THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN OLYMPIC WEIGHTLIFTING PERFORMANCE AND VERTICAL JUMP TESTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

Abstract

Vertical jump tests are widely used to assess generic athletic ability. Vertical jumps are biomechanically very similar to the Olympic Weightlifting and are among the best predictors of competition performance. This study aimed to examine the relationships between Olympic weightlifting performance and vertical jumps using meta-analysis method. ULAKBİM, Google Scholar and National Thesis Center databases for studies written in Turkish; Web of Science, SCOPUS, Pub Med and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies written in English. Keywords (weightlifting / Olympic Weightlifting / snatch / clean jerk / sinclair / total) and (jump / vertical jump / countermovement jump / squat jump / depth jump) were used in the search. Data including a total of 430 participants from 12 independent research articles that met the inclusion criteria were used for meta-analysis. Analyses indicated a moderate significant correlation (r = 0.644; p = 0.0001) between the sinclair score and counter movement power; high correlations (r = 0.651 - 0.794 p <0.0001) between the Olympic Weightlifting performances (sinclair, clean&jerk, snatch) and other variables (countermovement and squat jump and their estimated power scores). Meta-analyzes showed that there were significant and moderate-high relationships between Olympic Weightlifting performance and vertical jumps. This study's findings indicated that easy-to-apply vertical jump tests can be a suitable field test to monitor Olympic Weightlifting performance, decide on talented athletes, and evaluate competition readiness.

Keywords

• Countermovement jump
• squat jump
• weightlifter
• snatch
• clean and jerk

OLİMPİK HALTER PERFORMANSI İLE SIÇRAMA TESTLERİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLER: BİR SİSTEMATİK DERLEME VE META-ANALİZ ÇALIŞMASI

Öz

Dikey sıçrama testleri genel atletik yeteneği değerlendirmek için yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Olimpik halter ile dikey sıçramalar biyomekanik açıdan oldukça benzerlik göstermektedir ve yarışma başarısının en iyi yordayıcıları arasındadır. Bu araştırmada Olimpik halter performansı ile dikey sıçramalar arasındaki ilişkilerin meta-analiz yöntemiyle incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Konu ile ilgili çalışmalara ulaşmak amacıyla Türkçe yazılmış çalışmalar için ULAKBİM, Ulusal Tez Merkezi veri tabanları; İngilizce yazılmış çalışmalar için Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect ve Google Scholar veri tabanları taranmıştır. Taramada (halter / Olimpik halter / koparma / silkme / sinclair / total / toplam) ve (sıçrama / dikey sıçrama / aktif sıçrama / skuat sıçrama / derinlik sıçraması) anahtar kelimeleri ve İngilizce karşılıkları kullanılmıştır. Dahil edilme kriterlerini karşılayan 12 bağımsız araştırma makalesinden toplam 430 katılımcıya ait veriler meta-analiz için kullanılmıştır. Sinclair puanı ile aktif sıçrama gücü arasında orta düzeyde anlamlı bir ilişki (r = 0.644; p = 0.0001); halter performansları (sinclair, koparma, silkme) ile diğer değişkenler (aktif ve skuat sıçrama yükseklikleri ve hesaplanan güç değerleri) arasında ise yüksek düzeyde ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir (r = 0.651 - 0.794 p < 0.0001). Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma kapsamında yapılan meta-analizler Olimpik halter kaldırışları ile dikey sıçramalar arasında anlamlı ve orta-yüksek düzeyde ilişkiler olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu araştırmanın sonuçları kolay uygulanabilen dikey sıçrama testlerinin Olimpik halter performansının takip edilmesi, yetenekli sporcu adaylarının belirlenmesi ve yarışma hazırlığının değerlendirilmesi için uygun saha testleri olduklarını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aktif sıçrama
• Skuat sıçrama
• Halterci
• Koparma
• Silkme

