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POTENTIAL RISKS OF OUTDOOR SPORTS IN A CHANGING CLIMATE

Yıl 2022, , 145 - 163, 30.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.964457

Öz

It is inevitable that each sector has a distinct vulnerability to climate change in divergent dimensions with different aspects. When health, social, cultural, and economic components are considered together, the vulnerability of the sports sector to climate change cannot be ignored in terms of its mass impact. Thus, it is estimated that professional or amateur athletes, trainers, and spectators, as well as managers, administrators, media workers, and sponsor companies interested in outdoor sports will be exposed to the potential direct and/or indirect impacts of climate change in the future. In this context, the potential impacts and risks of climate change on outdoor sports activities were comprehensively reviewed in terms of climate change indicators about the health of athletes and spectators, venues and calendars of competitions. Accordingly, the danger and risk thresholds were determined for the mentioned sports branches, and the conditions that cause the postponement or cancellation of the competitions are examined. Additionally, the extent to which these values and conditions may change in the short and long term with the increasing impacts of climate change has been considered. Moreover, the rules and regulations added to the sports and health policies of countries in order to minimize or prevent the adverse impacts caused by climate change have been examined, and additional precautions to be taken have been mentioned. The review indicates that these potential climate change-related disruptions may pose a serious risk for outdoor sports in terms of the health of athletes and spectators and sectoral incomes.

Destekleyen Kurum

Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, İklim Değişikliği ve Politikaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi

Kaynakça

  • Ajadi, T., Ambler, T., Udwaida, Z., Wood, C. (2020). Annual Review of Football Finance 2020. UK: Deloitte. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/uk/Documents/sports-business-group/deloitte-uk-annual-review-of-football-finance-2020.pdf
  • Altinsoy, H., & Kurnaz, L. (2021). A new methodology for climate model selection and application to temperature of Europe. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 145(1), 95-107.
  • Armstrong, L. E., Casa, D. J., Millard-Stafford, M., Moran, D. S., Pyne, S. W., & Roberts, W. O. (2007). Exertional heat illness during training and competition. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(3), 556-572. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31802fa199
  • Aslan, C. S., & Eyuboglu, E. (2017). The effects of different environmental conditions (cold, heat and altitude) on soccer players’ performance and health. Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(2), 44-55. https://doi.org/10.5152/tjsm.2016.006
  • Bandini, N. (2011, November 7). “Udinese and Lazio make hay after Naples floods delay Juve’s progress”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2011/nov/07/udinese-lazio-naples-floods-juve
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  • Brocherie, F., Girard, O., & Millet, G. (2015). Emerging environmental and weather challenges in outdoor sports. Climate, 3(3), 492–521. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli3030492
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  • Casa, D. J., DeMartini, J. K., Bergeron, M. F., Csillan, D., Eichner, E. R., Lopez, R. M., Ferrara, M. S., Miller, K. C., O’Connor, F., Sawka, M. N., & Yeargin, S. W. (2015). National athletic trainers’ association position statement: exertional heat illnesses. Journal of Athletic Training, 50(9), 986-1000. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.9.07
  • Cheuvront, S. N., & Haymes, E. M. (2001). Thermoregulation and marathon running. Sports Medicine, 31(10), 743-762. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131100-00004
  • Clarey, C. (2019, June 7). “Rafael Nadal (Again) and the Wind Confound Roger Federer at the French Open”. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/07/sports/rafael-nadal-roger-federer-french-open.html
  • Davis, J. K., & Bishop, P. A. (2013). Impact of clothing on exercise in the heat. Sports Medicine, 43(8), 695-706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0047-8
  • Demiroglu, O. C., Turp, M. T., Kurnaz, M. L., & Abegg, B. (2021). The Ski Climate Index (SCI): fuzzification and a regional climate modeling application for Turkey. International Journal of Biometeorology, 65(5), 763-777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01991-0
  • ESPN. (2021, May 26). “Toronto Blue Jays-New York Yankees game postponed due to weather; doubleheader Thursday”. ESPN. https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/31516405/toronto-blue-jays-new-york-yankees-game-postponed-due-weather-doubleheader-thursday
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  • Giorgi, F., Coppola, E., Solmon, F., Mariotti, L., Sylla, M. B., Bi, X., ... & Brankovic, C. (2012). RegCM4: Model description and preliminary tests over multiple CORDEX domains. Climate Research, 52, 7-29. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01018
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  • Orr, M. (2020). On the potential impacts of climate change on baseball and cross-country skiing. Managing Sport and Leisure, 25(4), 307-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1723436
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  • Walker, S. (2014, February 11). “Sochi Winter Olympics on track to be warmest ever”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/feb/11/sochi-winter-olympics-warmest-ever
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POTENTIAL RISKS OF OUTDOOR SPORTS IN A CHANGING CLIMATE

