Araştırma Makalesi
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Lillehammer 1994’ten Günümüze Kış Olimpiyatları’nda Karbon Ayak İzi Azaltma Uygulamaları ve Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2023, , 14 - 27, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.53025/sportive.1257324

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, resmi raporları temel alarak 1994 Lillehammer Kış Olimpiyatları’ndan günümüze, Kış Oyunları düzenleyen Olimpiyat Oyunları Organizasyon Komiteleri’nin (OOOK) karbon ayak izi azaltmaya yönelik çevresel sürdürülebilirlik uygulamalarını kategorileştirmek, sonuçlarını değerlendirmek ve bütün paydaşlar için daha anlaşılır hale getirmektir. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden çoklu vaka desenin kullanıldığı araştırmanın vakalarını, 1994 ile 2022 yılları arasında gerçekleşen 8 Kış Olimpiyat Oyunu oluşturmuştur. Araştırma verilerinin analizinde içerik analizinden yararlanılmıştır. Verilerin analiziyle ortaya çıkan karbon ayak iziyle ilişikli toplam 12 kod, 5 kategori altında birleştirilmiştir. Bu kategoriler tablolaştırılarak görsel hale getirilmiş ve örneklerle açıklanmıştır. Araştırma bulguları, OOOK uygulamalarının Uluslararası Olimpiyat Komitesi normlarıyla paralel olarak gerçekleştiği, çeşitlenerek kapsamının genişlediği ve standartlaşmanın giderek arttığı gibi olumlu gelişmeler olduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak gerçekleşen uygulamaların ve belirlenen normların, şimdilik dünyanın güncel ihtiyaçlarını ve çevre odağındaki eleştirileri tamamen giderecek etki düzeyine, sahip olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

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Carbon Footprint Reduction Practices in the Winter Olympic Games and an Evaluation: From Lillehammer 1994 to the Present Games

Yıl 2023, , 14 - 27, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.53025/sportive.1257324

Öz

The aim of this research was to categorize environmental sustainability practices to reduce the carbon footprint of OCOGs from the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Olympics to the present, on the basis of their official reports, to evaluate their results and to make them more understandable for all stakeholders. This qualitative research was designed in multi case-study methods. The cases of this research were, 8 Winter Olympic Games that took place between 1994 and 2022. Content analysis was used to analyze the research data. As a result of the data analysis, a total of 12 codes related to carbon footprint were combined under 5 categories. These categories were tabulated to visualize findings, and explained with examples. Research findings have presented some positive developments like OCOGs practices were realized in parallel with International Olympic Committee norms, diversified, expanded in scope and increasingly standardized. Although, findings of the study revealed some positive developments in practices, the conclusion was, practices and norms are not effective level to completely eliminate the current needs of the world and the criticisms in the environmental focus for now.

