THE MOVEMENT IMAGERY QUESTIONNAIRE-3: RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY STUDY ON TURKISH SAMPLE

Öz

The aim of the present study was to test the reliability and validity of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 (MIQ-3) (Williams et al., 2012) among a Turkish sample. The study was conducted with 136 (104 women, 32 men) university students. Participants are in the 19-29 age range (Mage = 20.97, SD = 1.67). 81 of the participants (59.6%) reported that they were licenced athlete before. The MIQ-3 (Williams et al., 2012), consists of 12 items and three subscales (internal-visual imagery, external-visual imagery, kinesthetic imagery), was developed to assess the imagery ability of individuals towards certain basic movements. The participants were asked to rate the level of ease/difficulty of the imagery task of these movements on a 7-point Likert-type scale (1 = very hard to see/feel; 7 = very easy to see/feel). The results showed that the goodness of fit indices was satisfactory, (χ2 (51) = 87.88, p <.001, CMIN / DF = 1.73, RMSEA = .08 (90% CI = 0.06-0.07), SRMR = .06, NFI = 0.82, CFI = 0.91, and TLI = .89). 0.75 CR and 0.43 AVE values for the internal-visual imagery subscale, 0.76 CR and 0.46 AVE values for the external-visual imagery subscale, and 0.84 CR and 0.57 AVE values for the kinesthetic imagery subscale was obtained. In conclusion, we suggest that the Turkish version of the "Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3" is a valid and reliable scale in measuring individuals' imagery ability.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Imagery
• imagery ability
• questionnaire
• validity and reliability study

THE MOVEMENT IMAGERY QUESTIONNAIRE-3: RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY STUDY ON TURKISH SAMPLE

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Hareket İmgeleme Ölçeği-3'nin (Williams vd., 2012) Türkiye örneklemi üzerindeki güvenirlik ve geçerliğini test etmektir. Çalışma 136 (104 kadın, 32 erkek) üniversite öğrencisi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcılar 19-29 yaş aralığındadır ("(X" ) ̅yaş = 20.97, Ss = 1.67). Katılımcıların 81’i (%59,6) daha önce lisanslı olarak sporla ilgilendiğini bildirmiştir. 12 madde ve üç alt boyuttan (içsel-görsel imgeleme, dışsal-görsel imgeleme, kinestetik imgeleme) oluşmakta olan ölçek bireylerin belirli temel hareketlere yönelik imgeleme yeteneklerini değerlendirmek için geliştirilmiştir. Katılımcılardan bu hareketlere dair imgeleme görevinin kolaylık/zorluk düzeyini 7'li Likert tipi (1= Görmek/Hissetmek çok zor-7=Görmek/Hissetmek çok kolay) bir ölçekte derecelendirmeleri istenmiştir. Sonuçlar uyum iyiliği indekslerinin tatmin edici olduğunu göstermiştir, (χ2 (51) = 87.88, p <.001, CMIN / DF = 1.73, RMSEA = .08 (% 90 CI = 0.06-0.07), SRMR = .06, NFI = 0.82, CFI = 0.91 ve TLI = .89). İçsel-görsel imgeleme alt boyutu için 0.75 CR ve 0.43 AVE değerleri, dışsal-görsel imgeleme alt boyutu için 0.76 CR ve 0.46 AVE değerleri ve kinestetik imgeleme alt boyutu için 0.84 CR ve 0.57 AVE değerleri elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Hareket İmgeleme Ölçeğinin Türkçe versiyonunun bireylerin imgeleme yeteneğini ölçmede geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olduğu söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• imgeleme yeteneği
• geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması
• İmgeleme
• anket

Kaynakça

1. Betts, G. H. (1909). The distribution and functions of mental imagery (No. 26). Ams Press.
2. Bryne, B. M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling with Amos: Basic Concepts, Application and Programming. (2nd ed.). Routledge.
3. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: istatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. [Data analysis handbook for social sciences: statistics, research design, SPSS applications and interpretation.]. Ankara, Pegem Academy Publishing
4. Child, D. (2006). The essentials of factor analysis. (3rd ed.). Continuum.
5. Dilek, B., Ayhan, Ç., Yakut, Y. (2020). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the movement imagery questionnaire 3: Its cultural adaptation and psychometric properties. Neurological Sciences and Neurophysiology, 37(4), 221-227. https://doi.org/10.4103/NSN.NSN_30_20
6. Driskell, J. E., Copper, C., Moran, A. (1994). Does mental practice enhance performance? Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4), 481. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.4.481
7. Duarte-Mendes, P., Marinho, D. A., Serrano, J., Paulo, R., Faustino, A., Ramalho, A., Petrica, J. (2019). Differences of Imagery ability between youth soccer and swimming practitioners. Journal of Human Sport & Exercise, 14(Proc 4), 1651-1654. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.14.Proc4.82
8. Faull, A. L., Jones, E. S. (2018). Development and validation of the Wheelchair Imagery Ability Questionnaire (WIAQ) for use in wheelchair sports. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 37, 196-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.11.015