Yıl 2022, , 145 - 163, 30.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.964457

Öz

It is inevitable that each sector has a distinct vulnerability to climate change in divergent dimensions with different aspects. When health, social, cultural, and economic components are considered together, the vulnerability of the sports sector to climate change cannot be ignored in terms of its mass impact. Thus, it is estimated that professional or amateur athletes, trainers, and spectators, as well as managers, administrators, media workers, and sponsor companies interested in outdoor sports will be exposed to the potential direct and/or indirect impacts of climate change in the future. In this context, the potential impacts and risks of climate change on outdoor sports activities were comprehensively reviewed in terms of climate change indicators about the health of athletes and spectators, venues and calendars of competitions. Accordingly, the danger and risk thresholds were determined for the mentioned sports branches, and the conditions that cause the postponement or cancellation of the competitions are examined. Additionally, the extent to which these values and conditions may change in the short and long term with the increasing impacts of climate change has been considered. Moreover, the rules and regulations added to the sports and health policies of countries in order to minimize or prevent the adverse impacts caused by climate change have been examined, and additional precautions to be taken have been mentioned. The review indicates that these potential climate change-related disruptions may pose a serious risk for outdoor sports in terms of the health of athletes and spectators and sectoral incomes.

Kaynakça

  • Ajadi, T., Ambler, T., Udwaida, Z., Wood, C. (2020). Annual Review of Football Finance 2020. UK: Deloitte. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/uk/Documents/sports-business-group/deloitte-uk-annual-review-of-football-finance-2020.pdf
  • Altinsoy, H., & Kurnaz, L. (2021). A new methodology for climate model selection and application to temperature of Europe. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 145(1), 95-107.
  • Armstrong, L. E., Casa, D. J., Millard-Stafford, M., Moran, D. S., Pyne, S. W., & Roberts, W. O. (2007). Exertional heat illness during training and competition. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(3), 556-572. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31802fa199
  • Aslan, C. S., & Eyuboglu, E. (2017). The effects of different environmental conditions (cold, heat and altitude) on soccer players’ performance and health. Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(2), 44-55. https://doi.org/10.5152/tjsm.2016.006
  • Bandini, N. (2011, November 7). “Udinese and Lazio make hay after Naples floods delay Juve’s progress”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2011/nov/07/udinese-lazio-naples-floods-juve
  • Bassam, T. (2018, July 13). “Fifa confirms winter World Cup dates for Qatar 2022”. SportsPro. https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/fifa-world-cup-dates-qatar-2022-winter
  • BBC Sport. (t.y.). “Sport 2050: Climatecast - a weather forecast from the future”. BBC Sport. https://www.bbc.com/sport/56972367
  • BBC Sport. (2014a, January 14). “Australian Open 2014: Dancevic complains of ‘inhumane’ treatment”. BBC Sport. https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/25724815
  • BBC Sport. (2014b, June 29). “World Cup 2014: Heat forces first cooling breaks in Brazil”. BBC Sport. https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/28075216
  • BBC News. (2015, June 30). “Who, What, Why: Will soaring temperatures affect the tennis at Wimbledon?”. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33325687
  • Bernard, P., Chevance, G., Kingsbury, C., Baillot, A., Romain, A. J., Molinier, V., Gadais, T., & Dancause, K. N. (2021). Climate change, physical activity and sport: a systematic review. Sports Medicine, 51(5), 1041-1059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01439-4
  • Bollinger, R. (2018, June 30). “Rosario, Wilson, Kepler day to day after exiting”. MLB. https://www.mlb.com/news/3-twins-players-exit-game-with-heat-illness-c283649756
  • Branch, J. (2018, February 15). “The Most Dominant Force at the Olympics? Wind”. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/15/sports/olympics/pyeongchang-wind.html
  • Brocherie, F., Girard, O., & Millet, G. (2015). Emerging environmental and weather challenges in outdoor sports. Climate, 3(3), 492–521. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli3030492
  • Casa, D. J., Guskiewicz, K. M., Anderson, S. A., Courson, R. W., Heck, J. F., Jimenez, C. C., McDermott, B. P., Miller, M. G., Stearns, R. L., Swartz, E. E., & Walsh, K. M. (2012). National athletic trainers’ association position statement: preventing sudden death in sports. Journal of Athletic Training, 47(1), 96-118. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.1.96
  • Casa, D. J., DeMartini, J. K., Bergeron, M. F., Csillan, D., Eichner, E. R., Lopez, R. M., Ferrara, M. S., Miller, K. C., O’Connor, F., Sawka, M. N., & Yeargin, S. W. (2015). National athletic trainers’ association position statement: exertional heat illnesses. Journal of Athletic Training, 50(9), 986-1000. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.9.07