Kaynakça

  • Bas, D., Zohouri Haghian, P. ve Hoagland, S. (2022). Addressing climate change through sport [Policy Brief] (No: PB_128).UN, Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
  • Bellisle, M. (2022, 11 Ocak). Climate change: Athletes flag the dangers of manmade snow. AP NEWS. https://apnews.com/article/sports-environment-and-nature-2020-tokyo-olympics-biathlon-great-britain-olympic-team-890c56f68946d6046103fe31d767ff75 adresinden 11 Şubat 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games [BOCOG]. (2022a). Low-Carbon Management of the Beijing 2022 Games Pre-Games Report
  • Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games [BOCOG]. (2022b). Sustainability for the Future: Beijing 2022 Pre-Games Sustainability Report.
  • Boykoff, J. (2014). Celebration capitalism and the Olympic Games. Routledge.
  • Caradonna, J. L. (2014). Sustainability: A history (1.Baskı).Oxford University Press
  • Cantelon, H. ve Letters, M. (2000). The making of the Ioc environmental policy as the third dimension of the Olympic Movement. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 35(3), 294-308. doi:10.1177/101269000035003004
  • Chappelet, J.-L. (2008). Olympic Environmental concerns as a legacy of the Winter Games. International Journal of The History of Sport, 25(14), 1884-1902. doi:10.1080/09523360802438991
  • Cheshire, T. (2022, 13 Şubat). Beijing 2022: Lack of natural snow is “disturbing” but Games are being “delivered with sustainability”, says IOC. Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/beijing-2022-lack-of-natural-snow-is-disturbing-but-games-are-being-delivered-with-sustainability-says-ioc-12539111 adresinden 11 Şubat 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Dávid, L. (2009). Environmental Impacts of Events. İçinde R. Raj ve J. Musgrave (Eds.), Event Management and Sustainability. (1. Baskı, ss.66-76). CABI.
  • De Guzman, C. (2022, 8 Şubat). Why artificial snow in Beijing is bad for the Winter Olympics. TIME. https://time.com/6146039/artificial-snow-2022-olympics-beijing/ adresinden 12 Şubat 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Dolf, M. ve Teehan, P. (2015). Reducing the carbon footprint of spectator and team travel at the University of British Columbia’s varsity sports events. Sport Management Review, 18(2). 244-255.doi:10.1016/j.smr.2014.06.003
  • Dresner, S. (2009). The principles of sustainability (2.Baskı). Earthscan.
  • European Comission. (2013) Establishing the User’s Guide Setting Out the Steps Needed to Participate in EMAS [Comission Decision].(No 1221/2009).
  • Futterman, M. ve Zhong, R. (2022, 5 Şubat). Beijing wanted the Winter Olympics. All it needed was Snow. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/05/sports/olympics/snow-winter-olympics.html adresinden 20 Ocak 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Gerring, J. (2017). Case study research: Principles and practices (2. Baskı). Cambridge University Press. Global Carbon Atlas. (2023, 15 Ocak). CO2 Emissions. http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions adresinden 15 Ocak 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Handl, G. (2012). Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 1972 and the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992. United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law. https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/dunche/dunche_e.pdf adresinden 28 Aralık 2022’de alınmıştır.
  • Horton, B. A. (2022, 3 Şubat). How is Beijing hosting the Winter Olympics with no snow? Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/green/2022/02/03/how-is-beijing-hosting-the-winter-olympics-with-no-snow adresinden 11 Şubat 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
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  • International Olympic Committee [IOC]. (2005). Sport, environment and sustainable development progress report:A review of IOC policy and activities 2003-2005.
  • International Olympic Committee [IOC]. (2012). Sustainability through Sport: Implementing the Olympic Movement’s Agenda 21.
  • International Olympic Committee [IOC]. (2017). IOC Sustainability Strategy.
  • International Olympic Committee [IOC]. (2018). Carbon footprint methodology for the Olympic Games.
  • International Olympic Committee [IOC]. (2020a). Olympic Games to become “climate positive” from 2030.
  • Olympic News. https://olympics.com/ioc/news/olympic-games-to-become-climate-positive-from-2030 adresinden 9 Şubat 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
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  • Jackson, P. (2007, Haziran). From Stockholm to Kyoto: A brief history of climate change. United Nations Chronicle. https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/stockholm-kyoto-brief-history-climate-change adresinden 14 Ocak 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
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  • Kennedy, C. (2014, 10 Şubat). Sochi among the warmest Winter Olympics host cities. Climate.gov. http://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/sochi-among-warmest-winter-olympics-host-cities adresinden 1 Şubat 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
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  • Misener, L. ve Mason, D. S. (2006). Creating community networks: Can sporting events offer meaningful sources of social capital?. Managing Leisure, 11(1), 39-56.
