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Back to the Roots of Sports Management: 1980 Moscow and 1984 Los Angeles Organizing Committee of Olympic Games

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 319 - 334, 05.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.53025/sportive.1522054

Öz

This research aims to compare the 1980 Moscow and 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games (OG), which continued their activities in parallel with the ideologies of the two superpowers of the Cold War, the USA, and the USSR, with public and private sector sports management approaches. The research model is a comparative case study. The findings were reached by single and cross analysing the data sources, including OCOG's official reports. Moscow and Los Angeles OCOG activities were compared under organizational structure, facilities, financing, and expenditures headings. Despite the blurred lines of intersectoral distinction, Moscow OCOG (OCOG-80) stands out as a distinctively dominant example of the public sector and Los Angeles OCOG (LAOOC) LAOOC as a distinctively dominant example of the private sector sport management approach. Despite the contrasting approaches, both OCOGs have completed realizing an OG from the planning stage to the closing ceremony. The activities of the sports organizations that achieved this success by meeting the expectations of the state and the system to which they belonged demonstrated the importance of focusing on the positive effects on sports management success of the right people taking the steps that meet the needs, rather than a superiority comparison between the requirements of the private or public sector.

Kaynakça

  • Boykoff, J. (2016). Power Games: A Political History of the Olympics (First edition). London; New York: Verso Books. 124.
  • Boyne, G. A. (2002). Public and Private Management: What’s the Difference? Journal of Management Studies, 39(1), 97-122.
  • Campbell, S. (2010). Comparative case study. In A. J. Mills, G. Durepos ve E. Wiebe (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Case Study Research. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. 174-175.
  • Central Intelligence Agency [CIA]. (1980). USSR: Olympic Games preparations. Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room (Report No: F-2010-00530). USA.
  • Chepurnaya, O. (2017). The Moscow Olympics, 1980: Competing in the context of the Cold War and state dirigisme. In A. Bairner, J. Kelly ve J. W. Lee (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Sport and Politics (First edition). London: Routledge. 449-458.
  • Congress. (1976, June 17). 122 Congress record extensions of remarks [Government]. U.S. Government Publishing Office (Volume 122, Part 15). Washington D.C., USA.
  • Communist Party of the Soviet Union [CPSU]. (1980). About specific requests from several countries related to their participation in 1980 Olympic Games [Top Secret Report]. Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Report No: St 218/4). Moscow, USSR.
  • D’Agati, P. (2013). The Cold War and the 1984 Olympic Games: A Soviet-American Surrogate War (First edition). New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.
  • Der Spiegel. (1984, August 6). Wer nicht da ist, kann nicht gewinnen. Der Spiegel, (32)
  • Eizenstat, S. E. and Watson, J. (1979). Meeting with Mayor Tom Bradley regarding the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles [Memorandum]. Office of Staff Secretary Collection (Series: Presidential Files; Folder: 12/3/79; Container 140). Jimmy Carter Library, Atlanta, USA.
  • Erkan, E. D., and Çimen, Z. (2024, May 15-19). Unwelcome Guests, Withdrawn Olympic Bids [Conference presentation abstract]. 5th International Recreation and Sport Management Congress. Antalya, Turkiye.
  • Foreign Broadcast Information Service [FBIS]. (1980). Moscow Capital of the 1980 Olympic [Report]. Office of Staff Secretary Collection (Series: Presidential Files; Folder: 2/12/80[2]; Container 150, Requirement No: 8144/0590). Jimmy Carter Library, Atlanta, USA.
  • Financial Management Service [FMS]. (1974, December 31). Treasury Reporting Rates of Exchange 1974 [Government]. Treasury Department. Washington D.C., USA.
  • Financial Management Service [FMS]. (1975, December 31). Treasury Reporting Rates of Exchange 1975 [Government]. Treasury Department. Washington D.C., USA.
  • Financial Management Service [FMS]. (1976, December 31). Treasury Reporting Rates of Exchange 1976 [Government]. Treasury Department. Washington D.C., USA.
  • Financial Management Service [FMS]. (1977, December 31). Treasury Reporting Rates of Exchange 1977 [Government]. Treasury Department. Washington D.C., USA.