  • Cheuvront, S. N., & Haymes, E. M. (2001). Thermoregulation and marathon running. Sports Medicine, 31(10), 743-762. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131100-00004
  • Clarey, C. (2019, June 7). “Rafael Nadal (Again) and the Wind Confound Roger Federer at the French Open”. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/07/sports/rafael-nadal-roger-federer-french-open.html
  • Davis, J. K., & Bishop, P. A. (2013). Impact of clothing on exercise in the heat. Sports Medicine, 43(8), 695-706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0047-8
  • Demiroglu, O. C., Turp, M. T., Kurnaz, M. L., & Abegg, B. (2021). The Ski Climate Index (SCI): fuzzification and a regional climate modeling application for Turkey. International Journal of Biometeorology, 65(5), 763-777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01991-0
  • ESPN. (2021, May 26). “Toronto Blue Jays-New York Yankees game postponed due to weather; doubleheader Thursday”. ESPN. https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/31516405/toronto-blue-jays-new-york-yankees-game-postponed-due-weather-doubleheader-thursday
  • FIFA. (t.y.). FIFA Stadium Safety and Security Regulations. https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/xycg4m3h1r1zudk7rnkb.pdf
  • Giorgetta, M. A., Jungclaus, J., Reick, C. H., Legutke, S., Bader, J., Böttinger, M., ... & Stevens, B. (2013). Climate and carbon cycle changes from 1850 to 2100 in MPI‐ESM simulations for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 5(3), 572-597. https://doi.org/10.1002/jame.20038
  • Giorgi, F., Coppola, E., Solmon, F., Mariotti, L., Sylla, M. B., Bi, X., ... & Brankovic, C. (2012). RegCM4: Model description and preliminary tests over multiple CORDEX domains. Climate Research, 52, 7-29. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01018
  • Gough, C. (2021a, June 16). “Major League Baseball total league revenue from 2001 to 2020”. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/193466/total-league-revenue-of-the-mlb-since-2005/
  • Gough, C. (2021b, June 16). “Average annual revenue per team in Major League Baseball from 2001 to 2019”. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/265990/average-revenue-perfranchise-in-major-league-baseball/
  • Göymen, K., Demiroglu, O. C., & Tülüş, C. (2017). Snow sports tourism development policies in Turkey. In D. Turner & S. Carnicelli (Eds.). Lifestyle Sports and Public Policy (pp. 63-81). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315624402
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  • Hackett, R. (2010, December 23). “When Nature Strikes”. ESPN. http://en.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/64001.html
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  • İlçe, A , Karabay, O . (2009). Ateş ölçümünde dört farklı vücut bölgesinin karşılaştırılması ve hasta tercihinin incelenmesi. Duzce Medical Journal, 11(3), 5-10.
  • Jacob, D., Elizalde, A., Haensler, A., Hagemann, S., Kumar, P., Podzun, R., ... & Wilhelm, C. (2012). Assessing the transferability of the regional climate model REMO to different coordinated regional climate downscaling experiment (CORDEX) regions. Atmosphere, 3(1), 181-199. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos3010181 Jacob, D., & Podzun, R. (1997). Sensitivity studies with the regional climate model REMO. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 63(1), 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01025368 Jendritzky, G., de Dear, R., & Havenith, G. (2012). UTCI—Why another thermal index? International Journal of Biometeorology, 56(3), 421-428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-011-0513-7 Johnson, E. C., Ganio, M. S., Lee, E. C., Lopez, R. M., McDermott, B. P., Casa, D. J., Maresh, C. M., & Armstrong, L. E. (2010). Perceptual responses while wearing an American football uniform in the heat. Journal of athletic training, 45(2), 107-116. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.2.107
  • Kadıoğlu, Y., & Acar, D. (2015). Ekstrem hava olayları ve futbol. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 32, 367-379. https://doi.org/10.14781/mcd.51679
  • Kennedy, C. (2014, February 10). “Sochi among the warmest Winter Olympics host cities”. Climate. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/sochi-among-warmest-winter-olympics-host-cities#:~:text=Olympics%20host%20cities-,Sochi%20among%20the%20warmest%20Winter%20Olympics%20host%20cities,-Author%3A%C2%A0
  • Knowles, N., Scott, D., & Steiger, R. (2020). Winter sports and climate change. In G. Dingle & C. Mallen (Eds.). Sport and Environmental Sustainability: Research and Strategic Management (pp. 140-161). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003003694
  • Kulka, T. J., & Kenney, W. L. (2002). Heat balance limits in football uniforms. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 30(7), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.3810/psm.2002.07.377
  • Lyons, K. (2019, October 10). “Rugby World Cup: England and New Zealand games cancelled as Japan braces for super typhoon – as it happened”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2019/oct/10/rugby-world-cup-tournament-japan-super-typhoon-hagibis-england-scotland-france-game-live