  • Müller, M., Wolfe, S., Gaffney, C., Gogishvili, D., Leick, A. ve Hug, M. (2021). An evaluation of the sustainability of the Olympic Games. Nature Sustainability, 4, 340-348. doi:10.1038/s41893-021-00696-5 Nagano Olympic Organizing Committee [NAOC]. (1999a). The XVIII Olympic Winter Games: Official report Nagano 1998 (1. Cilt).
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  • Orr, M., Dingle, G., Kellison, T. B. ve Walker, J. R. (2022). Slippery slopes: How climate change is threatening the 2022 Winter Olympics. Loughborough University.
  • Orr, M. ve Inoue, Y. (2019). Sport versus climate: Introducing the climate vulnerability of sport organizations framework. Sport Management Review, 22(4), 452-463. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.007
  • PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic Games [POCOG]. (2017a). Furthering benefits to people and nature: PyeongChang 2018 pre-Games sustainability report.
  • PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic Games [POCOG]. (2017b). PyeongChang greenhouse gas management report: Carbon responsible Games.
  • PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic Games [POCOG]. (2019). PyeongChang 2018 Official Report (3. Cilt).
  • Raj, R. ve Musgrave, J. (2009). The Economics of Sustainable Events. J. Musgrave ve R. Raj (Eds.), İçinde Event Management and Sustainability (1. Baskı, ss. 56-65). CABI.
  • Robertson, M. (2017). Sustainability principles and practice (2. Baskı). Routledge; Taylor & Francis Group. Ross, W. J. ve Leopkey, B. (2017). The adoption and evolution of environmental practices in the Olympic Games. Managing Sport and Leisure, 22(1), 1-18. doi:10.1080/23750472.2017.1326291
  • Schmidt, R. (2020). The carbon footprint of the Games: International climate change law and the Olympics. AJIL Unbound, 114, 362-367. doi:10.1017/aju.2020.71
  • Scott, D., Knowles, N. L. B., Ma, S., Rutty, M. ve Steiger, R. (2023). Climate change and the future of the Olympic Winter Games: Athlete and coach perspectives. Current Issues in Tourism, 26(3), 480-495. doi:10.1080/13683500.2021.2023480
  • Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games [SLOC]. (2000). Environment annual report: November 2000.
  • Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games [SLOC]. (2002). Official report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games Salt Lake 2002 (1. Cilt).
  • Sochi Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games [SOCOG]. (2012). Towards the Games! : Sochi 2014 sustainability report 2011-2012 (2. Cilt).
  • Sochi Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games [SOCOG]. (2013). Implementation of Green Building Standards: (7. Rapor)
  • Sochi Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games [SOCOG]. (2014). Sochi 2014 Legacy Report.
  • Sochi Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games [SOCOG]. (2015). Sochi 2014 Official Report (3. Cilt).
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  • United Nations [UN]. (1994). Building a peaceful and better world through sport and the Olympic Ideal (No: A/49/L.46).
  • United Nations [UN]. (1997). Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations framework convention on climate change (No: FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.1).
  • United Nations [UN]. (2015a). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. United Nations [UN]. (2015b). Paris Agreement. (No: UNST/LEG(092)/P23).
  • United Nations [UN]. (2016). Sport for development and peace: Towards sport’s enabling of sustainable development and peace (No: A/71/179).
  • United Nations [UN]. (2017). Work of the statistical commission pertaining to the 2030 agenda for sustainable development ( No: A/RES/71/313).
  • United Nations [UN]. (2018a). The contribution of sports to the achievement of the sustainable development goals: A toolkit for action (No: ST/DESA(05)/S675).
  • United Nations [UN]. (2018b). Sport as an enabler of sustainable development (No: A/RES/73/24).
  • United Nations [UN]. (2018c). Sports for Climate Action Framework. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
  • United Nations [UN]. (2020a). Sport: A global accelerator of peace and sustainable development for all [Report of the Secretary-General] (No: A/75/155/Rev.1).
  • United Nations [UN]. (2020b). Sport as an enabler of sustainable development (No: A/RES/75/18).
  • United Nations [UN]. (2022). Sport: Catalyst for a better, stronger recovery for all (No: A/77/161).
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [UNFCCC]. (2017, 5 Kasım). Sports Representatives and the UN Pitch for Climate Action.
  • Vancouver Organizing Committee [VANOC]. (2010a). Vancouver 2010 Sustainability Report: 2009-2010 (3. Cilt).
  • Vancouver Organizing Committee [VANOC]. (2010b). Vancouver 2010: Staging the Olympic Winter Games Knowledge Report (2. Cilt).
  • World Commission on Environment and Development [WCED]. (1987). Our Common Future.
  • Wicker, P. (2018). The carbon footprint of active sport tourists: An empirical analysis of skiers and boarders. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 22(2), 151-171. doi:10.1080/14775085.2017.1313706
  • Wouts, M. (2020, Haziran). Enhancing urban environmental sustainability with the hosting of Olympic Games: Reality or dream?. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Aalborg Universitet, Denmark.
Toplam 76 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor Hekimliği, Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nazlı Güloğlu 0000-0002-1400-2643

