Hipertansiyon Yönetiminde Sağlık Okuryazarlığının Rolü

Öz

Dünya genelinde 30-79 yaş arasındaki 1,28 milyar yetişkinin hipertansiyon ile yaşadığı tahmin edilmektedir. Bu bireylerin sadece %21’inin hastalığı kontrol altındadır. Hipertansiyonun kontrol altına alınamaması, onu yeti yitiminin ve ölümün önde gelen nedenlerinden biri haline getirmektedir. Hipertansiyon, 70 yaş altı ölümleri ifade eden prematür ölümlerin önemli bir kısmından sorumludur. Katastrofik sağlık sonuçlarına rağmen önlenebilir olması, hastalığın halk sağlığı açısından önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Dünyada hipertansiyon ile mücadelenin etkili bir şekilde ve halk sağlığı perspektifinden yürütülmesi gerekmektedir. Hastalığın etkin yönetimi için sağlık profesyonellerinin halk sağlığı bakış açısı kazanması önemlidir. Hastalık yönetiminde, hastalığa neden olan faktörleri bilmek ve belirleyicilerini iyi anlamak müdahalelerin başarısı için değerlidir. Sağlıkla ilgili bilgi, tutum ve davranışları içeren sağlık okuryazarlığı; toplumun sağlık çıktılarında anlamlı bir yere sahiptir. Sağlık okuryazarlığı, hipertansiyonun risklerinin azaltılmasından hastalığın kontrol altına alınmasına kadar pek çok noktada etkili olabilir. Dolayısıyla sağlık okuryazarlığı ve hipertansiyon kontrolü arasındaki ilişkinin bu perspektiften değerlendirilmesi önem kazanmaktadır. Bu derleme hipertansiyon yönetiminde sağlık okuryazarlığının rolünü incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• bulaşıcı olmayan hastalıklar
• hipertansiyon
• hastalık yönetimi
• sağlık okuryazarlığı

Role of Health Literacy in Hypertension Management

Öz

It is estimated that 1.28 billion adults aged 30-79 years are living with hypertension worldwide. Only 21% of these individuals have the disease under control. Failure to control hypertension makes it one of the leading causes of disability and death. Hypertension is responsible for a significant proportion of premature deaths, which refers to deaths under the age of 70. Despite its catastrophic health consequences, the fact that it is preventable reveals the importance of the disease in terms of public health. The fight against hypertension in the world needs to be carried out effectively and from a public health perspective. It is important for health professionals to acquire a public health perspective for effective management of the disease. In disease management, knowing the factors that cause the disease and understanding its determinants well are valuable for the success of interventions. Health literacy, which includes health-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors, has a meaningful place in the health outcomes of the society. Health literacy can be effective at many points from reducing the risks of hypertension to the control of the disease. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the relationship between health literacy and hypertension control from this perspective. This review aims to examine the role of health literacy in hypertension management.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• noncommunicable diseases
• hypertension
• disease management
• health literacy

Kaynakça

1. Overview. Available at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/hypertension#tab=tab_1. Accessed May 19, 2024.
2. World Health Organization. Noncommunicable Diseases. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases. Accessed March 19, 2024.
3. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Global Burden of Disease 2021: Findings from the GBD 2021 Study. Seattle, WA: IHME, 2024.
4. World Health Organization. Cardiovascular Diseases, Overview., Available at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases#tab=tab_1. Accessed March 19, 2024.
5. World Health Organization. Global report on hypertension: The race against a silent killer. 2023. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Available at:
6. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240081062. Accessed March 19, 2024.
7. Wahdan MH. The epidemiological transition. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 1996 Volume 2 Issue 1. Available at: https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-2-1996/volume-2-issue-1/article2.html. Accessed March 19, 2024.
8. Özvarış ŞB. Sağlığı Geliştirme ve Sağlık Eğitimi. Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları 2016. p. 42-43.

