Araştırma Makalesi
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Doğum Sonrası Algılanan Sosyal Desteğin Travmatik Stres ve Depresyon Düzeyi Üzerindeki Etkisi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 4, 271 - 281, 09.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.17942/sted.1399157

Öz

Amaç: Gebelik, doğum ve doğum sonu dönem, anne ve bebeği için yaşamlarındaki en kırılgan dönemdir. Doğum sonrası dönem, bir kadının yaşamında desteğe en çok ihtiyaç duyduğu dönemlerden biridir. Araştırma doğum sonrası primipar kadınlarda sosyal desteğin, travmatik stres ve depresyon düzeyine etkisini belirlemek amacı ile yapılmıştır.
Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı tipte olan bu araştırma Şubat-Mayıs 2022 tarihleri arasında Diyarbakır/Silvan’da 302 kadınla yürütülmüştür. Veriler Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu, City Doğum Travma Ölçeği (CityDTÖ), Edinburgh Doğum Sonrası Depresyon Ölçeği ve Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Verileri analizinde Statistical Package for Social Sciences” (SPSS) istatistik programı kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Kadınların yaş ortalamasının 25,4±4,1 (18-44) olduğu, bebeklerinin yaş ortalamasının 8,3±2,2 (6-12 ay), evlenme yaşı ortalamasının 22,6±3,8 (15-35) ve eğitim yılı ortalamasının 11,3±3,9 (1-18) yıl olduğu saptandı. CityDTÖ’ne göre %15,3 (n=46) kadının Travmatik Stres Bozukluğu tüm tanı kriterlerini karşıladığı ve %10,3’ünün (n=31) depresif belirtilerinin olduğu belirlendi. Bu çalışmada, doğum sonrası sosyal desteği iyi olan kadınların travmatik stres ve depresyon düzeyinin daha düşük olduğu, ayrıca kadınların travmatik stres düzeyi arttıkça depresif belirti sıklığının arttığı görülmüştür (p<0,05). Gebelik döneminde izlemlerine düzenli giden, doğum esnasında kendisine bakım veren özel bir ebesi olan, doğum esnasında kendisine saygı duyulan ve mahremiyetine dikkat edilen kadınların travmatik stres ve depresyon düzeyinin daha düşük olduğu belirlendi.
Sonuç: Sağlık çalışanları, kadınların doğum sonrası sosyal desteğinin arttırılmasını desteklemeli ve ruh sağlığı açısından riskli kadınlar daha sık izlenmelidir.

Etik Beyan

Yapılan bu çalışmada “Yükseköğretim Kurumları Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Yönergesi” kapsamında uyulması belirtilen tüm kurallara uyulmuştur. Araştırmaya başlamadan önce Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Etik Kurulu’ndan onay alınmıştır (18.10.2021, 110). Etik kurul izninin ardından araştırmanın yürütüldüğü Diyarbakır/Silvan İlçe Sağlık Müdürlüğü’nden de izin alınmıştır (E-90410089, 17.01.2022). Ayrıca araştırma kapsamında kullanılan ölçüm araçlarının geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışmasını yürütenlerden de e-posta yoluyla izin alınmıştır. Araştırmaya alınma ölçütlerini karşılayan kadınlara araştırmanın amacı, yöntemi ve katkıları açıklanarak onamları alınmıştır. Araştırma süresince Helsinki Bildirgesi’nde yer alan ilkeler gözetilerek araştırma yürütülmüştür.

Teşekkür

Araştırmaya katılmayı kabul eden kadınlara teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