  • Financial Management Service. [FMS]. (1978, December 31). Treasury Reporting Rates of Exchange 1978 [Government]. Treasury Department. Washington D.C., USA.
  • Financial Management Service. [FMS]. (1979, December 31). Treasury Reporting Rates of Exchange 1979 [Government]. Treasury Department. Washington D.C., USA.
  • Financial Management Service. [FMS]. (1980, December 31). Treasury Reporting Rates of Exchange 1980 [Government]. Treasury Department. Washington D.C., USA.
  • Gammelsæter, H. (2021). Sport is not industry: Bringing sport back to sport management. European Sport Management Quarterly, 21(2), 257-279.
  • Güloğlu, N. (2023). Sürdürülebilirlik Perspektifinden Olimpiyat Oyunları: 2020 Tokyo Yaz ve 2022 Pekin Kış Olimpiyatları'nın İncelenmesi [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Gazi Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Güloğlu, N., Erkan, E. D., and Çimen, Z. (2023). Lillehammer 1994’ten Günümüze Kış Olimpiyatları’nda Karbon Ayak İzi Azaltma Uygulamaları ve Değerlendirilmesi. Sportive, 6(1), 14-27.
  • International Olympic Committee [IOC]. (2017, September 13). Los Angeles 1984: An indelible legacy. Retrieved June 20, 2024, from https://olympics.com/en/news/los-angeles-1984-an-indelible-legacy.
  • International Olympic Committee [IOC]. (2018, February 6). The New Norm: It’s a Games changer. Retrieved July 22, 2024, from https://olympics.com/ioc/news/the-new-norm-it-s-a-games-changer
  • International Olympic Committee [IOC]. (2019, November 6). Los Angeles 1984: An Influential Legacy. Retrieved June 20, 2024, from https://olympics.com/ioc/legacy/los-angeles-1984/los-angeles-1984-an-influential-legacy.
  • International Olympic Committee [IOC] (2020). Sustainability Management in Sport. Lausanne: International Olympic Committee.77.
  • International Olympic Committee [IOC]. (2021, April 28). What is the New Norm?. Retrieved July 20, 2024, from https://olympics.com/ioc/faq/roles-and-responsibilities-of-the-ioc-and-its-partners/what-is-the-new-norm
  • Jensen, J. A. (2015). Historical Evolution of Olympic Commercialism: The Evolution of Attitudes Towards Commercialism Within the American Olympic Movement: A Historical Perspective [Final Report]. International Olympic Committee (IOC) Olympic Studies Centre 2015 PhD Students Research Grant Programme, Switzerland
  • Los Angeles ‘28 Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games [LAOOC]. (2024). LA28 Olympic and Paralympic Sports Venues. Retrieved July 25, 2024, from https://la28.org/en/games-plan/venues.html
  • Misener, K. E., & Misener, L. (2017). Grey Is the New Black: Advancing Understanding of New Organizational Forms and Blurring Sector Boundaries in Sport Management. Journal of Sport Management, 31(2), 125–132.
  • Murray, M. A. (1975). Comparing Public and Private Management: An Exploratory Essay. Public Administration Review, 35(4), 364-371.
  • Novikov, I. T. (Ed.). (1981a). Official Report of the Organizing Committee of the Games of the XXIInd Olympiad: Organisation. Moscow: Fizkultura i sport.
  • Novikov, I. T. (Ed.). (1981b). Official Report of the Organizing Committee of the Games of the XXIInd Olympiad: Moscow, Tallinn, Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk. Moscow: Fizkultura i sport.
  • Öncü, E. (2017). Oli̇mpi̇zm ve Mi̇lli̇yetçi̇li̇k: İlk Yüzyıl. T. Öztürk (Editör), İlkeler, İdeolojiler ve İsyanlar. Trabzon: Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Yayınları. 423-466.
  • Paris ‘24 Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games. [POCOG] (2024). The Olympic and Paralympic Village. Retrieved July 25, 2024, from https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/the-games/village
  • Perelman, R. B. (Ed.). (1985a). Official Report of the 1984 Olympic Games: Organization and Planning. Los Angeles: Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee.
  • Perelman, R. B. (Ed.) (1985b). Olympic Retrospective: Th Games of Los Angeles. Los Angeles: Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee.
  • Rainey, H. G., Backoff, R. W., & Levine, C. H. (1976). Comparing Public and Private Organizations. Public Administration Review, 36, 233
  • Rider, T. C. (2012, October). It is not a simple matter to keep aloof: Avery Brundage and the U.S. Government in the early Cold War years. Problems, Possibilities, Promising Practices: Critical Dialogues on the Olympic and Paralympic Games. International Centre for Olympic Studies, Western University, Canada. 12-18.
  • Riordan, J. (1993). Rewriting Soviet sports history. Journal of Sport History, 20(3), 12.
  • Varmus, M., Kubina, M., and Adámik, R. (2021). Strategic Sport Management: Sustainability of Sports Clubs. (First edition). Cham: Springer. 15-144.
  • Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (Sixth edition). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. 72-354.