Kaynakça

1. Akkus, H. (2012). Kinematic analysis of the snatch lift with elite female weightlifters during the 2010 World Weightlifting Championship. The Journal of Strength ve Conditioning Research, 26(4), 897-905.
2. Akkuş, H. (1994). Elit haltercilerin antropometrik özellikleri, biyomotor yetenekleri, fizyolojik özellikleri ve başarıları arasındaki ilişkilerin araştırılması (Publication Number 32568) [Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi ]. Baechle, T. R., and Earle, R. W. (2008). Essentials of strength training and conditioning. Human kinetics. Bartonietz, K. E. (1996). Biomechanics of the snatch: Toward a higher training efficiency. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 18(3), 24-31.
3. Baumann, W., Gross, V., Quade, K., Galbierz, P., and Schwirtz, A. (1988). The snatch technique of world class weightlifters at the 1985 world championships. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 4(1), 68-89.
4. Brown, D. J., and Fletcher, D. (2017). Effects of psychological and psychosocial interventions on sport performance: A meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 47(1), 77-99.
5. Burkhardt, E., and Garhammer, J. (1988). Biomechanical comparison of hang cleans and vertical jumps. Journal of Applied Sport Science Research, 2(3), 57.
6. Canavan, P. K., Garrett, G. E., and Armstrong, L. E. (1996). Kinematic and kinetic relationships between an Olympic-style lift and the vertical jump. Journal of Strength and Conditioning research, 10, 127-130. Carlock, J. M., Smith, S. L., Hartman, M. J., Morris, R. T., Ciroslan, D. A., Pierce, K. C., Newton, R. U., Harman, E. A., Sands, W. A., and Stone, M. H. (2004). The relationship between vertical jump power estimates and weightlifting ability: a field-test approach. J Strength Cond Res, 18(3), 534-539. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-13213.1
7. Chiu, L. (2007). Powerlifting Versus Weightlifting for Athletic Performance. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 29(5), 55-56.
8. Claudino, J. G., Cronin, J., Mezêncio, B., McMaster, D. T., McGuigan, M., Tricoli, V., Amadio, A. C., and Serrão, J. C. (2017). The countermovement jump to monitor neuromuscular status: A meta-analysis. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 20(4), 397-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.011

