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TÜRKİYE’DE UYGULANAN OBEZİTE POLİTİKALARI; ALMANYA UYGULAMA KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 62 - 78, 24.03.2022

Öz

Obezite, sınırlı yaşam kalitesi ve uzun süreli tıbbi müdahale gerektiren yüksek morbidite ve mortalite riskleriyle ilişkili kronik bir hastalıktır. Obezite süresi ve derecesi ile tedavi giderek daha zor, karmaşık ve pahalı hale gelir. Obeziteyi azaltmada sürdürülebilir bir etkisi olacak çevresel ve sosyal değişiklikleri yönlendirmek için politikalar, yasalar ve düzenlemelere sıklıkla ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Kamu sorumluluğu, şehir planlaması, ulaşım, gıda güvenliği, tarım ve ticaret gibi mevzuat üzerindeki obezite ile mücadelede katkıda bulunacak kuralları belirleyebilir. Bu derlemenin amacı, Türkiye ve Almanya’da sunulan obezite politikaları ile uygulama alanları hakkında bilgi sunmak ve yapılan çalışmaları karşılaştırmaktır. Çalışmada, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Türkiye ve Almanya’da obezite oranlarının yüksek olmasıyla birlikte, obezite hastalığıyla mücadelede eylem planlarının oluşturulduğu ve politikalarının geliştirildiği gözlenmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Anis, A. H., Zhang, W., Bansback, N., D.P.Guh, Amarsi, Z., & Birmingham, C. L. (2010). Obesity And Overweight İn Canada: An Updated Cost‐Of‐İllness Study. Obesity Reviews, 11, 31–40.
  • Arroyo-Johnson, C., & Mincey, K. D. (2016). Obesity Epidemiology Trends By Race/Ethnicity, Gender, And Education: National Health Interview Survey, 1997–2012. Gastroenterology Clinics Of North America, 45(4): 571–579.
  • Ayas, I., & Saruç, N. T. (2017). Obezite Vergisi Ülke Uygulamaları. Akü İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi , Cilt: 19, Sayı: 2, Sayfalar: 69-82.
  • Bergstrom, H., Hagströmer, M., Hagberg, J., & Elinder, L. S. (2013). A Multi-Component Universal İntervention To İmprove Diet And Physical Activity Among Adults With İntellectual Disabilities İn Community Residences: A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial. Research İn Developmental Disabilities, Volume 34, Issue 11, Pages 3847-3857.
  • D.Plümer, K. (2019). Obesıty – An Increasıng Publıc Health Problem In Germany. Eurohealth Systems And Policies, Vol.25, No.1, Pp:14-16.
  • Dsö. (2020, 06 01). Dsö, Türkiye'de Çocukluk Çağı Obezitesi İle Mücadelede Yeni Planlara Katkıda Bulunuyor. Https://Www.Euro.Who.İnt/En/Countries/Turkey/News/News/2018/3/Who-Contributes-To-New-Plans-To-Tackle-Childhood-Obesity-İn-Turkey
  • Escobar, M. A., Veerman, J. L., Tollman, S. M., Bertram, M. Y., & Hofman, K. J. (2013). Evidence That A Tax On Sugar Sweetened Beverages Reduces The Obesity Rate: A Meta-Analysis. Bmc Public Health, 13:1072.
  • European Commission. (2011). School Food Policy Country Factsheets. Germany.
  • Eykelenboom, M., Stralen, M. M., Olthof, M. R., Renders, C. M., & Steenhuis, I. H. (2020). Public Acceptability Of A Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax And İts Associated Factors İn The Netherlands. Public Health Nutrition, Page 1 Of 11.