9. Nutbeam D, Lloyd JE. Understanding and responding to health literacy as a social determinant of health. Annu Rev Public Health 2021 Apr 1;42:159-73.
10. Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines. Hypertension 2020 Jun;75(6):1334-57.
11. Beevers G, Lip GY, O’Brien E. ABC of hypertension: The pathophysiology of hypertension. BMJ 2001 Apr 14;322(7291):912-6.
12. World Health Organization. Hypertension. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension. Accessed March 11, 2024.
13. Zhou B, Carrillo-Larco RM, Danaei G, et al. Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: A pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. The Lancet 2021;398(10304):957-80.
14. Murray CJ, Aravkin AY, Zheng P, et al. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet 2020;396(10258):1223-49.
15. Aslan D. Halk Sağlığı ve Beslenme. Ankara: Hipokrat Yayınevi; 2021.
16. Falkner B, Lurbe E. Primordial prevention of high blood pressure in childhood: an opportunity not to be missed. Hypertension 2020;75(5):1142-50.
17. Charchar FJ, Prestes PR, Mills C, et al. Lifestyle management of hypertension: International Society of Hypertension position paper endorsed by the World Hypertension League and European Society of Hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 2024;42(1):23-49.
18. Reboussin DM, Allen NB, Griswold ME et al. Systematic review for the 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension 2018;71(6):e116-e35.
19. Rajeev G, Soneil G. Strategies for initial management of hypertension. The Indian Journal of Medical Research November 2010;132(5):531-42.
20. World Health Organization. Hearts: Technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care. 2016, Geneva. URL: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240001367 Accessed March 11, 2024
21. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü Kronik Hastalıklar ve Yaşlı Sağlığı Dairesi Başkanlığı. Hastalık Yönetim Platformu Uygulaması. Available at: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/hastalik-yonetim-platformu.html. Accessed December 10, 2024.
22. Nutbeam D. Health promotion glossary. Health Promot. Int. 1998;13(4):349-64.
23. Nutbeam D. The evolving concept of health literacy. Social Science and Medicine. 2008;67:2072–8.
24. Rudd, Rima E. The evolving concept of Health literacy: New directions for health literacy studies. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 2015;8(1):7-9.
25. Du S, Zhou Y, Fu C, Wang Y, Du X, Xie R. Health literacy and health outcomes in hypertension: An integrative review. Int J Nurs Sci. 2018 Jun 9;5(3):301-09.
26. Shi D, Li J, Wang Y, et al. Association between health literacy and hypertension management in a Chinese community: A retrospective cohort study. Internal and Emergency Medicine 2017; 12:765-76.
27. Warren-Findlow J, Coffman MJ, Thomas EV, Krinner LM. ECHO: A pilot health literacy intervention to improve hypertension self-care. HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice 2019; 3(4):e259-e67.
28. Delavar F, Pashaeypoor S, Negarandeh R. The effects of self-management education tailored to health literacy on medication adherence and blood pressure control among elderly people with primary hypertension: A randomized controlled trial. Patient Educ Couns. 2020 Feb;103(2):336-42.
29. Yilmazel G, Çetinkaya F. Relation between health literacy levels, hypertension awareness and control among primary-secondary school teachers in Turkey. AIMS Public Health 2017 Jun 30;4(4):314-25.
30. Wang C, Lang J, Xuan L, Li X, Zhang L. The effect of health literacy and self-management efficacy on the health-related quality of life of hypertensive patients in a western rural area of China: A cross-sectional study. International Journal for Equity in Health 2017;16:1-11.
31. Pérez A. Acculturation, health literacy, and illness perceptions of hypertension among Hispanic adults. Journal of Transcultural Nursing 2015;26(4):386-94.
32. Ghaffari FS, Sarbazi E, Ardabili F, et al. The role of health literacy in hypertension control: A cross-sectional study in Iran. Ann Ig. 2020 May-Jun;32(3):263-73.