  • WHO. Maternal mental health. https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/promotion-prevention/maternal-mental-health 2023, Geneva (Erişim tarihi: 25 Mart 2023).
  • Bayrı-Bingöl F. Postpartum döneme uyum. İçinde: Anne Ruh Sağlığında Psikososyal Bakım Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık - Ankara;2023. ss:71-90.
  • Hornstein EA, Eisenberger NI. Unpacking the buffering effect of social support figures: Social support attenuates fear acquisition. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0175891.
  • Alba BM. Postpartum depression: A nurse’s guide. Am J Nurs. 2021;121(7):32-43.
  • Meltzer-Brody S, Larsen JT, Petersen L, et al. Adverse life events increase risk for postpartum psychiatric episodes: A population-based epidemiologic study. Depress Anxiety. 2018;35(2):160-7.
  • Güleç D, Öztürk S, Sevil Ü, Kazandı M. Gebelerin yaşadıkları doğum korkusu ile algıladıkları sosyal destek arasındaki ilişki. Turkiye Klinikleri J Gynecol Obst. 2014;24(1):36-41.
  • Verreault N, Da Costa D, Marchand A, et al. PTSD following childbirth: A prospective study of incidence and risk factors in Canadian women. J Psychosom Res. 2012;73(4):257-63.
  • Ayers S. Birth trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder: The importance of risk and resilience. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2017;35(5):427-30.
  • Stramrood C, Slade P. A women afraid of becoming pregnant again: Posttraumatic stress disorder following childbirth. Psycho-Social Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2017;33-51. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40404-2_2
  • Beck CT, Watson S. Mothers’ experiences interacting with infants after traumatic childbirth. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2019;44(6):338-44.
  • Polachek IS, Harari LH, Baum M, Strous RD. Postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms: The uninvited birth companion. Isr Med Assoc J. 2012;14(6):347-53.
  • Bayri Bingol F, Demirgoz Bal M. The risk factors for postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2020;56(4):851-7.
  • Zimet GD, Powell SS, Farley GK, Werkman S, Berkoff KA. Psychometric characteristics of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. J Pers Assess. 1990;55(3-4):610-7.
  • Eker D, Arkar H. Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği’nin faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi: 1995;10(34):17-25.
  • Ayers S, Wright DB, Thornton A. Development of a measure of Postpartum PTSD: The City Birth Trauma Scale. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:409. Published 2018 Sep 18.
  • Bayrı Bingöl F, Bal MD, Dişsiz M, Sormageç MT, Yildiz PD. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the City Birth Trauma Scale (CityBiTS). J Obstet Gynaecol. 2021;41(7):1023-31.
  • Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:782-6.
  • Engindeniz AN, Küey L, Kültür S. Edinburgh Doğum Sonrası Depresyon Ölçeği Türkçe formu geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Bahar Sempozyumları.1996;1:51-2.
  • Liu Y, Zhang L, Guo N, Jiang H. Postpartum depression and postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder: prevalence and associated factors. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):487.
  • Gong J, Fellmeth G, Quigley MA, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for postnatal mental health problems in mothers of infants admitted to neonatal care: Analysis of two population-based surveys in England. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023;23(1):370.
  • Radoš SN, Matijaš M, Anđelinović M, Čartolovni A, Ayers S. The role of posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms in mother-infant bonding. J Affect Disord. 2020;268:134-40.
  • Ding X, Liang M, Wang H, et al. Prenatal stressful life events increase the prevalence of postpartum depression: Evidence from prospective cohort studies. J Psychiatr Res. 2023;160:263-71.
  • Kim JH, Kim JY, Lee S, et al. Environmental risk factors, protective factors, and biomarkers for postpartum depressive symptoms: an umbrella review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022; 140:104761. 
  • 24-Zhao XH, Zhang ZH. Risk factors for postpartum depression: An evidence-based systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;53:102353. 
  • Boorman RJ, Devilly GJ, Gamble J, Creedy DK, Fenwick J. Childbirth and criteria for traumatic events. Midwifery. 2014;30(2):255-261. 
  • Grasso DJ, Drury S, Briggs-Gowan M, et al. Adverse childhood experiences, posttraumatic stress, and FKBP5 methylation patterns in postpartum women and their newborn infants. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2020; 114:104604. 