  • Frühbeck, G. (2010). Is Europe Really Battling Obesity? Obesity Facts, 3(4): 219–221.
  • Frühbeck, G., Toplak, H., Woodward, E., Yumuk, V., Maislos, M., & Oppert, J.-M. (2013). Obesity: The Gateway To Ill Health – An Easo Position Statement On A Rising Public Health, Clinical And Scientific Challenge İn Europe. Obesity Facts, 6(2): 117–120.
  • Gelir İdaresi Başkanlığı (Gib). (2020, 05 13). Özel Tüketim Vergisi Tutarları Ve Oranları. Https://Www.Gib.Gov.Tr/Fileadmin/Mevzuatek/Otv_Oranlari_Tum/13052020_Iıı_Sayili_Liste.Pdf
  • Gergerlioğlu, U. (2016). Bazı Oecd Ülkeleri Bağlamında Obezite Vergilerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Ekonomik Ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt 12, Yıl 12, Sayı 2 Ss: 149-166.
  • German Federal Statistical Office. (2020, 06 20). Obosite Yaygınlığı. Https://Www.Gut-Leben-İn-Deutschland.De/İndicators/Health/Obesity/
  • Greener, J., Douglas, F., & Teijlingen, E. V. (2010). More Of The Same? Conflicting Perspectives Of Obesity Causation And İntervention Amongst Overweight People, Health
  • Professionals And Policy Makers. Social Science & Medicine, Volume 70, Issue 7, Pages 1042-1049.
  • Hauner, H., Buchholz, G., Hamann, A., Husemann, B., Koletzko, B., Liebermeister, H., Wolfram, G. (2007). Prevention And Treatment Of Obesity. Evidence-Based Guideline Of The Ddg , Version 05.
  • Hernández-Quevedo, C., & Rechel, B. (2018). The Role Of Public Health Organizations İn Addressing Public Health Problems İn Europe: The Case Of Obesity, Alcohol And Antimicrobial Resistance. Denmark: European Observatory On Health Systems And Policies.
  • Jebb, S. A., Aveyard, P. N., & Hawkes, C. (2013). The Evolution Of Policy And Actions To Tackle Obesityin England. Obesity Reviews, 14 (Suppl. 2), 42–59. Kleinert, S., & Horton, R. (2015). Rethinking And Reframing Obesity. Published Online.
  • Mooney, J. D., Jepson, R., Frank, J., & Geddes, R. (2015). Obesity Prevention İn Scotland: A Policy Analysis Using The Angelo Framework. Obesity Facts, 8:273–281 .
  • Musuwo, N. (2019). International Policies To Reduce Childhood Obesity - A Health Action Campaign Review . Health Action Campaing, 25-27.
  • Nolte, E., Knai, C., Hofmarcher, M., Conklin, A., Erler, A., Elissen, A., Vrijhoef, H. J. (2012). Overcoming Fragmentation İn Health Care: Chronic Care İn Austria, Germany And The Netherlands. Health Economics, Policy And Law, 7: 125–146.
  • OECD. (2017). Obesity Update. Https://Www.OECD.Org/Els/Health-Systems/Obesity-Update-2017.Pdf
  • OECD. (2019). The Heavy Burden Of Obesity: The Economics Of Prevention. Paris: OECD Health Policy Studies, OECD Publishing.
  • OECD. (2020, 06 19). Overweight Or Obese Population (İndicator). Doi: 10.1787/86583552-En. Https://Data.OECD.Org/Healthrisk/Overweight-Or-Obese-Population.Htm
  • OECD. (2020, 06 20). The Heavy Burden Of Obesity 2019. Http://Www.OECD.Org/Germany/Heavy-Burden-Of-Obesity-Media-Country-Note-Germany.Pdf