Spor Yönetiminin Köklerine Dönüş: 1980 Moskova ve 1984 Los Angeles Olimpiyat Organizasyon Komiteleri

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 319 - 334, 05.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.53025/sportive.1522054

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı Soğuk Savaş’ın iki süper gücü ABD ve SSCB’nin ideolojileriyle paralel biçimde faaliyetlerini sürdürmüş 1980 Moskova ve 1984 Los Angeles Oyunları Olimpiyat Organizasyon Komitelerini kamu ve özel sektör spor yönetimi yaklaşımları eşliğinde karşılaştırmaktır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden karşılaştırmalı vaka modeli kullanılmıştır. OOK resmi raporlarından oluşan veri kaynaklarına tekli ve çapraz analiz yapılarak bulgulara ulaşılmıştır. Moskova ve Los Angeles OOK faaliyetleri örgüt yapısı, tesisler, finansman ve harcamalardan oluşan başlıklar altında karşılaştırılmıştır. Sektörler arası ayrımın bulanıklaşan çizgilerine karşın Moskova OOK kamu, Los Angeles OOK özel sektör spor yönetimi yaklaşımının ayırt edici derece baskın örnekleri olarak ön plana çıkmıştır. Karşıt sayılabilecek derecede farklılaşan yaklaşımlara rağmen bir Olimpiyat Oyunu’nu planlama aşamasından kapanış törenine varana dek eksiksiz gerçekleştirme işini iki OOK de başarıyla tamamlamıştır. Ait oldukları devletin ve sistemin beklentilerini karşılayarak bu başarıyı elde eden spor örgütlerinin faaliyetleri özel ya da kamu sektörünün gerekleri arasındaki bir üstünlük karşılaştırması yerine; ihtiyaçları karşılayan adımların, doğru kişilerce gerçekleştirilmesinin spor yönetimi başarısı üzerindeki olumlu etkilerine odaklanmanın önemini göstermiştir

