Araştırma Makalesi
Büyük Savaş Propagandasında Kahramanlığın Bir İkna Yöntemi Olarak Kullanımının İncelenmesi—Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Posterleri Örneği
Öz
Giriş ve Çalışmanın Amacı: Bu makale, Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında propaganda afişlerinde kullanılan kompozisyon yöntemlerini anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, afiş propagandasında kahramanlığın nasıl tezahür ettiği bu çalışmanın ana temasını oluşturmaktadır.
Kavramsal/Kuramsal Çerçeve: Büyük Savaş propaganda afişlerinde kahramanlığın tasvir ediliş biçimi bu çalışmanın ana konusudur. Bu anlamda propaganda, kamuoyunun propagandacının niyetlerine uyması için bilgiyi manipüle etmeyi amaçlayan bir araç olarak anlaşılmaktadır.
Yöntem: Bu çalışmada, kahramanlığı tasvir eden afişlerin incelenmesinin, propaganda ve onun bir aldatma aracı olarak kullanımı konusundaki çalışmaları derinleştireceğine inanılmaktadır. Kahramanlık olgusu kültürlerde önemli bir yer tuttuğu için ayrı bir bölümde ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada ele alınan afişler Roland Barthes’ın göstergebilimsel analizi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Büyük Savaş propaganda afişlerindeki kahramanlık tasviri, hem doğrudan hem de dolaylı anlatımıyla anlatılarının temelini oluşturmaktadır. Doğrudan kahramanlık mesajlarına çoğunlukla dini idealizm, ahlak, asil bir dava, onur ve adaleti birleştiren sloganlar eşlik etmiştir. Dolaylı mesajlar ise birlik, arzu edilirlik, yolculuk ve görev temalarıyla ilişkilendirilmiştir. Buna ek olarak, kahramanlık tasvirleri 'ev cephesi' olarak adlandırılan kadın ve çocuklara yönelik olmuştur.
Sonuç: Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki poster propagandasında, 'bizim' taraf olarak iyi ile 'onların' tarafı olarak kötü arasındaki ayrım çok açıktır. Büyük Savaş'ın en kritik anlarında propaganda afişlerinde kahramanlığın kullanılmasının çok önemli bir unsur olduğu, zira bunun savaşın sert gerçekliğini aktarmak yerine savaşı soyut bir metafora indirgediği belirtilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Büyük Savaş Propaganda Afiş Sanatı Göstergebilim Kahramanlık Görsel Kültür
Kaynakça
- AULICH, J., HEWITT, J. (2007). Seduction or instruction?: First World War posters in Britain and Europe. Oxford: Manchester University Press.
- BATHES, R. (1967). Elements of semiology. (A. Lavers and C. Smith, Trans.) NY: Hill and Wang.
- BARTHES, R. (1972). Mythologies. (Jonathan Cape Ltd., Trans.) France: Editions du Seuil.
- BECKER, E. (1971). The birth and death of meaning—the interdisciplinary perspective on the problem of man. New York, NY: The Free Press.
- BECKER, E. (1973). The denial of death. New York, NY: The Free Press.
- BECKER, E. (1974). Escape from evil. New York, NY: The Free Press.
- CAMPBELL, J. (2004). The hero with a thousand faces. USA: Princeton University Press.
- EITHER, L. (2000). French paintings: of the nineteenth century (Part 1). NY: Oxford University Press.
- EPSTEIN, A. J. (2000), German and English propaganda in World War I. CUNY Graduate Center/NYMAS (1), https://nymas.org/propagandapaper.html
- ELIADE, MIRCEA. (1978), A history of religious ideas, volume I. Chigaco, USA: The University of Chicago Press.
- HALL, S. (2003). The spectacle of other: cultural representations and signifying practices. pp. 223-280. London: SAGE Publicdtions Ltd.
- HOOK, S. (1957). The hero in history. USA: First Beacon Paperback Edition.
- JOWETT, G. S., O’Donnell, V. (2012). Propaganda and persuasion. Los Angeles: Sage.
- LASWELL, H. D. (1938). Propaganda technique in the World War. New York: Peter Smith.
- MACMILLAN, M. (2013). The war that ended the piece: how Europe abandoned peace for the First World War. London: Profile Books LTD.
- PEDRINI, P. P. (2018). Propaganda, persuasion, and the Great War. Abingdon: OX: Routledge.
- PLEKHANOV, G.V. (1950). The role of the individual in history. London: Lawrence & Wishart LTD.
- REYNOLDSON, F. (1991). The home front propaganda. England: Wayland.
- TOMBS, R. (2003). Politics. The nineteenth century: Europe 1789-1914. pp. 10-46 NY, USA: The Oxford Press.