  • Pucher, J., & Dijkstra, L. ( 2003). Promoting Safe Walking And Cycling To Improve Public Health: Lessons From The Netherlands And Germany. American Journal Of Public Health (Ajph), Vol 93, No. 9.
  • Pucher, J., & Dijkstra, L. (2003). Promoting Safe Walking And Cycling To Improve Public Health: Lessons From The Netherlands And Germany. American Journal Of Public Health (Ajph), Vol 93, No. 9 Pp:1509-1516.
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2010, 02 01). Türkiye Obezite (Şişmanlık) İle Mücadele Ve Kontrol Programı (2010-2014). Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı, T. (2013, 11 01). Türkiye Sağlıklı Beslenme Ve Hareketli Hayat Programı (2014 - 2017). Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Sağlıklı Beslenme Ve Hareketli Hayat Daire Bşk. (2020, 06 01). Yayınlar. Https://Hsgm.Saglik.Gov.Tr/Tr/Beslenmehareket-Yayinlar.Html
  • Sağlıklı Beslenme Ve Hareketli Hayat Daire Bşk. (2020, 06 01). Politika Ve Stratejiler. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü: Https://Hsgm.Saglik.Gov.Tr/Tr/Fiziksel-Aktivite/Politika-Ve-Stratejiler.Html
  • Schaller, K., & Mons, U. (2018). Tax On Sugar Sweetened Beverages And İnfluence Of The İndustry To Prevent Regulation. Ernaehrungs Umschau İnternationa, 65(2): 34–41.
  • Schwendicke, F., & Stolpe, M. (2017). Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: İmpact On Overweight And Obesity İn Germany. Bmc Public Health, 17:88.
  • T.C. Resmi Gazete. (20 Haziran 2019 ). Okul Gıdası Logosu Uygulaması Usul Ve Esasları Hakkında Tebliğ (Tebliğ No: 2019/29). Başbakanlık Basımevi, Ankara, Sayı : 30807.
  • Tüik. (2020, 06 04). Türkiye Sağlık Araştırması Haber Bülteni. Türkiye.
  • Uerlich, M. F., Yumuk, V., Finer, N., Basdevant, A., & Visscher, T. L. (2016). Obesity Management İn Europe: Current Status And Objectives For The Future. Obesity Facts, 9:273–283
  • Ünlü, T. N., Deniz, D., & Sevimli, E. (2020). Türkiye’de Sağlık Politikalarını Belirlemede Dış Paydaş Analizi. Usbad Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi, 2(4), 534-553.
  • Vallgårda, S. (2015). Governing Obesity Policies From England, France, Germany And Scotland. Social Science & Medicine, Volume 147, Pages 317-323.
  • Vallgårda, S., Nielsen, M. E., Hartlev, M., & Sandøe, P. (2015). Backward- And Forward-Looking Responsibility For Obesity: Policies From Who, The Eu And England . European Journal Of Public Health, Volume 25, Issue 5, Pages 845–848,.
  • Watson, F., Taylor, A., Rayner, M., Lobstein, T., & Hinks, R. (2017). Priority Actions For Addressing The Obesity Epidemic İn England. Public Health Nutrition, 21(5), 1002–1010.
  • Who, W. H. (2020, 06 20). Nutrition, Physical Activity And Obesity Germany 2013. Who European Region: Http://Www.Euro.Who.İnt/En/Nutrition-Country-Profiles
  • Word Health Organization. (2020, 06 19). Obesity And Overweight. Https://Www.Who.İnt/: Https://Www.Who.İnt/News-Room/Fact-Sheets/Detail/Obesity-And-Overweight
  • Yumuk, V., Tsigos, C., Fried, M., Schindler, K., Busetto, L., Micic, D., & Toplak, H. (2015). European Guidelines For Obesity Management İn Adults . Obesity Facts, 8:402–424.

