Araştırma Makalesi
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The Gravestone Sculptors and the Maker’s Marks at the Haydarpaşa British Cemetery

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1, 229 - 251, 30.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.29135/std.658699

Öz

The Haydarpaşa British Cemetery was first established in the Crimean War (1853-1856) for the British soldiers who died during the war and from 1867 onwards opened to the burial of the British civilians. The layout of the cemetery matches the design of the Victorian cemeteries which became widespread during the period of the Queen Victoria’s reign (1837-1901). The main components building this layout in the Haydarpaşa British Cemetery are the location, the landscape arrangement, the Scutari Monument erected by the Queen Victoria and the design of the gravestones. In this paper first the origins and the components of the Victorian cemeteries will be examined in terms of their interaction with the classical and late Ottoman cemeteries. Afterwards the designs of the gravestones, which contribute significantly to the Victorian character of the Haydarpaşa British Cemetery will be investigated through their manufacturer sculptors and the identities of the people buried in these graves. The maker’s marks, which are today barely seen on the bases of these gravestones, indicate that they were mostly produced in Britain and brought to Istanbul on order. These marks, which could be easily overlooked were used by the Victorian artisans widely to show their names and addresses as trademark signs and were also adopted by the local gravestone sculptors in Istanbul. For the researchers studying the art and architecture of the late Ottoman cemeteries they offer a new methodology, enabling to reach the manufacturer’s other works via the contact information and provide the possibility of an analogy on the design analysis.