Kaynakça

  • Boykoff, J. (2016). Power Games: A Political History of the Olympics (First edition). London; New York: Verso Books. 124.
  • Boyne, G. A. (2002). Public and Private Management: What’s the Difference? Journal of Management Studies, 39(1), 97-122.
  • Campbell, S. (2010). Comparative case study. In A. J. Mills, G. Durepos ve E. Wiebe (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Case Study Research. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. 174-175.
  • Central Intelligence Agency [CIA]. (1980). USSR: Olympic Games preparations. Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room (Report No: F-2010-00530). USA.
  • Chepurnaya, O. (2017). The Moscow Olympics, 1980: Competing in the context of the Cold War and state dirigisme. In A. Bairner, J. Kelly ve J. W. Lee (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Sport and Politics (First edition). London: Routledge. 449-458.
  • Congress. (1976, June 17). 122 Congress record extensions of remarks [Government]. U.S. Government Publishing Office (Volume 122, Part 15). Washington D.C., USA.
  • Communist Party of the Soviet Union [CPSU]. (1980). About specific requests from several countries related to their participation in 1980 Olympic Games [Top Secret Report]. Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Report No: St 218/4). Moscow, USSR.
  • D’Agati, P. (2013). The Cold War and the 1984 Olympic Games: A Soviet-American Surrogate War (First edition). New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.
  • Der Spiegel. (1984, August 6). Wer nicht da ist, kann nicht gewinnen. Der Spiegel, (32)
  • Eizenstat, S. E. and Watson, J. (1979). Meeting with Mayor Tom Bradley regarding the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles [Memorandum]. Office of Staff Secretary Collection (Series: Presidential Files; Folder: 12/3/79; Container 140). Jimmy Carter Library, Atlanta, USA.
  • Erkan, E. D., and Çimen, Z. (2024, May 15-19). Unwelcome Guests, Withdrawn Olympic Bids [Conference presentation abstract]. 5th International Recreation and Sport Management Congress. Antalya, Turkiye.
  • Foreign Broadcast Information Service [FBIS]. (1980). Moscow Capital of the 1980 Olympic [Report]. Office of Staff Secretary Collection (Series: Presidential Files; Folder: 2/12/80[2]; Container 150, Requirement No: 8144/0590). Jimmy Carter Library, Atlanta, USA.
  • Financial Management Service [FMS]. (1974, December 31). Treasury Reporting Rates of Exchange 1974 [Government]. Treasury Department. Washington D.C., USA.
  • Financial Management Service [FMS]. (1975, December 31). Treasury Reporting Rates of Exchange 1975 [Government]. Treasury Department. Washington D.C., USA.
  • Financial Management Service [FMS]. (1976, December 31). Treasury Reporting Rates of Exchange 1976 [Government]. Treasury Department. Washington D.C., USA.
  • Financial Management Service [FMS]. (1977, December 31). Treasury Reporting Rates of Exchange 1977 [Government]. Treasury Department. Washington D.C., USA.
  • Financial Management Service. [FMS]. (1978, December 31). Treasury Reporting Rates of Exchange 1978 [Government]. Treasury Department. Washington D.C., USA.
  • Financial Management Service. [FMS]. (1979, December 31). Treasury Reporting Rates of Exchange 1979 [Government]. Treasury Department. Washington D.C., USA.
  • Financial Management Service. [FMS]. (1980, December 31). Treasury Reporting Rates of Exchange 1980 [Government]. Treasury Department. Washington D.C., USA.
  • Gammelsæter, H. (2021). Sport is not industry: Bringing sport back to sport management. European Sport Management Quarterly, 21(2), 257-279.
  • Güloğlu, N. (2023). Sürdürülebilirlik Perspektifinden Olimpiyat Oyunları: 2020 Tokyo Yaz ve 2022 Pekin Kış Olimpiyatları'nın İncelenmesi [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Gazi Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Güloğlu, N., Erkan, E. D., and Çimen, Z. (2023). Lillehammer 1994’ten Günümüze Kış Olimpiyatları’nda Karbon Ayak İzi Azaltma Uygulamaları ve Değerlendirilmesi. Sportive, 6(1), 14-27.
  • International Olympic Committee [IOC]. (2017, September 13). Los Angeles 1984: An indelible legacy. Retrieved June 20, 2024, from https://olympics.com/en/news/los-angeles-1984-an-indelible-legacy.
  • International Olympic Committee [IOC]. (2018, February 6). The New Norm: It’s a Games changer. Retrieved July 22, 2024, from https://olympics.com/ioc/news/the-new-norm-it-s-a-games-changer
  • International Olympic Committee [IOC]. (2019, November 6). Los Angeles 1984: An Influential Legacy. Retrieved June 20, 2024, from https://olympics.com/ioc/legacy/los-angeles-1984/los-angeles-1984-an-influential-legacy.
  • International Olympic Committee [IOC] (2020). Sustainability Management in Sport. Lausanne: International Olympic Committee.77.
  • International Olympic Committee [IOC]. (2021, April 28). What is the New Norm?. Retrieved July 20, 2024, from https://olympics.com/ioc/faq/roles-and-responsibilities-of-the-ioc-and-its-partners/what-is-the-new-norm
  • Jensen, J. A. (2015). Historical Evolution of Olympic Commercialism: The Evolution of Attitudes Towards Commercialism Within the American Olympic Movement: A Historical Perspective [Final Report]. International Olympic Committee (IOC) Olympic Studies Centre 2015 PhD Students Research Grant Programme, Switzerland
  • Los Angeles ‘28 Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games [LAOOC]. (2024). LA28 Olympic and Paralympic Sports Venues. Retrieved July 25, 2024, from https://la28.org/en/games-plan/venues.html
  • Misener, K. E., & Misener, L. (2017). Grey Is the New Black: Advancing Understanding of New Organizational Forms and Blurring Sector Boundaries in Sport Management. Journal of Sport Management, 31(2), 125–132.
  • Murray, M. A. (1975). Comparing Public and Private Management: An Exploratory Essay. Public Administration Review, 35(4), 364-371.
  • Novikov, I. T. (Ed.). (1981a). Official Report of the Organizing Committee of the Games of the XXIInd Olympiad: Organisation. Moscow: Fizkultura i sport.
  • Novikov, I. T. (Ed.). (1981b). Official Report of the Organizing Committee of the Games of the XXIInd Olympiad: Moscow, Tallinn, Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk. Moscow: Fizkultura i sport.
  • Öncü, E. (2017). Oli̇mpi̇zm ve Mi̇lli̇yetçi̇li̇k: İlk Yüzyıl. T. Öztürk (Editör), İlkeler, İdeolojiler ve İsyanlar. Trabzon: Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Yayınları. 423-466.
  • Paris ‘24 Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games. [POCOG] (2024). The Olympic and Paralympic Village. Retrieved July 25, 2024, from https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/the-games/village
  • Perelman, R. B. (Ed.). (1985a). Official Report of the 1984 Olympic Games: Organization and Planning. Los Angeles: Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee.
  • Perelman, R. B. (Ed.) (1985b). Olympic Retrospective: Th Games of Los Angeles. Los Angeles: Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee.
  • Rainey, H. G., Backoff, R. W., & Levine, C. H. (1976). Comparing Public and Private Organizations. Public Administration Review, 36, 233
  • Rider, T. C. (2012, October). It is not a simple matter to keep aloof: Avery Brundage and the U.S. Government in the early Cold War years. Problems, Possibilities, Promising Practices: Critical Dialogues on the Olympic and Paralympic Games. International Centre for Olympic Studies, Western University, Canada. 12-18.
  • Riordan, J. (1993). Rewriting Soviet sports history. Journal of Sport History, 20(3), 12.
  • Varmus, M., Kubina, M., and Adámik, R. (2021). Strategic Sport Management: Sustainability of Sports Clubs. (First edition). Cham: Springer. 15-144.
  • Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (Sixth edition). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. 72-354.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ege Direnç Erkan 0000-0001-8154-0567