OBESITY POLICIES; COMPARISON OF TURKEY AND GERMANY APPLICATION

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 62 - 78, 24.03.2022

Öz

Obesity is a chronic disease associated with limited quality of life and high morbidity and mortality risks requiring long-term medical intervention. With the duration and degree of obesity, treatment becomes more and more difficult, complex and expensive. Policies, laws and regulations are often needed to drive environmental and social changes that will have a sustainable impact in reducing obesity. It can set rules that will contribute to the fight against obesity over legislation such as public responsibility, urban planning, transport, food safety, agriculture and trade. The aim of this review is to provide information about obesity policies and application areas in Turkey and Germany and to compare the studies done. In the study, scanning method, one of the qualitative research methods, was used. With obesity rates high in Turkey and Germany, it is observed that action plans and policies are developed in the fight against obesity.

Kaynakça

  • Anis, A. H., Zhang, W., Bansback, N., D.P.Guh, Amarsi, Z., & Birmingham, C. L. (2010). Obesity And Overweight İn Canada: An Updated Cost‐Of‐İllness Study. Obesity Reviews, 11, 31–40.
  • Arroyo-Johnson, C., & Mincey, K. D. (2016). Obesity Epidemiology Trends By Race/Ethnicity, Gender, And Education: National Health Interview Survey, 1997–2012. Gastroenterology Clinics Of North America, 45(4): 571–579.
  • Ayas, I., & Saruç, N. T. (2017). Obezite Vergisi Ülke Uygulamaları. Akü İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi , Cilt: 19, Sayı: 2, Sayfalar: 69-82.
  • Bergstrom, H., Hagströmer, M., Hagberg, J., & Elinder, L. S. (2013). A Multi-Component Universal İntervention To İmprove Diet And Physical Activity Among Adults With İntellectual Disabilities İn Community Residences: A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial. Research İn Developmental Disabilities, Volume 34, Issue 11, Pages 3847-3857.
  • D.Plümer, K. (2019). Obesıty – An Increasıng Publıc Health Problem In Germany. Eurohealth Systems And Policies, Vol.25, No.1, Pp:14-16.
  • Dsö. (2020, 06 01). Dsö, Türkiye'de Çocukluk Çağı Obezitesi İle Mücadelede Yeni Planlara Katkıda Bulunuyor. Https://Www.Euro.Who.İnt/En/Countries/Turkey/News/News/2018/3/Who-Contributes-To-New-Plans-To-Tackle-Childhood-Obesity-İn-Turkey
  • Escobar, M. A., Veerman, J. L., Tollman, S. M., Bertram, M. Y., & Hofman, K. J. (2013). Evidence That A Tax On Sugar Sweetened Beverages Reduces The Obesity Rate: A Meta-Analysis. Bmc Public Health, 13:1072.
  • European Commission. (2011). School Food Policy Country Factsheets. Germany.
  • Eykelenboom, M., Stralen, M. M., Olthof, M. R., Renders, C. M., & Steenhuis, I. H. (2020). Public Acceptability Of A Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax And İts Associated Factors İn The Netherlands. Public Health Nutrition, Page 1 Of 11.
  • Frühbeck, G. (2010). Is Europe Really Battling Obesity? Obesity Facts, 3(4): 219–221.
  • Frühbeck, G., Toplak, H., Woodward, E., Yumuk, V., Maislos, M., & Oppert, J.-M. (2013). Obesity: The Gateway To Ill Health – An Easo Position Statement On A Rising Public Health, Clinical And Scientific Challenge İn Europe. Obesity Facts, 6(2): 117–120.
  • Gelir İdaresi Başkanlığı (Gib). (2020, 05 13). Özel Tüketim Vergisi Tutarları Ve Oranları. Https://Www.Gib.Gov.Tr/Fileadmin/Mevzuatek/Otv_Oranlari_Tum/13052020_Iıı_Sayili_Liste.Pdf
  • Gergerlioğlu, U. (2016). Bazı Oecd Ülkeleri Bağlamında Obezite Vergilerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Ekonomik Ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt 12, Yıl 12, Sayı 2 Ss: 149-166.
  • German Federal Statistical Office. (2020, 06 20). Obosite Yaygınlığı. Https://Www.Gut-Leben-İn-Deutschland.De/İndicators/Health/Obesity/
  • Greener, J., Douglas, F., & Teijlingen, E. V. (2010). More Of The Same? Conflicting Perspectives Of Obesity Causation And İntervention Amongst Overweight People, Health
  • Professionals And Policy Makers. Social Science & Medicine, Volume 70, Issue 7, Pages 1042-1049.
  • Hauner, H., Buchholz, G., Hamann, A., Husemann, B., Koletzko, B., Liebermeister, H., Wolfram, G. (2007). Prevention And Treatment Of Obesity. Evidence-Based Guideline Of The Ddg , Version 05.
  • Hernández-Quevedo, C., & Rechel, B. (2018). The Role Of Public Health Organizations İn Addressing Public Health Problems İn Europe: The Case Of Obesity, Alcohol And Antimicrobial Resistance. Denmark: European Observatory On Health Systems And Policies.
  • Jebb, S. A., Aveyard, P. N., & Hawkes, C. (2013). The Evolution Of Policy And Actions To Tackle Obesityin England. Obesity Reviews, 14 (Suppl. 2), 42–59. Kleinert, S., & Horton, R. (2015). Rethinking And Reframing Obesity. Published Online.