Kaynakça

  • Clark, K. (1983). The Gothic Revival: An Essay in the Histor of Taste. Londra: John Murray.
  • Claudon, F. (1994). Romantizm Sanat Ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Coward, B. ve Gaunt, P. (2017). The Stuart Age England, 1603-1714. Londra: Routledge.
  • Curl, J. S. (1975). The Architecture and Planning of the Nineteenth-Century Cemetery. Garden History (3), 13-41.
  • Curl, J. S. (1983). John Claudius Loudon and The Garden Cemetery Movement, Garden History 11, 133-156.
  • Durudoğan, S. (1993). Tepebaşı Bahçesi, Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi (C. 7, 249-250), İstanbul: Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı Ortak Yayını.
  • Eldem, E. (2005). İstanbul’da Ölüm, Osmanlı-İslam Kültüründe Ölüm ve Ritülleri. İstanbul: Osmanlı Bankası Arşiv ve Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Elmes, J.(1852). Sir Christopher Wren and his time. Londra.
  • Germann, Georg (1972). Gothic Revial in Europe and Britaiın: Sources, Influences and Ideas. Londra: Lund Humphries.
  • Haskan, M. M. (2001). Yüzyıllar Boyunca Üsküdar (C. 2). İstanbul: Üsküdar Belediyesi.
  • Lewiston Saturday Journal, 7 Mayıs 1878.
  • London Illustrated News, 6 Kasım 1858.
  • Loudon, J. C. (1843). On the laying out, planting and the managing of cemeteries and on the improvement of Churchyards. Londra.
  • Moffett M., Fazio M. W. ve Wodehouse L. (2003)., A World History of Architecture. Londra: Laurence King Publishing.
  • Neave, L. D. (1978). Eski İstanbul’da Hayat. İstanbul: Tercüman 1001 Temel Eser.
  • Pears, E. (1906). Forty Years in Constantinople, The Recollections of Sir Edwin Pears, 1873-1915, New York: D. Appleton.
  • Rogers N. (1998). Crowds, Culture, and Politics in Georgian Britain. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Rutherford, S. (2008). The Victorian Cemetery. Oxford: Shire Publications.
  • Sağ M. K. (2012), İrlandalı Seyyah Robert Walsh’un Geç Dönem Osmanlı Mimarlığına Dair Gözlemleri, Sanat Tarihi Defterleri 15. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
  • Sağ, M. K. (2014). The Scutari Monument in Istanbul: The Introduction of Victorian Monumental Language to Ottoman Society, Sculpture Journal (23/3), 279-292.
  • Sağ, M. K. (2016). Haydarpaşa İngiliz Mezarlığı, Geç Osmanlı Döneminde Sanat Mimarlık ve Kültür Karşılaşmaları, ed. Gözde Çelik. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 93-118.
  • Salut de constantinople kartpostalları, 683, ‘Cimetiere anglais a Scutari’.
  • Schiffer, R. (1999). Oriental Panorama: British Travellers in 19th Century Turkey. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
  • Tekeli, İ. (1991). Ege Bölgesi’nde Yerleşme Sisteminin 19. Yüzyıldaki Dönüşümü. Üç İzmir. İstanbul: YKY, 125-141.
  • The General Cemetery Company (1842), Annual Report 9th June 1842. Londra: C&E Layton.
  • The Evening Post (New Zealand), 6 Temmuz 1878.
  • The Evening Post (New Zealand), 2 Mart 1907.
  • The London Gazette, 13 Haziran 1871.
  • The London Gazette, 14 Ekim 1887.
  • Walsh, R. ve Allom, T. (1838). Constantinople and the Scenery of the Seven Churches of Asia Minor. Londra: The Caxton Press).
  • Wyke, T. ve Cocks, H. (2004). Public Sculpture of Great Britain. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • https://blog.billiongraves.com/understanding-cemetery-crosses/.Erişim: 01.12.2019. ‘Understanding Cemetery Crosses’.
  • http://graveyarddetective.blogspot.com/2012/01/art-of-maile-and-son.html, Erişim 01.12.2019.
  • http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/organization.php?id=msib6_1216216574, Erişim: 01.12.2019. ‘Buckley, Cox, Sons & Co.’, Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011.
  • http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/organization.php?id=msib1_1227867331. ‘Thomas Gaffin’, Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011.
  • http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/organization.php?id=msib1_1229812967, Erişim: 01.12.2019. ‘George Maile’, Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011.
  • http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/organization.php?id=msib5_1236961112. Erişim: 01.12.2019. ‘R. Craggs & Son’, Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011.
  • http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/organization.php?id=msib1_1239055318, Erişim: 01.12.2019. ‘G. Maile and Son Ltd.’, Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011.
  • http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/organization.php?id=msib6_1248867512, Erişim: 01.12.2019. 'Alex. Macdonald & Co (A'deen)', Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011.
  • http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/organization.php?id=msib6_1248972238, Erişim: 01.12.2019. 'Arthur Taylor', Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011.
  • http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/organization.php?id=msib1_1271840803. Erişim: 01.12.2019. 'Gaffin and Co.', Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011.
  • http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/organization.php?id=msib1_1271959221, Erişim: 01.12.2019 'Alex Macdonald and Co. Lim.', Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011.
  • http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/web/files/LocalHistory/sculpture_trail_leaflet.pdf, Erişim: 04 Temmuz 2013.
  • https://www.kensalgreencemetery.com/history2/, Erişim: 01.12.2019. ‘Kensal Green Cemetery History’.
  • http://www.levantineheritage.com/pdf/CAWratislaw.pdf, Erişim: 01.12.2019. ‘Ancestors of Charles Anthnoy Wratislaw’.
  • www.craggs.info. Erişim: 01.12.2019.
  • www.cumberbatch.org, Erişim: 01.12.2019.
  • www.ljwatts.co.uk, Erişim: 01.12.2019. ‘L. J. Watts Memorial Stone Masons’.
  • www.tynetugs.co.uk/charlesxii1869.html .Erişim:01.12.2019. ‘Tyne Tugs and Tug Builders’.

Haydarpaşa İngiliz Mezarlığı’nda Mezar Taşı Heykeltıraşları ve Damgaları

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1, 229 - 251, 30.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.29135/std.658699