9. Cleather, D. J., Goodwin, J. E., and Bull, A. M. (2013). Inter-segmental moment analysis characterises the partial correspondence of jumping and jerking. Journal of strength and conditioning research/National Strength and Conditioning Association, 27(1), 89.
10. Cochran, W. G. (1954). The combination of estimates from different experiments. Biometrics, 10(1), 101-129.
11. Cohen, L., Manion, L., and Morrison, K. (2017). Research methods in education. routledge.
12. Cormie, P., McGuigan, M. R., and Newton, R. U. (2010). Adaptations in athletic performance after ballistic power versus strength training. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 42(8), 1582-1598. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181d2013a
13. Davies, C., WEMYSS-HOLDEN, J., and Young, K. (1984). Measurement of short term power output: comparison between cycling and jumping. Ergonomics, 27(3), 285-296.
14. Dickersin, K., and Berlin, J. A. (1992). Meta-analysis: state-of-the-science. Epidemiologic reviews, 14(1), 154-176.
15. Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., and Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Bmj, 315(7109), 629-634.
16. Elmdahl, F. (2015). A correlation study between one-repetition maximum in clean and maximal jump height in countermovement jump and squat jump in men and women.
17. Garhammer, J. (1991). A comparison of maximal power outputs between elite male and female weightlifters in competition. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 7(1), 3-11.
18. Garhammer, J., and Gregor, R. (1992). A comparison of propulsive forces for weightlifting and vertical jumping. Journal of Applied Sport Sciences Research, 6, 129-134.
19. Gourgoulis, V., Aggelousis, N., Mavromatis, G., and Garas, A. (2000). Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the snatch of elite Greek weightlifters. Journal of sports sciences, 18(8), 643-652.
20. Haff, G. G., Carlock, J. M., Hartman, M. J., and Kilgore, J. L. (2005). Force-time curve characteristics of dynamic and isometric muscle actions of elite women olympic weightlifters. Journal of Strength and Conditioning research, 19(4), 741.
21. Haidich, A. B. (2010). Meta-analysis in medical research. Hippokratia, 14(Suppl 1), 29-37. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21487488 Haug, W. B., Spratford, W., Williams, K. J., Chapman, D. W., and Drinkwater, E. J. (2015). Differences in End Range of Motion Vertical Jump Kinetic and Kinematic Strategies Between Trained Weightlifters and Elite Short Track Speed Skaters. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(9). https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Fulltext/2015/09000/Differences_in_End_Range_of_Motion_Vertical_Jump.14.aspx Higgins, J. P., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., and Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Bmj, 327(7414), 557-560.
22. Hori, N., Newton, R. U., Andrews, W. A., Kawamori, N., McGuigan, M. R., and Nosaka, K. (2008). Does performance of hang power clean differentiate performance of jumping, sprinting, and changing of direction? The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(2), 412-418.
23. Hornsby, W. G., Gentles, J. A., MacDonald, C. J., Mizuguchi, S., Ramsey, M. W., and Stone, M. H. (2017). Maximum Strength, Rate of Force Development, Jump Height, and Peak Power Alterations in Weightlifters across Five Months of Training. Sports, 5(4), 78.
24. İnce, İ. (2019a). Elit Erkek ve Kadın Haltercilerin Dünya ve Avrupa Şampiyonaları Yarışma Kaldırışlarındaki Başarı Düzeylerinin Analizi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 24-30. https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.428231
25. İnce, İ. (2019b). Genç Erkek Haltercilerde Vücut Kompozisyonu Tam Skuat Bar Zirve Güç ve Dikey Sıçrama Testlerinin Koparma ve Silkme Toplam Performansını Tahmin Etme Gücünün İncelenmesi. Turkiye Klinikleri Spor Bilimleri, 11(3).
26. İnce, İ. (2019c). Haltercilerde Bir Alan Testi Yaklaşımı Olarak Dikey Sıçrama Güç Kestirimleri ile Performans Arasındaki İlişkilerin İncelenmesi. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(3), 48-57.
27. İnce, İ., and Şentürk, A. (2019). Effects of plyometric and pull training on performance and selected strength characteristics of junior male weightlifter. Physical education of students, 23(3), 120-128.
28. İnce, İ., and Ulupınar, S. (2020). Prediction of competition performance via selected strength-power tests in junior weightlifters. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 60(2), 236-243. https://doi.org/10.23736/s0022-4707.19.10085-0
29. İnce, İ., Ulupinar, S., and Özbay, S. (2020). Body composition isokinetic knee extensor strength and balance as predictors of competition performance in junior weightlifters. Isokinetics and Exercise Science(Preprint), 1-8.