Ege Direnç Erkan 0000-0001-8154-0567

Zafer Çimen 0000-0002-2752-4053

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Şubat 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Güloğlu, N., Erkan, E. D., & Çimen, Z. (2023). Lillehammer 1994’ten Günümüze Kış Olimpiyatları’nda Karbon Ayak İzi Azaltma Uygulamaları ve Değerlendirilmesi. Sportive, 6(1), 14-27. https://doi.org/10.53025/sportive.1257324
AMA Güloğlu N, Erkan ED, Çimen Z. Lillehammer 1994’ten Günümüze Kış Olimpiyatları’nda Karbon Ayak İzi Azaltma Uygulamaları ve Değerlendirilmesi. SPORTIVE. Mart 2023;6(1):14-27. doi:10.53025/sportive.1257324
Chicago Güloğlu, Nazlı, Ege Direnç Erkan, ve Zafer Çimen. “Lillehammer 1994’ten Günümüze Kış Olimpiyatları’nda Karbon Ayak İzi Azaltma Uygulamaları Ve Değerlendirilmesi”. Sportive 6, sy. 1 (Mart 2023): 14-27. https://doi.org/10.53025/sportive.1257324.
EndNote Güloğlu N, Erkan ED, Çimen Z (01 Mart 2023) Lillehammer 1994’ten Günümüze Kış Olimpiyatları’nda Karbon Ayak İzi Azaltma Uygulamaları ve Değerlendirilmesi. Sportive 6 1 14–27.
IEEE N. Güloğlu, E. D. Erkan, ve Z. Çimen, “Lillehammer 1994’ten Günümüze Kış Olimpiyatları’nda Karbon Ayak İzi Azaltma Uygulamaları ve Değerlendirilmesi”, SPORTIVE, c. 6, sy. 1, ss. 14–27, 2023, doi: 10.53025/sportive.1257324.
ISNAD Güloğlu, Nazlı vd. “Lillehammer 1994’ten Günümüze Kış Olimpiyatları’nda Karbon Ayak İzi Azaltma Uygulamaları Ve Değerlendirilmesi”. Sportive 6/1 (Mart 2023), 14-27. https://doi.org/10.53025/sportive.1257324.
JAMA Güloğlu N, Erkan ED, Çimen Z. Lillehammer 1994’ten Günümüze Kış Olimpiyatları’nda Karbon Ayak İzi Azaltma Uygulamaları ve Değerlendirilmesi. SPORTIVE. 2023;6:14–27.
MLA Güloğlu, Nazlı vd. “Lillehammer 1994’ten Günümüze Kış Olimpiyatları’nda Karbon Ayak İzi Azaltma Uygulamaları Ve Değerlendirilmesi”. Sportive, c. 6, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 14-27, doi:10.53025/sportive.1257324.
Vancouver Güloğlu N, Erkan ED, Çimen Z. Lillehammer 1994’ten Günümüze Kış Olimpiyatları’nda Karbon Ayak İzi Azaltma Uygulamaları ve Değerlendirilmesi. SPORTIVE. 2023;6(1):14-27.