9. Fornell, C., Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (3), 328–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313
10. Goss, S., Hall, C., Buckolz, E., Fishburne, G. (1986). Imagery ability and the acquisition and retention of movements. Memory & cognition, 14(6), 469-477. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03202518
11. Gregg, M., Hall, C., Nederhof, E. (2005). The Imagery Ability, Imagery Use, and Performance Relationship. Sport psychologist, 19(1), 93-99 https://doi.org/10.1123/TSP.19.1.93
12. Hall, C. R., Mack, D. E., Paivio, A., Hausenblas, H. A. (1998). Imagery use by athletes: development of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 29(1), 73–89.
13. Hall, C. R., Martin, K. A. (1997). Measuring movement imagery abilities: a revision of the movement imagery questionnaire. Journal of Mental Imagery, 21(1-2), 143–154.
14. Hall, C. R., Pongrac, J. (1983). Movement imagery questionnaire. University of Western Ontario.
15. Harkness, J. A. (2003). Questionnaire translation. In Harkness, J. A., van de Vijver, F. J., Mohler, P. P., & Wiley, J. (Eds.). Cross-cultural survey methods (pp. 35-56). John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication.
16. Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60.
17. Hu, L., Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
18. Ievleva, L., Orlick, T. (1991). Mental links to enhanced healing: An exploratory study. The Sport Psychologist, 5(1), 25-40. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.5.1.25
19. Isaac, A. R. (1992). Mental practice: Does it work in the field? The Sport Psychologist. 6(2), 192–198. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.6.2.192
20. Isaac, A., Marks, D. F., Russell, D. G. (1986). An instrument for assessing imagery of movement: The Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ). Journal of Mental Imagery, 10(4), 23–30.
21. Jones, M. V., Mace, R. D., Bray, S. R., MacRae, A. W., Stockbridge, C. (2002). The impact of motivational imagery on the emotional state and self-efficacy levels of novice climbers. Journal of Sport Behavior, 25(1), 57-73.
22. Jones, L., Stuth, G. (1997). The uses of mental imagery in athletics: An overview. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 6(2), 101-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-1849(05)80016-2
23. Kızıldağ, E, Tiryaki, M. (2012). Sporda imgeleme envanterinin Türk sporcular için uyarlanmasI. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(1), 13-23. Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
24. Konaszewski, K., Kolemba, M., Niesiobędzka, M. (2019). Resilience, sense of coherence and self-efficacy as predictors of stress coping style among university students. Current Psychology, 1-11.
25. Lam, L. W. (2012). Impact of competitiveness on salespeople's commitment and performance. Journal of Business Research, 65(9), 1328-1334. Lu, F. J., Gill, D. L., Lee, Y. C., Chiu, Y. H., Liu, S., Liu, H. Y. (2020). Effects of visualized PETTLEP imagery on the basketball 3-point shot: A comparison of internal and external perspectives. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 51, 101765.
26. Martens, R. (1982). Imagery in sport. In M. L. Howell & A. W. Parker (Eds.), Proceedings of the Australian Sports Medicine Federation International Conference. Vol. 8. Sports Medicine: Medical and Scientific Aspects of Elitism in Sport, 213-230.
27. Martin, K. A., Moritz, S. E., Hall, C. R. (1999). Imagery use in sport: A literature review and applied model. The Sport Psychologist, 13(3), 245-268. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.13.3.245
28. Martini, R., Carter, M. J., Yoxon, E., Cumming, J., Ste-Marie, D. M. (2016). Development and validation of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire for Children (MIQ-C). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 190-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.08.008.
29. Mendes, P., Marinho, D., Petrica, J. (2015). Comparison between genders in imagery ability in Portuguese basketball practitioners. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 15(3), 391.
30. Munroe-Chandler, K. J., Hall, C. R. (2004). Enhancing the collective efficacy of a soccer team through motivational general-mastery imagery. Imagery, Cognition and Personality, 24(1), 51-67. https://doi.org/10.2190/UM7Q-1V15-CJNM-LMP4