30. Joffe, S. A., and Tallent, J. (2020). Neuromuscular predictors of competition performance in advanced international female weightlifters: a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. Journal of sports sciences, 38(9), 985-993.
31. Kılıçkap, M. (2018). Meta-analizleri nasıl yorumlayalım: Türkiye’de kardiyovasküler risk faktörlerine yönelik yapılan meta-analizlerin metodolojik açıdan değerlendirilmesi. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars, 46(7), 624-635.
32. Kite, R., and Spence, A. (2017). Horizontal jump predicts weightlifting performance. EWF Scientific Magazine, 8(September), 5-16.
33. Králová, T., Gasior, J., Vanderka, M., Cacek, J., Vencúrik, T., Bokůvka, D., and Hammerová, T. (2020). Correlation analysis of olympic-style weightlifting exercises and vertical jumps. Studia sportiva, 13(2), 26-32.
34. Lajin, B., and Alachkar, A. (2013). The NQO1 polymorphism C609T (Pro187Ser) and cancer susceptibility: a comprehensive meta-analysis. British journal of cancer, 109(5), 1325-1337.
35. Lewis, S., and Clarke, M. (2001). Forest plots: trying to see the wood and the trees. Bmj, 322(7300), 1479-1480. MacKenzie, S. J., Lavers, R. J., and Wallace, B. B. (2014). A biomechanical comparison of the vertical jump, power clean, and jump squat. J Sports Sci, 32(16), 1576-1585. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.908320
36. Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., and Stewart, L. A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic reviews, 4(1), 1-9.
37. Pacewicz, C. E., Mellano, K. T., and Smith, A. L. (2019). A meta-analytic review of the relationship between social constructs and athlete burnout. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 43, 155-164.
38. Sato, K., Fleschler, P., and Sands, W. (2009). Barbell acceleration analysis on various intensities of weightlifting. ISBS-Conference Proceedings Archive.
39. Smith, K. L., Weir, P. L., Till, K., Romann, M., and Cobley, S. (2018). Relative age effects across and within female sport contexts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 48(6), 1451-1478.
40. Soriano, M. A., Suchomel, T. J., and Comfort, P. (2019). Weightlifting overhead pressing derivatives: a review of the literature. Sports Medicine, 49(6), 867-885. Sterne, J. A., Gavaghan, D., and Egger, M. (2000). Publication and related bias in meta-analysis: power of statistical tests and prevalence in the literature. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 53(11), 1119-1129.
41. Stone, M. H., Sands, W. A., Pierce, K. C., Carlock, J., Cardinale, M., and Newton, R. U. (2005). Relationship of maximum strength to weightlifting performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 37(6), 1037-1043. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15947731
42. Stone, M. H., Sands, W. A., Pierce, K. C., Carlock, J., Cardinale, M., and Newton, R. U. (2005). Relationship of maximum strength to weightlifting performance. Medicine and Science in sports and exercise, 37(6), 1037-1043.
43. Storey, A., and Smith, H. K. (2012). Unique aspects of competitive weightlifting: performance, training and physiology. Sports Med, 42(9), 769-790. https://doi.org/10.2165/11633000-000000000-00000
44. Suarez, D. G., Slaton, J. A., Davis, M. W., Rochau, K. G., Bruno, M. A., and Stone, M. H. Relationships Between Lower Body Musculature and Performance in Competititve Male and Female Weightlifters.
45. Suchomel, T. J., Comfort, P., and Lake, J. P. (2017). Enhancing the force-velocity profile of athletes using weightlifting derivatives. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 39(1), 10-20.
46. Suchomel, T. J., Comfort, P., and Stone, M. H. (2015). Weightlifting pulling derivatives: Rationale for implementation and application. Sports Medicine, 45(6), 823-839.
47. Travis, S. K., Goodin, J. R., Beckham, G. K., and Bazyler, C. D. (2018). Identifying a test to monitor weightlifting performance in competitive male and female weightlifters. Sports, 6(2), 46.
48. Ulupınar, S., and İnce, İ. (2020). Prediction of competition performance via commonly used strength-power tests in junior female weightlifters. Isokinetics and Exercise Science(Preprint), 1-9.
49. Ulupınar, S., ve İnce, İ. (2021). Spor Bilimlerinde Etki Büyüklüğü ve Alternatif İstatistik Yaklaşımları. Ankara Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.794015
50. Vizcaya, F. J., Viana, O., del Olmo, M. F., and Acero, R. M. (2009). Could the deep squat jump predict weightlifting performance? The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(3), 729-734.
51. Zaras, N., Stasinaki, A.-N., Spiliopoulou, P., Hadjicharalambous, M., and Terzis, G. (2020). Lean Body Mass, Muscle Architecture, and Performance in Well-Trained Female Weightlifters. Sports, 8(5), 67.
52. Zaras, N., Stasinaki, A. N., Spiliopoulou, P., Arnaoutis, G., Hadjicharalambous, M., and Terzis, G. (2020). Rate of Force Development, Muscle Architecture, and Performance in Elite Weightlifters. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0974