  • Van Sieleghem S, Danckaerts M, Rieken R, et al. Childbirth related PTSD and its association with infant outcome: A systematic review. Early Hum Dev. 2022;174:105667. 
  • American Collage of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Commttee Opinion, Number 825, Caring for Patients Who Have Experienced Trauma. American Collage of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG); 2021.
  • Srkalović Imširagić A, Begić D, Šimičević L, Bajić Ž. Prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology after childbirth - A Croatian longitudinal study. Women Birth. 2017;30(1):e17-e23.
  • Suetsugu Y, Haruna M, Kamibeppu K. A longitudinal study of bonding failure related to aspects of posttraumatic stress symptoms after childbirth among Japanese mothers. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20(1):434. Published 2020 Jul 29.
  • Canfield D, Silver RM. Detection and prevention of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder: a call to action. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;136(5):1030-5.
  • De Schepper S, Vercauteren T, Tersago J, Jacquemyn Y, Raes F, Franck E. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after childbirth and the influence of maternity team care during labour and birth: A cohort study. Midwifery. 2016;32:87-92.
  • Gökçe İsbir G, İnci F, Bektaş M, Dikmen Yıldız P, Ayers S. Risk factors associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms following childbirth in Turkey. Midwifery. 2016;41:96-103.
  • Horsch A, Vial Y, Favrod C, et al. Reducing intrusive traumatic memories after emergency caesarean section: A proof-of-principle randomized controlled study. Behav Res Ther. 2017;94:36-47.
  • Aydın N, Yıldız H. Travmatik doğum deneyiminin etkileri ve nesiller arası aktarımı. Journal of Human Sciences. 2018;15(1):604-18.
  • Abdollahpour S, Mousavi SA, Motaghi Z, Keramat A, Khosravi A. Prevalance and risk factors for developing traumatic childbirth in Iran. Journal of Public Health. 2017;25(3):275-80.
  • Cho ES, Kim SJ, Kwon MS, et al. the effects of kangaroo care in the neonatal intensive care unit on the physiological functions of preterm infants, maternal-infant attachment, and maternal stress. J Pediatr Nurs. 2016;31(4):430-8.
  • Cook N, Ayers S, Horsch A. Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder during the perinatal period and child outcomes: A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2018;225:18-31.
  • Kınık E, Özcan H, Maternal bağlanmayı etkileyen faktörler ve primiparlarda maternal bağlanma durumu. J Health Pro Res. 2020;2(1):47-53.
  • Karakaş NM, Dağlı FŞ. The importance of attachment in infant and influencing factors. Turk Pediatri Ars. 2019;54(2):76-81. Published 2019 Jul 11.
  • Varghese N, Souza D, Sonia RB. Effectiveness of early ınitiation of skin to skin contact on maternal neonatal bonding and breast feeding status among primiparous women. AJNER 2018;8(4):484-8.
  • Ayers S. Fear of childbirth, postnatal post-traumatic stress disorder and midwifery care. Midwifery. 2014;30(2):145-8.
  • Kendall-Tackett K. Birth trauma: The causes and consequences of childbirth-related trauma and PTSD. Women’s Reproductive Mental Health Across the Lifespan. Clinical Lactation. 2014;5(2):51-5 .
  • Üstgörül S, Yanıkkerem E. Postpartum dönemde kadınların psikososyal durumları ve etkileyen risk faktörleri, G.O.P. Taksim E.A.H. JAREN. 2017;3(Ek sayı):61-8.
  • Hall MF. How to help women at risk for acute stress disorder after childbirth. Nurs Womens Health. 2014;18(6):449-54.
  • Vossbeck-Elsebusch AN, Freisfeld C, Ehring T. Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms following childbirth. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:200. Published 2014 Jul 16.
  • Zheng J, Gao L, Li H, Zhao Q. Postpartum depression and social support: A longitudinal study of the first six months as parents. J Clin Nurs. 2023;32(11-12):2652-62.
  • Şahin B, Bayrı Bingöl F. The relationship between postpartum maternal traumatic stress and bonding. J Psy Nurs. 2021;12(3):227-36.
  • Taşkın L. Doğum ve Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği, 17. Baskı. Akademisyen Kitapevi-Ankara; 2021.
  • Dollberg DG, Hanetz-Gamliel K. Mediation-moderation links between mothers’ ACEs, mothers’ and children’s psychopathology symptoms, and maternal mentalization during COVID-19. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:837423.
  • Soykan Y, Cevher Akdulum MF. Stres ve hamilelik ve doğum sonrası dönem. Ed: Aslan S. In: Stres, Tıp ve Psikiyatri. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.45-48.