- Figure 1. https://pixels.com/featured/the-emperor-napoleon-in-his-study-at-the-tuileries-by-jacques-louis-david-up-close-cora-wandel.html?product=greeting-card
- Figure 2. https://fineartamerica.com/featured/creation-of-adam-michelangelo-buonarroti.html
- Figure 3. https://digital.library.temple.edu/digital/collection/p16002coll9/id/3007/
- Figure 4. https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3g10238/
- Figure 5. https://www.loc.gov/item/98503178/
- Figure 6. https://www.loc.gov/item/2002709071/
- Figure 7. https://www.loc.gov/item/2002719778/
- Figure 8. https://www.loc.gov/item/2002712331/
- Figure 9. https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652057/
- Figure 10. https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3g10977/
- Figure11. https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/don-t-let-them-die-you-can-save-them/CgHKSaVD1us3ng?hl=en
- Figure 12. https://www.loc.gov/item/93510435/
- Figure 13. https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll51/id/798/
Examining the Use of Heroism as a Method of Persuasion in the Great War Propaganda—The Case of United States of America Posters
Öz
The Purpose of Study: This article aims to understand the compositional methods used in the propaganda. In this sense, the central theme of this study is to understand how heroism was portrayed in the posters of the Great War propaganda in the United States.
Literature Review/Background: The way heroism is portrayed in the Great War propaganda posters is the main topic of this paper. Propaganda in this sense is understood as a means aimed at manipulating information so that public opinion conforms to the propagandist's intentions.
Method: In this paper, it is believed that the study of posters depicting heroism will deepen the study of propaganda and its use as an instrument of deception. Because the phenomenon of heroism occupies an important place in cultures, it has been discussed in detail in a separate section. The posters discussed in the study were analyzed using the semiotic analysis of Roland Barthes.
Results: The depiction of heroism on the Great War propaganda posters underpins its narratives in both direct and indirect expression. The direct messages of heroism were mainly accompanied by slogans that combined religious idealism, morality, a noble cause, honor, and justice. The indirect messages, on the other hand, were associated with themes of unity, desirability, journey, and duty. In addition, the depiction of heroism was directed at women and children, who were referred to as the 'home front.'
Conclusion: In poster propaganda in the United States, the distinction between good as 'our' side and evil as 'their' side is obvious. It has been noted that the use of heroism in propaganda posters at the most critical moments of the Great War was a crucial element, as its depiction reduced the war to an abstract metaphor rather than conveying the harsh reality of war.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Great War Propaganda Poster Art Semiology Heroism Visual Culture
Kaynakça
- AULICH, J., HEWITT, J. (2007). Seduction or instruction?: First World War posters in Britain and Europe. Oxford: Manchester University Press.
- BATHES, R. (1967). Elements of semiology. (A. Lavers and C. Smith, Trans.) NY: Hill and Wang.
- BARTHES, R. (1972). Mythologies. (Jonathan Cape Ltd., Trans.) France: Editions du Seuil.
- BECKER, E. (1971). The birth and death of meaning—the interdisciplinary perspective on the problem of man. New York, NY: The Free Press.
- BECKER, E. (1973). The denial of death. New York, NY: The Free Press.
- BECKER, E. (1974). Escape from evil. New York, NY: The Free Press.
- CAMPBELL, J. (2004). The hero with a thousand faces. USA: Princeton University Press.
- EITHER, L. (2000). French paintings: of the nineteenth century (Part 1). NY: Oxford University Press.
- EPSTEIN, A. J. (2000), German and English propaganda in World War I. CUNY Graduate Center/NYMAS (1), https://nymas.org/propagandapaper.html
- ELIADE, MIRCEA. (1978), A history of religious ideas, volume I. Chigaco, USA: The University of Chicago Press.
- HALL, S. (2003). The spectacle of other: cultural representations and signifying practices. pp. 223-280. London: SAGE Publicdtions Ltd.
- HOOK, S. (1957). The hero in history. USA: First Beacon Paperback Edition.
- JOWETT, G. S., O’Donnell, V. (2012). Propaganda and persuasion. Los Angeles: Sage.
- LASWELL, H. D. (1938). Propaganda technique in the World War. New York: Peter Smith.
- MACMILLAN, M. (2013). The war that ended the piece: how Europe abandoned peace for the First World War. London: Profile Books LTD.
- PEDRINI, P. P. (2018). Propaganda, persuasion, and the Great War. Abingdon: OX: Routledge.
- PLEKHANOV, G.V. (1950). The role of the individual in history. London: Lawrence & Wishart LTD.
- REYNOLDSON, F. (1991). The home front propaganda. England: Wayland.
- TOMBS, R. (2003). Politics. The nineteenth century: Europe 1789-1914. pp. 10-46 NY, USA: The Oxford Press.
- Figure 1. https://pixels.com/featured/the-emperor-napoleon-in-his-study-at-the-tuileries-by-jacques-louis-david-up-close-cora-wandel.html?product=greeting-card
- Figure 2. https://fineartamerica.com/featured/creation-of-adam-michelangelo-buonarroti.html
- Figure 3. https://digital.library.temple.edu/digital/collection/p16002coll9/id/3007/
- Figure 4. https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3g10238/
- Figure 5. https://www.loc.gov/item/98503178/
- Figure 6. https://www.loc.gov/item/2002709071/
- Figure 7. https://www.loc.gov/item/2002719778/
- Figure 8. https://www.loc.gov/item/2002712331/
- Figure 9. https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652057/
- Figure 10. https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3g10977/
- Figure11. https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/don-t-let-them-die-you-can-save-them/CgHKSaVD1us3ng?hl=en
- Figure 12. https://www.loc.gov/item/93510435/
- Figure 13. https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll51/id/798/
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 3 Ocak 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 10 Kasım 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2 |
ART/icle: Sanat ve Tasarım Dergisi
ISSN: 2718-1057
e-ISSN: 2791-7665