THE EFFECT OF GOAL ORIENTATION ON MOTIVATIONAL ORIENTATION IN PROFESSIONAL SOCCER PLAYERS

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 4, 265 - 274, 30.12.2019

Erdem Çakaloğlu Onur Akyüz Buse Sulu Perican Bayar

https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.637261

Cited By: 2

Öz

Goal
orientation was proposed by Nicholls (1989), and refers to how a person shows
competence divided into two different directions: ego and task orientation.
Deci and Ryan (1985) stated that individuals participate and continue sport
activities for certain internal or external reasons. Intrinsic motivation
refers to one's participation in an activity, pleasure and satisfaction from
this situation. External motivation, on the other hand, is expressed as
reinforcers carrying material and spiritual values ​​through other people.
Understanding the motivation and goal orientation of individuals participating
in sports can help coaches to develop training programs and improve adherence
to performance. The aim of this study is to investigate how the goal
orientations of professional footballers affect their motivational
orientations. 121 (Xyas = 23.6 ± 3.6 years) professional football players
participated in the study. In order to determine the target orientations of the
participants, ‘Sporda Görev ve Ego Yönelimi Ölçeği (SGYÖ)’ adapted to Turkish
by Toros (2001) and to determine their motivational orientations, ‘Sporda
Güdülenme Ölçeği (SGÖ)’ adapted to Turkish by Kazak (2001) were used. For the
analysis of data In the first stage, 4 groups were formed according to the
scores obtained by the participants from the SGYÖ: High ego-Low task, Low
ego-High task, High ego-High task and Low ego-Low task. Then 4 (Group) x 3
(internal, external, amotivation) One Way ANOVA was used. According to the
findings of the study, Low Ego-High Task-oriented athletes scored significantly
higher than the intrinsic motivation sub-dimension compared to High Ego-Low
Task-oriented athletes (p <0.05). When the scores obtained from the
Amotivation sub-dimension of the groups were examined, the Low Ego-High Task
orientation group scores were significantly lower than the Low Ego-Low Task and
High Ego-High Task orientation groups (p <0.05). When the results of this
study are examined, it can be said that high duty-low ego-oriented players have
more intrinsic motivation than low duty-high ego-oriented players. This
situation is in parallel with many studies in the literature (Ryan and Deci,
2007; van de Pol et al., 2012). Given the critical importance of contributing
to the training of more successful athletes, it is recommended to increase
efforts to increase intrinsic motivation and task orientation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Football, Goal Orientation, Motivation