The Effect of Postpartum Perceived Social Support on Traumatic Stress and Depression Level

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 4, 271 - 281, 09.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.17942/sted.1399157

Öz

Objective: Pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period is the most vulnerable time in the life of a mother and her baby. The postpartum period is one of the periods in a woman's life when she needs support the most. This study was conducted to determine the effect of social support on the level of traumatic stress and depression in postpartum primiparous women.
Method: This descriptive study was conducted with 302 women in Diyarbakır/Silvan between February and May 2022. Data were collected with the Information Form, City Birth Trauma Scale (CityBiTS), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale.
Results: The mean age of the women was 25.4±4.1 years (18-44), the mean age of their babies was 8.3±2.2 (6-12 months), the mean age of marriage was 22.6±3. 8 (15-35), and the mean years of education was 11.3±3.9 (1-18). According to the CityBiTS, 15.3% (n=46) women met all diagnostic criteria for Traumatic Stress Disorder and 10.3% (n=31) had depressive symptoms. In this study, it was found that women with good postnatal social support had lower levels of traumatic stress and depression, and the frequency of depressive symptoms increased as the level of traumatic stress increased (p<0.05). It was determined that the level of traumatic stress and depression was lower in women who had regular follow-up visits during pregnancy, who had a private midwife who cared for them during labour, who were respected during labour and whose privacy was taken into consideration.
Conclusion: In this direction, healthcare professionals should support increasing the social support of women after birth and women at risk in terms of mental health should be monitored more frequently.