  • Mooney, J. D., Jepson, R., Frank, J., & Geddes, R. (2015). Obesity Prevention İn Scotland: A Policy Analysis Using The Angelo Framework. Obesity Facts, 8:273–281 .
  • Musuwo, N. (2019). International Policies To Reduce Childhood Obesity - A Health Action Campaign Review . Health Action Campaing, 25-27.
  • Nolte, E., Knai, C., Hofmarcher, M., Conklin, A., Erler, A., Elissen, A., Vrijhoef, H. J. (2012). Overcoming Fragmentation İn Health Care: Chronic Care İn Austria, Germany And The Netherlands. Health Economics, Policy And Law, 7: 125–146.
  • OECD. (2017). Obesity Update. Https://Www.OECD.Org/Els/Health-Systems/Obesity-Update-2017.Pdf
  • OECD. (2019). The Heavy Burden Of Obesity: The Economics Of Prevention. Paris: OECD Health Policy Studies, OECD Publishing.
  • OECD. (2020, 06 19). Overweight Or Obese Population (İndicator). Doi: 10.1787/86583552-En. Https://Data.OECD.Org/Healthrisk/Overweight-Or-Obese-Population.Htm
  • OECD. (2020, 06 20). The Heavy Burden Of Obesity 2019. Http://Www.OECD.Org/Germany/Heavy-Burden-Of-Obesity-Media-Country-Note-Germany.Pdf
  • Pucher, J., & Dijkstra, L. ( 2003). Promoting Safe Walking And Cycling To Improve Public Health: Lessons From The Netherlands And Germany. American Journal Of Public Health (Ajph), Vol 93, No. 9.
  • Pucher, J., & Dijkstra, L. (2003). Promoting Safe Walking And Cycling To Improve Public Health: Lessons From The Netherlands And Germany. American Journal Of Public Health (Ajph), Vol 93, No. 9 Pp:1509-1516.
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2010, 02 01). Türkiye Obezite (Şişmanlık) İle Mücadele Ve Kontrol Programı (2010-2014). Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı, T. (2013, 11 01). Türkiye Sağlıklı Beslenme Ve Hareketli Hayat Programı (2014 - 2017). Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Sağlıklı Beslenme Ve Hareketli Hayat Daire Bşk. (2020, 06 01). Yayınlar. Https://Hsgm.Saglik.Gov.Tr/Tr/Beslenmehareket-Yayinlar.Html
  • Sağlıklı Beslenme Ve Hareketli Hayat Daire Bşk. (2020, 06 01). Politika Ve Stratejiler. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü: Https://Hsgm.Saglik.Gov.Tr/Tr/Fiziksel-Aktivite/Politika-Ve-Stratejiler.Html
  • Schaller, K., & Mons, U. (2018). Tax On Sugar Sweetened Beverages And İnfluence Of The İndustry To Prevent Regulation. Ernaehrungs Umschau İnternationa, 65(2): 34–41.
  • Schwendicke, F., & Stolpe, M. (2017). Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: İmpact On Overweight And Obesity İn Germany. Bmc Public Health, 17:88.
  • T.C. Resmi Gazete. (20 Haziran 2019 ). Okul Gıdası Logosu Uygulaması Usul Ve Esasları Hakkında Tebliğ (Tebliğ No: 2019/29). Başbakanlık Basımevi, Ankara, Sayı : 30807.
  • Tüik. (2020, 06 04). Türkiye Sağlık Araştırması Haber Bülteni. Türkiye.
  • Uerlich, M. F., Yumuk, V., Finer, N., Basdevant, A., & Visscher, T. L. (2016). Obesity Management İn Europe: Current Status And Objectives For The Future. Obesity Facts, 9:273–283
  • Ünlü, T. N., Deniz, D., & Sevimli, E. (2020). Türkiye’de Sağlık Politikalarını Belirlemede Dış Paydaş Analizi. Usbad Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi, 2(4), 534-553.
  • Vallgårda, S. (2015). Governing Obesity Policies From England, France, Germany And Scotland. Social Science & Medicine, Volume 147, Pages 317-323.
  • Vallgårda, S., Nielsen, M. E., Hartlev, M., & Sandøe, P. (2015). Backward- And Forward-Looking Responsibility For Obesity: Policies From Who, The Eu And England . European Journal Of Public Health, Volume 25, Issue 5, Pages 845–848,.
  • Watson, F., Taylor, A., Rayner, M., Lobstein, T., & Hinks, R. (2017). Priority Actions For Addressing The Obesity Epidemic İn England. Public Health Nutrition, 21(5), 1002–1010.
  • Who, W. H. (2020, 06 20). Nutrition, Physical Activity And Obesity Germany 2013. Who European Region: Http://Www.Euro.Who.İnt/En/Nutrition-Country-Profiles
  • Word Health Organization. (2020, 06 19). Obesity And Overweight. Https://Www.Who.İnt/: Https://Www.Who.İnt/News-Room/Fact-Sheets/Detail/Obesity-And-Overweight
  • Yumuk, V., Tsigos, C., Fried, M., Schindler, K., Busetto, L., Micic, D., & Toplak, H. (2015). European Guidelines For Obesity Management İn Adults . Obesity Facts, 8:402–424.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Politikası
Bölüm Derleme Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Tuğçe Nuriye Ünlü 0000-0002-6730-2586

Duygu Deniz 0000-0001-5754-9916

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Mart 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Eylül 2021
Kabul Tarihi 2 Şubat 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ünlü, T. N., & Deniz, D. (2022). TÜRKİYE’DE UYGULANAN OBEZİTE POLİTİKALARI; ALMANYA UYGULAMA KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI. Selçuk Sağlık Dergisi, 3(1), 62-78.