PROFESYONEL FUTBOLCULARDA HEDEF YÖNELİMİNİN MOTİVASYONEL YÖNELİM ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Öz

Hedef yönelimi Nicholls (1989)
tarafından ortaya atılmış ve bir kişinin nasıl yetkinlik gösterdiği ego ve
görev yönelimi olmak üzere iki farklı yöne ayrılmıştır. Deci ve Ryan (1985) bireylerin belirli
içsel ya da dışsal nedenlerle sportif aktiviteye katıldıklarını ve devam ettirdiklerini
belirtmiştir. İçsel motivasyon, kişinin bir etkinliğe katılmasını, bu durumdan
haz alması ve doyum sağlamasını ifade etmektedir. Dışsal motivasyon ise, diğer
insanlar aracılığıyla gelen maddi, manevi değerler taşıyan pekiştireçler olarak
ifade edilmektedir. Spora
katılan bireylerde motivasyon ve hedef yönelimini anlamak, performansı
arttırmada antrenman programları geliştirilmesinde ve bu programlara bağlılığı
sağlamada antrenörlere yardımcı olabilir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, profesyonel
futbolcuların hedef yönelimlerinin motivasyonel yönelimlerini nasıl
etkilediğini incelemektir. Araştırmaya 121 (Xyaş= 23.6± 3.6 yıl) profesyonel futbolcu katılmıştır.
Katılımcıların hedef yönelimlerini belirlemek için Toros (2001) tarafından Türk
popülasyonuna uyarlanan ‘‘Sporda Görev ve Ego Yönelimi Ölçeği (SGYÖ)’’,
motivasyonel yönelimlerini belirlemek için ise Kazak (2001) tarafından
Türkçe’ye uyarlanan ‘‘Sporda Güdülenme Ölçeği (SGÖ)’’ kullanılmıştır. Verilerin
analizi için İlk aşamada katılımcıların SGYÖ’den aldıkları puanlara göre 4 grup
oluşturulmuştur: Yüksek ego- Düşük görev, Düşük ego- Yüksek görev, Yüksek
ego-Yüksek görev ve Düşük ego-Düşük görev. Sonrasında 4 (Grup) x 3 (içsel,
dışsal, amotivasyon) One Way ANOVA’dan faydalanılmıştır. Araştırmanın bulgularına
göre Düşük Ego-Yüksek Görev yönelimli sporcular, Yüksek Ego-Düşük Görev
yönelimli sporculara göre içsel motivasyon alt boyutundan anlamlı düzeyde daha
yüksek puan almışlardır (p<0.05). Grupların Amotivasyon alt boyutundan
aldıkları puanlar incelendiğinde Düşük Ego-Yüksek Görev yönelimi grubu
puanları, Düşük Ego-Düşük Görev ve Yüksek Ego-Yüksek Görev yönelimi
gruplarından anlamlı düzeyde daha düşüktür (p<0.05). Bu Araştırmanın
sonuçlarına bakıldığında, Yüksek Görev-Düşük Ego yönelimli futbolcuların Düşük
Görev-Yüksek Ego yönelimlilere göre daha fazla içsel motivasyona sahip olduğu
söylenebilir. Bu durum literatürde yer alan birçok çalışma ile paralellik
göstermektedir (Ryan ve Deci, 2007; van de Pol ve ark., 2012). Daha başarılı
sporcuların yetişmesine katkı sağlamadaki kritik önemi göz önüne alındığında içsel
motivasyonu ve görev yönelimini arttırmaya yönelik çalışmaların arttırılması
önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Futbol, Hedef Yönelimi, Motivasyon