Öz

Haydarpaşa İngiliz Mezarlığı, Kırım Savaşı’nda (1853-1856) ölen Britanyalı askerlerin defnedilmesi için oluşturulmuş, 1867’den itibaren sivil Britanyalıların da defnine açılmıştır. Mezarlığın kurgusu, Kraliçe Viktorya döneminde (1837-1901) Britanya’da yaygınlaşan Viktoryen mezarlıkların tasarımı ile uyuşmaktadır. Bu kurguyu oluşturan başlıca öğeler, mezarlığın konumu, peyzaj düzenlemesi, Kraliçe Viktorya tarafından diktirilen Kırım Savaşı Anıtı ve de mezar taşlarının tasarımıdır. Bu makalede öncelikle Viktoryen mezarlık kavramının doğuşu ve bileşenleri, erken ve geç dönem Osmanlı mezarlıklarıyla olan etkileşimi üzerinden irdelenecek, ardından Haydarpaşa İngiliz Mezarlığı’na Viktoryen karakterini veren başlıca öğelerden mezar taşlarının tasarımı, taşa biçim veren heykeltıraş ve mezarda yatan şahısların kimliği ışığında incelenecektir. Mezar taşlarının kaide kısımlarında rastlanan ve günümüzde zorlukla okunabilen heykeltıraş damgaları, bu taşların büyük bir çoğunluğunun Britanya’daki atölyelerde imal edilip buraya getirildiğini göstermektedir. Bir kısım taş ise yerli heykeltıraş ustalar tarafından üretilmiştir. Alamet-i farika niteliği taşıyan bu damgalar, Viktorya Dönemi zanaatkarları tarafından yaygınca kullanılmakla beraber üretici kişi ya da firmanın ismini ve adresini göstermektedir. Bu damgaların, mezarlıkta yerli ustalar tarafından da kullanılmış olması, geç dönem Osmanlı mezarlıkları çalışan araştırmacılar için metodolojik açıdan yeni bir araştırma yöntemi sunmaktadır. Kolaylıkla gözden kaçabilecek bu damgalar, üretici bilgilerini içermesi sebebiyle üreticinin diğer işlerine de ulaşmayı sağlarken, tasarım analizinde bahsedilen işlerle analoji yapmayı olanaklı kılacaktır. 