Zafer Çimen 0000-0002-2752-4053

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Eylül 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Ekim 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Temmuz 2024
Kabul Tarihi 19 Eylül 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Erkan, E. D., & Çimen, Z. (2024). Back to the Roots of Sports Management: 1980 Moscow and 1984 Los Angeles Organizing Committee of Olympic Games. Sportive, 7(2), 319-334. https://doi.org/10.53025/sportive.1522054
AMA Erkan ED, Çimen Z. Back to the Roots of Sports Management: 1980 Moscow and 1984 Los Angeles Organizing Committee of Olympic Games. SPORTIVE. Ekim 2024;7(2):319-334. doi:10.53025/sportive.1522054
Chicago Erkan, Ege Direnç, ve Zafer Çimen. “Back to the Roots of Sports Management: 1980 Moscow and 1984 Los Angeles Organizing Committee of Olympic Games”. Sportive 7, sy. 2 (Ekim 2024): 319-34. https://doi.org/10.53025/sportive.1522054.
EndNote Erkan ED, Çimen Z (01 Ekim 2024) Back to the Roots of Sports Management: 1980 Moscow and 1984 Los Angeles Organizing Committee of Olympic Games. Sportive 7 2 319–334.
IEEE E. D. Erkan ve Z. Çimen, “Back to the Roots of Sports Management: 1980 Moscow and 1984 Los Angeles Organizing Committee of Olympic Games”, SPORTIVE, c. 7, sy. 2, ss. 319–334, 2024, doi: 10.53025/sportive.1522054.
ISNAD Erkan, Ege Direnç - Çimen, Zafer. “Back to the Roots of Sports Management: 1980 Moscow and 1984 Los Angeles Organizing Committee of Olympic Games”. Sportive 7/2 (Ekim 2024), 319-334. https://doi.org/10.53025/sportive.1522054.
JAMA Erkan ED, Çimen Z. Back to the Roots of Sports Management: 1980 Moscow and 1984 Los Angeles Organizing Committee of Olympic Games. SPORTIVE. 2024;7:319–334.
MLA Erkan, Ege Direnç ve Zafer Çimen. “Back to the Roots of Sports Management: 1980 Moscow and 1984 Los Angeles Organizing Committee of Olympic Games”. Sportive, c. 7, sy. 2, 2024, ss. 319-34, doi:10.53025/sportive.1522054.
Vancouver Erkan ED, Çimen Z. Back to the Roots of Sports Management: 1980 Moscow and 1984 Los Angeles Organizing Committee of Olympic Games. SPORTIVE. 2024;7(2):319-34.