Kaynakça

• Aracı, H. Aracı, Ş. (2014) Spor Bilimleri Öğretimi (1. Basım) Ankara
• Bayar, P. (2010). Türkiyede kullanılan egzersiz ve spor psikolojisi testleri. Gündüz Eğitim ve Yayıncılık, Ankara.
• Balaguer, I., Duda, J. L., Atienza, F. L. and Mayo, C. 2002. Situational and dispositional goals as predictors of perceptions of individual and team improvement, satisfaction and coach ratings among elite female handball teams. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 3: 293–308.
• Castillo, I., Tomás, I., Balaguer, I., Fonseca, A. M., Dias, C., & Duda, J. L. (2010). The Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire: Testing for measurement invariance and latent mean differences in Spanish and Portuguese adolescents. International Journal of Testing, 10(1), 21-32.
• Chin, N-S., Khoo, S., Low, W-Y. (2012). Self-determination and goal orientation in track and field. Journal of Human Kinetics, 33, 151-171. doi:10.2478/v10078-012-0054-0
• Cremades, J.G., Flournoy, B., & Gomez, C.B. (2012). Scholarship status and gender differences in motivation among U.S. collegiate track and field athletes. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 7(2), 333-344.
• ÇAKIR, Esra (2006). Anadolu Öğretmen Liselerinde Okuyan Öğrencilerin Depresyon ve Motivasyon Düzeyleri, Sakarya Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• Davids, K.; Araújo, D.; Schuttleworth, R. Applications of dynamical systems theory to football. In Science and Football V; Reilly, T., Cabri, J., Araújo, D., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK, 2005; pp. 547–560
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Cognitive evaluation theory. In Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior (pp. 43-85). Springer, Boston, MA.
• Deci, E. L., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective. Educational psychologist, 26(3-4), 325-346.
• Duda, J. L. (1989). Relationship between task and ego orientation and the perceived purpose of sport among high school athletes. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 11(3), 318-335.
• Duda, J. L., & White, S. A. (1992). Goal orientations and beliefs about the causes of sport success among elite skiers. The sport psychologist, 6(4), 334-343.
• Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological review, 95(2), 256.
• Gonzalez, G. B. (2019). Motivation and Goal Orientation in Rock Climbers. Journal of Sport Behavior, 42(1).
• Hendry, D. T., Crocker, P. R., & Hodges, N. J. (2014). Practice and play as determinants of self-determined motivation in youth soccer players. Journal of Sport Sciences, 32 (11), 1091-1099.
• Hepler, T. J., & Witte, K. S. (2016). Motivational regulations and goal orientation in division III basketball players: Gender and playing status differences. International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science, 4(2), 62-71.
• Kavussanu, M., & Roberts, G. C. (1996). Motivation in physical activity contexts: The relationship of perceived motivational climate to intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 18(3), 264-280.
• Kavussanu, M., White, S. A., Jowett, S., & England, S. (2011). Elite and non-elite male footballers differ in goal orientation and perceptions of parental climate. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(3), 284-290.Kazak, Z. (1995). " Sporda güdülenme ölçeği-sgö-" nin türk sporcuları için güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(4), 191-206.
• Koenig, C.J. &Butki, B.D. (2000). Motivation, goal orientation, and perceived motivational climate in youth soccer players. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 22 (4), 358
• Koruç Z, (2002) Sporda Self Determinasyon Kuramı, 7. Uluslararası Spor Bilimleri Kongresi, 279-285, Antalya
• Koumpoula, M., Tsopani, D., Flessas, K., & Chairopoulou, C. (2011). Goal orientations and sport motivation, differences between the athletes of competitive and non-competitive rhythmic gymnastics. J Sport Med Phys Fit, 51(3), 480-488.
• Lochbaum, M. R., & Roberts, G. C. (1993). Goal orientations and perceptions of the sport experience. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 15(2), 160-171.
• Lochbaum, M., Kazak Çetinkalp, Z., Graham, K. A., Wright, T., & Zazo, R. (2016). Task and ego goal orientations in competitive sport: A quantitative review of the literature from 1989 to 2016. Kinesiology: International journal of fundamental and applied kinesiology, 48(1), 3-29.
• Lochbaum, M., Zazo, R., Kazak Qelinkalp, Z.. Wright, T., Graham, K. A., & Kontlinen, N. (2016) . A meta-analytic review of achievement goal orientation correlates in competitive sport: A follow-up to Lochbaum et al.(2016). Kinesiology: International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Kinesiology, 48, 159-173.
• Menegassi, V. M., Rechenchosky, L., Borges, P. H., Nazario, P. F., Carneiro, A. F., Fiorese, L., & Rinaldi, W. (2018). Impact of motivation on anxiety and tactical knowledge of young soccer players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(1), 170-174.
• Newton, M., & Duda, J. L. (1993). The relationship of task and ego orientation to performance: Cognitive content, affect, and attributions in bowling. Journal of Sport Behavior, 16(4), 209.