  • Maloney, S. K., & Forbes, C. F. (2010). What effect will a few degrees of climate change have on human heat balance? Implications for human activity. International Journal of Biometeorology, 55(2), 147-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-010-0320-6
  • Maughan, R., & Shirreffs, S. (2004). Exercise in the heat: challenges and opportunities. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(10), 917-927. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400005909
  • Maughan, R. J., Shirreffs, S. M., Ozgünen, K. T., Kurdak, S. S., Ersöz, G., Binnet, M. S., & Dvorak, J. (2010). Living, training and playing in the heat: challenges to the football player and strategies for coping with environmental extremes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20, 117-124.
  • McGrath, B. M. (2020, June 20). “Climate change: Sport heading for a fall as temperatures rise”. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-53111881
  • McNulty, P. (2008, May 22). “Man Utd earn dramatic Euro glory”. BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/7406252.stm
  • Miller, N. (2015, February 24). “Qatar World Cup weather”. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/weather/features/31605227
  • Murray, E. (2019, August 24). “Lightning strikes Tour Championship and leaves six spectators in hospital”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/aug/24/lightning-tour-championship-golf-spectators-hospital-east-lake
  • Orr, M. (2020). On the potential impacts of climate change on baseball and cross-country skiing. Managing Sport and Leisure, 25(4), 307-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1723436
  • Öztürk, T., Türkeş, M., & Kurnaz, M. L. (2011). Analysing projected changes in future air temperature and precipitation climatology of Turkey by using RegCM4.3.5 climate simulations. Aegean Geographical Journal, 20(1), 17-27.
  • Özünlü Pekyavaş, N., Çınar Medeni, Ö., Uzun, A., Baltacı, G. (2017). Relationshıp between thigh skin temperature, strength, aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacities in sailing. Niğde Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 193-199.
  • Périard, J. D., Racinais, S., Knez, W. L., Herrera, C. P., Christian, R. J., & Girard, O. (2014). Thermal, physiological and perceptual strain mediate alterations in match-play tennis under heat stress. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(Suppl 1), i32–i38. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093063
  • Riahi, K., Rao, S., Krey, V., Cho, C., Chirkov, V., Fischer, G., Kindermann, G., Nakicenovic, N., & Rafaj, P. (2011). RCP 8.5—A scenario of comparatively high greenhouse gas emissions. Climatic Change, 109(1), 33-57.
  • Roberts, W. O. (2007). Exertional heat stroke in the marathon. Sports Medicine, 37(4), 440–443. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737040-00044
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  • Steiger, R., Scott, D., Abegg, B., Pons, M., & Aall, C. (2019). A critical review of climate change risk for ski tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(11), 1343-1379. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1410110
  • The Guardian. (2012, June 15). “Euro 2012: France and Ukraine run for shelter as thunderstorm strikes”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/jun/15/euro-2012-ukraine-france-thunderstorm The Guardian. (2018, December 29). “Australian Open introduces extreme heat policy ahead of scorching summer”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/dec/29/australia-open-introduces-extreme-heat-policy-ahead-of-scorching-summer
  • Thom, E. C. (1959). The discomfort index. Weatherwise, 12(2), 57-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00431672.1959.9926960
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  • Turp, M. T., Öztürk, T., Türkeş, M., & Kurnaz, M. L. (2014). Investigation of projected changes for near future air temperature and precipitation climatology of Turkey and surrounding regions by using the regional climate model RegCM4.3.5. Aegean Geographical Journal, 23(1), 1-24.
  • Walker, S. (2014, February 11). “Sochi Winter Olympics on track to be warmest ever”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/feb/11/sochi-winter-olympics-warmest-ever
  • Young, R. (2014, June 6). “Air conditioning goes out in Game 1”. ESPN. https://www.espn.com/nba/playoffs/2014/story/_/id/11039853/2014-nba-finals-lebron-james-exits-game-1-loss-thigh-cramp-c-fails
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Utku Gökçe 0000-0003-2838-9989

Ayça Dalboy 0000-0002-0391-3513

Nazan An 0000-0002-2705-9614

Mustafa Tufan Turp 0000-0002-3980-2153

Levent Kurnaz 0000-0003-3050-9847

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mart 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Gökçe, U., Dalboy, A., An, N., Turp, M. T., vd. (2022). POTENTIAL RISKS OF OUTDOOR SPORTS IN A CHANGING CLIMATE. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(1), 145-163. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.964457

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