31. Munroe-Chandler, K. J., Hall, C. R., Fishburne, G. J., Murphy, L., Hall, N. D. (2012). Effects of a cognitive specific imagery intervention on the soccer skill performance of young athletes: Age group comparisons. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(3), 324-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.12.006
32. Murphy, S., Jowdy, D., Durtschi, S. (1990). Report on the US Olympic Committee survey on imagery use in sport. Colorado Springs, CO: US Olympic Training Center.
33. Paivio, A. (1985). Cognitive and motivational functions of imagery in human performance. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 10, 22–28.
34. Quinton, M. L., Cumming, J., Gray, R., Geeson, J. R., Cooper, A., Crowley, H., & Williams, S. E. (2014). A PETTLEP imagery intervention with young athletes. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 9(1), 47-59.
35. Roberts, R., Callow, N., Hardy, L., Markland, D., Bringer J. (2008). Movement imagery ability: Development and assessment of a revised version of the vividness of movement imagery questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30, 200-221. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.2.200
36. Roeckelein, J. E. (2004). Imagery in psychology: A reference guide. Greenwood Publishing Group
37. Rostami, R., Rezaee, M. (2014). Prediction of cognitive and motivational functions of sports imagery in veteran basketball players. Iranian Journal of War and Public Health, 6(3), 87-93.
38. Short, S. E., Monsma, E. A., Short, M. W. (2004). Is what you see really what you get? Athletes' perceptions of imagery's functions. The Sport Psychologist, 18(3), 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.18.3.341
39. Start, K. B., Richardson, A. (1964). Imagery and mental practice. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 34(3), 280-284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8279.1964.tb00638.x
40. Suinn, R. M. (1985). Imagery rehearsal applications to performance enhancement. the Behavior Therapist, 8(8), 155–159.
41. Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S. (2008). Using Multivariate Statistics (5th ed.). California State University
42. Taner, G., Seferoğlu, G. (2016). Veri toplama araçlarının çevirisinde niteliğin arttırılması: Bir aktarım örneği. [Increasing the quality of translation of data collection tools: A transfer example] In O. Demirel, & S. Dincer (Eds.) Eğitim Bilimlerinde Yenilikler ve Nitelik Arayışı [Innovations and the Quest for Quality in Educational Sciences] (pp. 1225-1236). Pegem Academic Publishing.
43. Toth, A. J., McNeill, E., Hayes, K., Moran, A. P., Campbell, M. (2020). Does mental practice still enhance performance? A 24 Year follow-up and meta-analytic replication and extension. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 48, 101672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101672
44. Uğur, Y (2016). İmgeleme türlerinin sportif performans üzerinde etkisi [Effects of imagery types on sportive performance] (Unpublished Master Thesis). Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu. In Turkish with English abstract.
45. Vurgun, N. (2010). Sporda imgeleme anketinin Türkçeye uyarlanması ve sporda imgelemenin yarışma kaygısı ile sportif güven üzerindeki etkisi. [Adapting the sports imagery questionnaire to Turkish and the effect of imagery in sports on competition anxiety and sportive confidence] (Unpublished PhD Thesis), Ege University, Izmir. In Turkish with English abstract.
46. Watt, A. P., Morris, T., Andersen, M. B. (2004). Issues in the Development of a Measure of Imagery Ability in Sport. Journal of Mental Imagery, 28(3-4), 149–180.
47. Weinberg, R. S. (1982). The relationship between mental preparation strategies and motor performance: A review and critique. Quest, 33(2), 728-734. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.1981.10483754
48. Weinberg, R. S., Gould, D. (2018). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology (7th ed). Human Kinetics.
49. Williams, S. E., Cumming, J., Ntoumanis, N., Nordin-Bates, S. M., Ramsey, R. Hall, C. (2012). Further validation and development of the movement imagery questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(5), 621-646. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.5.621
50. Williams, S. E., Guillot, A., Di Rienzo, F., & Cumming, J. (2015). Comparing self-report and mental chronometry measures of motor imagery ability. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(8), 703-711.
51. Zainudin, A. (2012). A handbook on SEM: Structural equation modelling using amos graphics (4th ed). University Technology MARA PRESS.