguchi N., Honda M., Kanosue K. (2014). Prediction of shot success for basketball free throws: Visual search strategy. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(5), 426–432.
24. Vickers J. N. (2016). Origins and current issues in Quiet Eye research. Current Issues in Sport Science, 1:101.
25. Vine S. J., Wilson M. R. (2010). Quiet eye training: Effects on learning and performance under pressure. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22(4), 361–376.
26. Witkowski M., Tomczak M., Bronikowski M., Tomczak E., Marciniak M., Borysiuk Z. (2018). Visual Perception Strategies of Foil Fencers Facing Right- Versus Left-Handed Opponents. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 125(3), 612–625.
27. Wood G., Wilson M. R. (2010). A moving goalkeeper distracts penalty takers and impairs shooting accuracy. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(9), 937–946.
28. Ziv G., Lidor R. (2015). Focusing attention instructions, accuracy, and quiet eye in a self-paced task an exploratory study. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 13(2), 104–120.