• Nicholls, J. G., & Hernandez, U. G. (1989). Growth and synapse formation by identified leech neurones in culture: a review. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology: Translation and Integration, 74(6), 965-973.
• Ntoumanis, N. (2001). Empirical links between achievement goal theory and self-determination theory in sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19(6), 397-409.
• Ong, N. C. (2019). Assessing objective achievement motivation in elite athletes: A comparison according to gender, sport type, and competitive level. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(4), 397-409.
• Ong, N. C. (2019). Assessing objective achievement motivation in elite athletes: A comparison according to gender, sport type, and competitive level. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(4), 397-409.
• Pazo, C.I.; Sáenz-López, P.; Fradua, L. Influencia del contexto deportivo en la formación de los futbolistas de la selección española de fútbol. Rev. Psicol. Dep. 2012, 21, 291–299.
• Pelletier, L. G., Tuson, K. M., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Briere, N. M., & Blais, M. R. (1995). Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 35-53.
• Raja Adzhar, R. J. I., Abd Aziz, S., Zakaria, J., Osman, N., & Azmi, S. H. (2019). Correlation between leadership style and athlete motivation among males and females adolescents. Malaysian Journal of Movement, Health & Exercise, 8(2), 45-56.
• Rhea, N. A. (2019). Goal Orientations and Beliefs About Success in Age Group Swimmers.
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2007). Active human nature: Self-determination Theory and promotion and maintenance of sport, exercise, and health. In M. S. Hagger, & N. L. Chatzisarantis (Eds.), Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport (pp. 1-19). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
• Satome, H., Harada, K., & Nakamura, Y. (2012). The relationship between change in perceived motivational climate and change in goal orientations among Japanese ice hockey players. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 7(1), 81-88.
• Sheehan, R. B., Herring, M. P., & Campbell, M. J. (2018). Associations between motivation and mental health in sport: A test of the Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 707.
• Sideridis, G. D., & Kaplan, A. (2011). Achievement goals and persistence across tasks: The roles of failure and success. The Journal of Experimental Education, 79(4), 429-451.
• Smith, A. L., Balaguer, I., & Duda, J. L. (2006). Goal orientation profile differences on perceived motivational climate, perceived peer relationships, and motivation-related responses of youth athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(12), 1315-1327.
• Souza Filho, M. J. D., Albuquerque, M. R., Costa, I. T. D., Malloy-Diniz, L. F., & Costa, V. T. D. (2018). Comparison of the motivation level of soccer players with high and low played time in matches under-20. Journal of Physical Education, 29.
• Soyer, F., Can, Y., Güven, H., Hergüner, G., Bayansalduz, M., & Tetik, B. (2010). Sporculardaki başarı motivasyonu ile takım birlikteliği arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 225-239.
• Stephens, D.,E. Bredemeier. B.,J.,L. (1995). Moral atmosphere and judgements about aggression in girls‟ soccer: Relationship among moral and motivation variables. J Sport Exer Psychology, 18, 158-173.
• Toros, T. (2002). Elit ve elit olmayan erkek basketbolcularda hedef yönelimi, güdüsel (motivasyonel) iklim ve yaşam doyumu. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(3), 24-36.
• Toros, T. (2004). " sporda görev ve ego yönelim ölçeği-sgeyö-" nin türk sporcuları için güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(3), 155-166.
• Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., Blais, M. R., Briere, N. M., Senecal, C., & Vallieres, E. F. (1992). The Academic Motivation Scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education. Educational and psychological measurement, 52(4), 1003-1017.
• van de Pol, P. K., Kavussanu, M., & Ring, C. (2012). Goal orientations, perceived motivational climate, and motivational outcomes in football: A comparison between training and competition contexts. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(4), 491-499.
• Vazou, S., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. L. (2005). Peer motivational climate in youth sport: A qualitative inquiry. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 6(5), 497-516.
• Vazou, S., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. L. (2006). Predicting young athletes' motivational indices as a function of their perceptions of the coach-and peer-created climate. Psychology of sport and exercise, 7(2), 215-233.
• Walling, M. D., & Duda, J. L. (1995). Goals and their associations with beliefs about success in and perceptions of the purposes of physical education. Journal of teaching in physical education, 14(2), 140-156.
• Yazici, H. (2009). Öğretmenlik mesleği, motivasyon kaynaklari ve temel tutumlar: Kuramsal bir bakiş. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 17(1), 33-46.
• Zaccaro, S. J., Blair, V., Peterson, C., & Zazanis, M. (1995). Collective efficacy. In Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment (pp. 305-328). Springer, Boston, MA.