Kaynakça

  • Clark, K. (1983). The Gothic Revival: An Essay in the Histor of Taste. Londra: John Murray.
  • Claudon, F. (1994). Romantizm Sanat Ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Coward, B. ve Gaunt, P. (2017). The Stuart Age England, 1603-1714. Londra: Routledge.
  • Curl, J. S. (1975). The Architecture and Planning of the Nineteenth-Century Cemetery. Garden History (3), 13-41.
  • Curl, J. S. (1983). John Claudius Loudon and The Garden Cemetery Movement, Garden History 11, 133-156.
  • Durudoğan, S. (1993). Tepebaşı Bahçesi, Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi (C. 7, 249-250), İstanbul: Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı Ortak Yayını.
  • Eldem, E. (2005). İstanbul’da Ölüm, Osmanlı-İslam Kültüründe Ölüm ve Ritülleri. İstanbul: Osmanlı Bankası Arşiv ve Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Elmes, J.(1852). Sir Christopher Wren and his time. Londra.
  • Germann, Georg (1972). Gothic Revial in Europe and Britaiın: Sources, Influences and Ideas. Londra: Lund Humphries.
  • Haskan, M. M. (2001). Yüzyıllar Boyunca Üsküdar (C. 2). İstanbul: Üsküdar Belediyesi.
  • Lewiston Saturday Journal, 7 Mayıs 1878.
  • London Illustrated News, 6 Kasım 1858.
  • Loudon, J. C. (1843). On the laying out, planting and the managing of cemeteries and on the improvement of Churchyards. Londra.
  • Moffett M., Fazio M. W. ve Wodehouse L. (2003)., A World History of Architecture. Londra: Laurence King Publishing.
  • Neave, L. D. (1978). Eski İstanbul’da Hayat. İstanbul: Tercüman 1001 Temel Eser.
  • Pears, E. (1906). Forty Years in Constantinople, The Recollections of Sir Edwin Pears, 1873-1915, New York: D. Appleton.
  • Rogers N. (1998). Crowds, Culture, and Politics in Georgian Britain. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Rutherford, S. (2008). The Victorian Cemetery. Oxford: Shire Publications.
  • Sağ M. K. (2012), İrlandalı Seyyah Robert Walsh’un Geç Dönem Osmanlı Mimarlığına Dair Gözlemleri, Sanat Tarihi Defterleri 15. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
  • Sağ, M. K. (2014). The Scutari Monument in Istanbul: The Introduction of Victorian Monumental Language to Ottoman Society, Sculpture Journal (23/3), 279-292.
  • Sağ, M. K. (2016). Haydarpaşa İngiliz Mezarlığı, Geç Osmanlı Döneminde Sanat Mimarlık ve Kültür Karşılaşmaları, ed. Gözde Çelik. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 93-118.
  • Salut de constantinople kartpostalları, 683, ‘Cimetiere anglais a Scutari’.
  • Schiffer, R. (1999). Oriental Panorama: British Travellers in 19th Century Turkey. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
  • Tekeli, İ. (1991). Ege Bölgesi’nde Yerleşme Sisteminin 19. Yüzyıldaki Dönüşümü. Üç İzmir. İstanbul: YKY, 125-141.
  • The General Cemetery Company (1842), Annual Report 9th June 1842. Londra: C&E Layton.
  • The Evening Post (New Zealand), 6 Temmuz 1878.
  • The Evening Post (New Zealand), 2 Mart 1907.
  • The London Gazette, 13 Haziran 1871.
  • The London Gazette, 14 Ekim 1887.
  • Walsh, R. ve Allom, T. (1838). Constantinople and the Scenery of the Seven Churches of Asia Minor. Londra: The Caxton Press).
  • Wyke, T. ve Cocks, H. (2004). Public Sculpture of Great Britain. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • https://blog.billiongraves.com/understanding-cemetery-crosses/.Erişim: 01.12.2019. ‘Understanding Cemetery Crosses’.
  • http://graveyarddetective.blogspot.com/2012/01/art-of-maile-and-son.html, Erişim 01.12.2019.
  • http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/organization.php?id=msib6_1216216574, Erişim: 01.12.2019. ‘Buckley, Cox, Sons & Co.’, Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011.
  • http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/organization.php?id=msib1_1227867331. ‘Thomas Gaffin’, Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011.
  • http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/organization.php?id=msib1_1229812967, Erişim: 01.12.2019. ‘George Maile’, Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011.
  • http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/organization.php?id=msib5_1236961112. Erişim: 01.12.2019. ‘R. Craggs & Son’, Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011.
  • http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/organization.php?id=msib1_1239055318, Erişim: 01.12.2019. ‘G. Maile and Son Ltd.’, Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011.
  • http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/organization.php?id=msib6_1248867512, Erişim: 01.12.2019. 'Alex. Macdonald & Co (A'deen)', Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011.
  • http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/organization.php?id=msib6_1248972238, Erişim: 01.12.2019. 'Arthur Taylor', Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011.
  • http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/organization.php?id=msib1_1271840803. Erişim: 01.12.2019. 'Gaffin and Co.', Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011.
  • http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/organization.php?id=msib1_1271959221, Erişim: 01.12.2019 'Alex Macdonald and Co. Lim.', Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011.
  • http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/web/files/LocalHistory/sculpture_trail_leaflet.pdf, Erişim: 04 Temmuz 2013.
  • https://www.kensalgreencemetery.com/history2/, Erişim: 01.12.2019. ‘Kensal Green Cemetery History’.
  • http://www.levantineheritage.com/pdf/CAWratislaw.pdf, Erişim: 01.12.2019. ‘Ancestors of Charles Anthnoy Wratislaw’.
  • www.craggs.info. Erişim: 01.12.2019.
  • www.cumberbatch.org, Erişim: 01.12.2019.
  • www.ljwatts.co.uk, Erişim: 01.12.2019. ‘L. J. Watts Memorial Stone Masons’.
  • www.tynetugs.co.uk/charlesxii1869.html .Erişim:01.12.2019. ‘Tyne Tugs and Tug Builders’.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA
Yazarlar

Mustafa Kaan Sağ 0000-0001-7463-811X

Mustafa Çağhan Keskin 0000-0002-6514-1328

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Sağ, M. K., & Keskin, M. Ç. (2020). Haydarpaşa İngiliz Mezarlığı’nda Mezar Taşı Heykeltıraşları ve Damgaları. Sanat Tarihi Dergisi, 29(1), 229-251. https://doi.org/10.29135/std.658699