Biomechanical Determinants of Sprint Performance and Horizontal Force-Velocity Profile Components: A Traditional Review

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 189 - 209, 30.06.2025

Salih Çabuk , İzzet İnce

https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1542027

Öz

Sprint is particularly associated with athletes' abilities to accelerate and run at high speeds. During sprint, athletes generate high levels of horizontal force (HF) and apply this force effectively to the ground. The components of the horizontal force-velocity (HF-V) profile play a critical role in this process and are considered an essential factor in optimizing performance. In recent years, with the growing interest in the force-velocity (F-V) relationship, many coaches and field professionals have been enhancing their knowledge in this area in the context of optimizing sprint performance. The purpose of this review is to present a conceptual framework for a comprehensive analysis of the components of the HF-V profile and to conduct an in-depth examination of the neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristics underpinning sprint performance. The direction and magnitude of the HF applied to the ground determine the athlete’s rate of acceleration and ability to reach maximum speed. During sprint, the athlete’s body position ensures the effective application of force. In the acceleration phase of sprint, correctly directing the force applied to the ground is a critical factor in optimizing performance. Therefore, focusing on the correct application of force direction during training is crucial for improving sprint performance. Enhancing components such as F0rel, Pmaxrel, and RFmax can boost performance in the initial stages of sprint, thereby significantly improving an athlete’s overall sprint abilities. Moreover, these components play a critical role in reducing potential injury risks and enhancing sprint performance. Consequently, optimizing the HF-V profile components according to individual needs can be considered a strategic approach to improving athletic performance and minimizing injury risks. This review provides a comprehensive guide for athletes and coaches aiming to enhance sprint performance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sprint , sprint acceleration , ground reaction force , horizontal force-velocity profile

SPRİNT PERFORMANSININ BİYOMEKANİK BELİRLEYİCİLERİ VE YATAY KUVVET-HIZ PROFİLİ BİLEŞENLERİ: GELENEKSEL DERLEME

Öz

Sprint, özellikle sporcuların ivmelenme ve yüksek hızda koşma yetenekleriyle ilişkilidir. Sprint sırasında, sporcular yüksek düzeyde yatay kuvvet (YK) üretmekte ve bu kuvveti etkili bir şekilde zemine uygulamaktadır. Yatay kuvvet-hız (YK-H) profili bileşenleri, bu süreçte kritik bir rol oynamaktadır ve performansın optimize edilmesinde önemli bir bileşen olarak kabul edilmektedir. Son yıllarda, kuvvet-hız (K-H) ilişkisine yönelik artan ilgiyle birlikte, birçok antrenör ve saha profesyoneli, sprint performansını optimize etme bağlamında bu alana dair bilgisini geliştirmektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı, YK-H profilinin bileşenlerini derinlemesine incelemek için kavramsal bir çerçeve sunmak ve sprint performansının nöromüsküler ve biyomekanik özelliklerini ayrıntılı olarak gözden geçirmektir. Zemine uygulanan YK yönü ve büyüklüğü, sporcunun ivmelenme hızını ve maksimum hıza ulaşma yeteneğini belirlemektedir. Sprint sırasında sporcunun vücut pozisyonu, kuvvetin etkin bir şekilde uygulanmasını sağlamaktadır. Sprintin ivmelenme aşamasında yere uygulanan kuvvetin doğru yönde yönlendirilmesi, performansın optimize edilmesi açısından kritik bir faktördür. Bu nedenle, antrenmanlar sırasında kuvvetin doğru yönde uygulanmasına odaklanmak, sprint performansını iyileştirmek için önemlidir. F0rel, Pmaxrel ve YKmax gibi bileşenlerin geliştirilmesi, sprintin ilk aşamalarındaki performansı artırabilir ve bu sayede sporcunun genel sprint yeteneklerini önemli ölçüde iyileştirebilir. Ayrıca, bu bileşenler, olası yaralanma risklerini azaltmada ve sprint performansını artırmada kritik rol oynamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, YK-H profili bileşenlerinin bireysel ihtiyaçlara göre optimize edilmesi, sporcunun performansını artırmak ve yaralanma risklerini en aza indirmek için stratejik bir yaklaşım olarak değerlendirilebilir. Bu derleme, sprint performansını geliştirmek isteyen sporcular ve antrenörler için kapsamlı bir rehber sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sprint , sprint ivmelenmesi , zemin tepki kuvveti , yatay kuvvet-hız profili

Kaynakça

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