Akıllı Saatten Bağımlılığa: Egzersiz Keyfi Üzerinden Giyilebilir Teknoloji Kullanımının Rolü

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, bireylerin giyilebilir teknolojiye yönelik tutumlarının, egzersiz sırasında deneyimlenen keyif aracılığıyla teknolojiye karşı geliştirdikleri bağımlılık eğilimleri üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Araştırmanın evrenini İstanbul’un Beylikdüzü ilçesindeki spor salonlarında düzenli olarak egzersiz yapan bireyler oluştururken; örneklem, Temmuz–Ağustos 2025 döneminde beş farklı spor salonunda aktif olarak spor yapan ve çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katılan 188 bireyden meydana gelmiştir. Araştırma modeli üç temel değişkene dayandırılmıştır: giyilebilir teknolojiye yönelik tutum (bağımsız değişken), egzersizden alınan keyif (aracı değişken) ve giyilebilir teknoloji bağımlılığı eğilimi (bağımlı değişken). Veriler, geçerliliği ve güvenirliği kanıtlanmış ölçekler aracılığıyla toplanmış, Jamovi 2.3.21 yazılımı ile korelasyon ve çoklu regresyon analizleri uygulanmıştır. Bulgular, giyilebilir teknolojiye yönelik olumlu tutumların egzersiz keyfi ile güçlü bir şekilde ilişkili olduğunu (r = .56, p < .001) ve egzersiz keyfinin bağımlılık eğilimini anlamlı biçimde yordadığını (r = .43, p < .001) göstermiştir. Ayrıca, regresyon analizleri egzersiz keyfinin tutum ile bağımlılık eğilimi arasındaki ilişkide aracı bir rol üstlendiğini ortaya koymuştur. Sonuç olarak, giyilebilir teknolojilere yönelik olumlu algılar, egzersiz sürecinde daha yüksek düzeyde keyif deneyimi yaratmakta ve bu deneyim bağımlılık eğilimini artırabilmektedir. Araştırma, spor yönetimi ve sağlık teknolojileri alanında, kullanıcı motivasyonunu artıran ancak bağımlılık riskini dengeleyen stratejilerin geliştirilmesine yönelik öneriler sunmaktadır. Üreticilere, bağımlılık riskini azaltacak dengeleyici özellikleri cihazlara entegre etmeleri; spor salonları ve antrenörlere ise, kullanıcıların cihazları sağlıklı biçimde kullanmalarını destekleyecek farkındalık çalışmaları geliştirmeleri önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Giyilebilir teknoloji
• spor yönetimi
• egzersiz keyfi
• bağımlılık eğilimi

From Smartwatches to Exercise Addiction: Wearable Technology’s Role Through Enjoyment

Öz

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of individuals’ attitudes toward wearable technology on their tendency to develop dependency, with exercise enjoyment serving as a mediating factor. The population of the research consists of individuals who regularly exercise in fitness centers located in the Beylikdüzü district of Istanbul, while the sample comprises 188 participants who voluntarily took part in the study and were actively engaged in exercise at five different fitness centers during the period of July–August 2025. The research model is based on three key variables: attitudes toward wearable technology (independent variable), exercise enjoyment (mediating variable), and the tendency toward wearable technology dependency (dependent variable). Data were collected using validated and reliable measurement scales, and correlation as well as multiple regression analyses were conducted through Jamovi 2.3.21 software. The findings revealed that positive attitudes toward wearable technology were strongly associated with exercise enjoyment (r = .56, p < .001), and that exercise enjoyment significantly predicted dependency tendencies (r = .43, p < .001). Moreover, regression analyses demonstrated that exercise enjoyment played a mediating role in the relationship between attitudes and dependency tendencies. In conclusion, positive perceptions of wearable technologies enhance enjoyment during exercise, which in turn increases the tendency toward dependency. The study provides valuable implications for sport management and health technologies, particularly regarding the development of strategies that enhance user motivation while balancing the risks of dependency. Recommendations include that producers integrate balancing features into devices to mitigate dependency risks, while fitness centers and trainers should implement awareness programs that support the healthy use of wearable technologies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Wearable technology
• sport management
• exercise enjoyment
• dependency tendency.

Kaynakça

1. Adanyin, S. (2024). Wearable technology and digital dependence: Risks and opportunities. Journal of Digital Health.
2. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
3. Al-Nawaiseh, A., Akour, A., & Al-Rahahleh, B. A. (2022). Smartphone apps and achieving step goals: Effects on body composition. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(12), e43210.
4. Çar, B., Bezci, Ş., Dokuzoğlu, G., & Kurtoğlu, A. (2022). Giyilebilir Teknolojik Spor Ürünlerine Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği (GTSÜYTÖ) geliştirme çalışması. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, Akademik Spor Araştırmaları Özel Sayısı, 1155–1167. https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1202130
5. Chen, Y., & Pu, P. (2014). HealthyTogether: Exploring social incentives for mobile fitness applications. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (pp. 535-546). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2632048.2632062
6. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7
7. Ekkekakis, P., Parfitt, G., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2011). The pleasure and displeasure people feel when they exercise at different intensities. Sports Medicine, 41(8), 641–671. https://doi.org/10.2165/11590680-000000000-00000
8. Etkin, J. (2016). The hidden cost of personal quantification. Journal of Consumer Research, 42(6), 967–984. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucv095

9. Ferguson, T., Olds, T., Curtis, R., Blake, H., Crozier, A. J., Dankiw, K., & Dumuid, D. (2022). Effectiveness of wearable activity trackers to increase physical activity and improve health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 56(3), 136–142. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104579
10. Garcia-Mas, A., Palou, P., Gili, M., Ponseti, F. J., Vidal, J., Cantallops, J., & Cruz, J. (2010). Commitment, enjoyment and motivation in young soccer competitive players. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13(2), 609–616. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600002183
11. Haney, M. (2018). Wearable fitness technology: College women’s perceptions of usefulness for motivation. Journal of American College Health, 66(7), 597–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1465065
12. Hepworth, T. (2024). Psychological impacts of wearable fitness trackers: Motivation or dependence? Journal of Behavioral Technology, 19(1), 45–62.
13. Hyodo, K., Suwabe, K., Yamaguchi, T., Soya, H., & Arao, T. (2021). Acute moderate exercise enhances neural activation during episodic memory encoding in young adults. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 33(3), 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01656
14. İslamoğlu, A. H., & Alnıaçık, Ü. (2014). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Beta.
15. Jamovi Project. (2021). jamovi (Version 2.3.21) [Computer software]. https://www.jamovi.org
16. Joseph, R. P., Durant, N. H., Benitez, T. J., & Pekmezi, D. W. (2014). Internet-based physical activity interventions. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 8(1), 42–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827613498059
17. Jung, S., & Hwang, J. (2021). Wearable devices, self-extension and embodiment in adoption. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(7), e29388.
18. Kendzierski, D., & DeCarlo, K. (1991). Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two validation studies. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 13(1), 50–64. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.13.1.50
19. Kendzierski, D., Furr, R. M., & Schiavoni, J. (1998). The relationship of enjoyment, effort, and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 20(4), 386–399.
20. Kong, Z., Kelleher, M., & Li, R. (2020). Affective responses and enjoyment in low-to-moderate intensity exercise. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 596642.
21. LaRose, R., Lin, C. A., & Eastin, M. S. (2003). Unregulated Internet usage: Addiction, habit, or deficient self-regulation? Media Psychology, 5(3), 225–253. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0503_01
22. Laranjo, L., Caldeira, J., Santos, T., Neves, S., Santos, C., & Rino, J. A. (2021). mHealth interventions and physical activity: A systematic review of reviews. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(2), e25345.
23. Leslie, E., Owen, N., & Bauman, A. (1999). Barriers to exercise initiation and maintenance. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 1(1), 27-41.
24. Li, J., Ma, Q., Chan, A. H. S., & Man, S. S. (2020). Health monitoring through wearable technologies for older adults: Smart wearables acceptance model. Applied Ergonomics, 85, 103048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103048
25. Lunney, A., Cunningham, N. R., & Eastin, M. S. (2016). Wearable fitness technology: A structural investigation into acceptance and perceived fitness outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 114–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.007
26. Lupton, D. (2016). The quantified self. Polity Press.
27. Moore, J. B., Hinds, W. T., & Smith, C. R. (2009). Enjoyment, fun and intrinsic motivation in physical activity. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31(3), 321–335.
28. Nelson, E. C., Verhagen, T., & van der Stappen, S. (2019). Wearable Technology Embodiment Scale: Development and validation. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 20(12), 1145–1172.
29. Oh, J., Lee, J., & Kim, H. (2023). Smartwatch attributes, flow experience, and exercise intention. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25, e48690. https://doi.org/10.2196/48690
30. Oliveira, J. S., Dantas, L., & Lima, M. M. (2020). mHealth to promote physical activity: A systematic review of reviews. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 26(4), 312-318.
31. Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015). Exercise as medicine—Evidence for prescribing exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(S3), 1–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12581
32. Picorelli, A. M. A., Pereira, L. S. M., Pereira, D. S., Felício, D., & Sherrington, C. (2014). Adherence to exercise programs for older people: A systematic review. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 9, 1079–1085. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S44414
33. Przybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2019). Digital screen time limits and young people’s psychological well-being: Evidence from a population-representative study. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(2), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0506-1
34. Raedeke, T. D. (2007). The relationship between enjoyment and affective responses during exercise. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29(5), 585–599.
35. Rupp, M. A., Michaelis, J. R., McConnell, D. S., & Smither, J. A. (2016). The role of individual differences on perceptions of wearable fitness device accuracy and trust. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 32(10), 775–787. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2016.1183336
36. Sauchelli, S., & Brunstrom, J. M. (2022). Virtual-reality exergaming: Effects on affect and post-exercise energy intake in inactive adults. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 44(2), 125-134.
37. Soylu, Y., Arslan, E., & Kilit, B. (2023). Egzersiz ve keyif: Ergen ve yetişkin sporcular için ölçek uyarlama çalışması. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(1), 93–104.
38. Soylu, Y., Arslan, E., Sogut, M., Kilit, B., & Clemente, F. M. (2021). Exercise enjoyment and participation. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 734567.
39. Stutts, W. C. (2002). Physical activity determinants in adults. AAOHN Journal, 50(11), 499–507. https://doi.org/10.1177/216507990205001106
40. Subakan, Y., & Koç, M. (2021). Giyilebilir Teknoloji Bedenleşme Ölçeğini Türkçeye uyarlama ve geçerlik çalışması. Bilim, Eğitim, Sanat ve Teknoloji Dergisi (BEST Dergi), 5(2), 180–204.
41. Teixeira, P. J., Rodrigues, F., Machado, S., Cid, L., & Monteiro, D. (2021). Motivational determinants of physical activity adherence. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 689244. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689244
42. Toner, J., Brannigan, T., & Hall, R. (2018). The normalization of self-tracking in health and fitness: Reconfiguring practices and subjectivities. Health Sociology Review, 27(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/14461242.2017.1414727
43. Warburton, D. E. R., & Bredin, S. S. D. (2017). Health benefits of physical activity: A systematic review of current systematic reviews. Current Opinion in Cardiology, 32(5), 541–556. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000437