Kaynakça

  • WHO. Maternal mental health. https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/promotion-prevention/maternal-mental-health 2023, Geneva (Erişim tarihi: 25 Mart 2023).
  • Bayrı-Bingöl F. Postpartum döneme uyum. İçinde: Anne Ruh Sağlığında Psikososyal Bakım Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık - Ankara;2023. ss:71-90.
  • Hornstein EA, Eisenberger NI. Unpacking the buffering effect of social support figures: Social support attenuates fear acquisition. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0175891.
  • Alba BM. Postpartum depression: A nurse’s guide. Am J Nurs. 2021;121(7):32-43.
  • Meltzer-Brody S, Larsen JT, Petersen L, et al. Adverse life events increase risk for postpartum psychiatric episodes: A population-based epidemiologic study. Depress Anxiety. 2018;35(2):160-7.
  • Güleç D, Öztürk S, Sevil Ü, Kazandı M. Gebelerin yaşadıkları doğum korkusu ile algıladıkları sosyal destek arasındaki ilişki. Turkiye Klinikleri J Gynecol Obst. 2014;24(1):36-41.
  • Verreault N, Da Costa D, Marchand A, et al. PTSD following childbirth: A prospective study of incidence and risk factors in Canadian women. J Psychosom Res. 2012;73(4):257-63.
  • Ayers S. Birth trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder: The importance of risk and resilience. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2017;35(5):427-30.
  • Stramrood C, Slade P. A women afraid of becoming pregnant again: Posttraumatic stress disorder following childbirth. Psycho-Social Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2017;33-51. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40404-2_2
  • Beck CT, Watson S. Mothers’ experiences interacting with infants after traumatic childbirth. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2019;44(6):338-44.
  • Polachek IS, Harari LH, Baum M, Strous RD. Postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms: The uninvited birth companion. Isr Med Assoc J. 2012;14(6):347-53.
  • Bayri Bingol F, Demirgoz Bal M. The risk factors for postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2020;56(4):851-7.
  • Zimet GD, Powell SS, Farley GK, Werkman S, Berkoff KA. Psychometric characteristics of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. J Pers Assess. 1990;55(3-4):610-7.
  • Eker D, Arkar H. Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği’nin faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi: 1995;10(34):17-25.
  • Ayers S, Wright DB, Thornton A. Development of a measure of Postpartum PTSD: The City Birth Trauma Scale. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:409. Published 2018 Sep 18.
  • Bayrı Bingöl F, Bal MD, Dişsiz M, Sormageç MT, Yildiz PD. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the City Birth Trauma Scale (CityBiTS). J Obstet Gynaecol. 2021;41(7):1023-31.
  • Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:782-6.
  • Engindeniz AN, Küey L, Kültür S. Edinburgh Doğum Sonrası Depresyon Ölçeği Türkçe formu geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Bahar Sempozyumları.1996;1:51-2.
  • Liu Y, Zhang L, Guo N, Jiang H. Postpartum depression and postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder: prevalence and associated factors. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):487.
  • Gong J, Fellmeth G, Quigley MA, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for postnatal mental health problems in mothers of infants admitted to neonatal care: Analysis of two population-based surveys in England. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023;23(1):370.
  • Radoš SN, Matijaš M, Anđelinović M, Čartolovni A, Ayers S. The role of posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms in mother-infant bonding. J Affect Disord. 2020;268:134-40.
  • Ding X, Liang M, Wang H, et al. Prenatal stressful life events increase the prevalence of postpartum depression: Evidence from prospective cohort studies. J Psychiatr Res. 2023;160:263-71.
  • Kim JH, Kim JY, Lee S, et al. Environmental risk factors, protective factors, and biomarkers for postpartum depressive symptoms: an umbrella review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022; 140:104761. 
  • 24-Zhao XH, Zhang ZH. Risk factors for postpartum depression: An evidence-based systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;53:102353. 
  • Boorman RJ, Devilly GJ, Gamble J, Creedy DK, Fenwick J. Childbirth and criteria for traumatic events. Midwifery. 2014;30(2):255-261. 
  • Grasso DJ, Drury S, Briggs-Gowan M, et al. Adverse childhood experiences, posttraumatic stress, and FKBP5 methylation patterns in postpartum women and their newborn infants. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2020; 114:104604. 
  • Van Sieleghem S, Danckaerts M, Rieken R, et al. Childbirth related PTSD and its association with infant outcome: A systematic review. Early Hum Dev. 2022;174:105667. 
  • American Collage of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Commttee Opinion, Number 825, Caring for Patients Who Have Experienced Trauma. American Collage of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG); 2021.
  • Srkalović Imširagić A, Begić D, Šimičević L, Bajić Ž. Prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology after childbirth - A Croatian longitudinal study. Women Birth. 2017;30(1):e17-e23.
  • Suetsugu Y, Haruna M, Kamibeppu K. A longitudinal study of bonding failure related to aspects of posttraumatic stress symptoms after childbirth among Japanese mothers. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20(1):434. Published 2020 Jul 29.
  • Canfield D, Silver RM. Detection and prevention of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder: a call to action. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;136(5):1030-5.
  • De Schepper S, Vercauteren T, Tersago J, Jacquemyn Y, Raes F, Franck E. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after childbirth and the influence of maternity team care during labour and birth: A cohort study. Midwifery. 2016;32:87-92.
  • Gökçe İsbir G, İnci F, Bektaş M, Dikmen Yıldız P, Ayers S. Risk factors associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms following childbirth in Turkey. Midwifery. 2016;41:96-103.
  • Horsch A, Vial Y, Favrod C, et al. Reducing intrusive traumatic memories after emergency caesarean section: A proof-of-principle randomized controlled study. Behav Res Ther. 2017;94:36-47.
  • Aydın N, Yıldız H. Travmatik doğum deneyiminin etkileri ve nesiller arası aktarımı. Journal of Human Sciences. 2018;15(1):604-18.
  • Abdollahpour S, Mousavi SA, Motaghi Z, Keramat A, Khosravi A. Prevalance and risk factors for developing traumatic childbirth in Iran. Journal of Public Health. 2017;25(3):275-80.
  • Cho ES, Kim SJ, Kwon MS, et al. the effects of kangaroo care in the neonatal intensive care unit on the physiological functions of preterm infants, maternal-infant attachment, and maternal stress. J Pediatr Nurs. 2016;31(4):430-8.
  • Cook N, Ayers S, Horsch A. Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder during the perinatal period and child outcomes: A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2018;225:18-31.
  • Kınık E, Özcan H, Maternal bağlanmayı etkileyen faktörler ve primiparlarda maternal bağlanma durumu. J Health Pro Res. 2020;2(1):47-53.
  • Karakaş NM, Dağlı FŞ. The importance of attachment in infant and influencing factors. Turk Pediatri Ars. 2019;54(2):76-81. Published 2019 Jul 11.
  • Varghese N, Souza D, Sonia RB. Effectiveness of early ınitiation of skin to skin contact on maternal neonatal bonding and breast feeding status among primiparous women. AJNER 2018;8(4):484-8.
  • Ayers S. Fear of childbirth, postnatal post-traumatic stress disorder and midwifery care. Midwifery. 2014;30(2):145-8.
  • Kendall-Tackett K. Birth trauma: The causes and consequences of childbirth-related trauma and PTSD. Women’s Reproductive Mental Health Across the Lifespan. Clinical Lactation. 2014;5(2):51-5 .
  • Üstgörül S, Yanıkkerem E. Postpartum dönemde kadınların psikososyal durumları ve etkileyen risk faktörleri, G.O.P. Taksim E.A.H. JAREN. 2017;3(Ek sayı):61-8.
  • Hall MF. How to help women at risk for acute stress disorder after childbirth. Nurs Womens Health. 2014;18(6):449-54.
  • Vossbeck-Elsebusch AN, Freisfeld C, Ehring T. Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms following childbirth. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:200. Published 2014 Jul 16.
  • Zheng J, Gao L, Li H, Zhao Q. Postpartum depression and social support: A longitudinal study of the first six months as parents. J Clin Nurs. 2023;32(11-12):2652-62.
  • Şahin B, Bayrı Bingöl F. The relationship between postpartum maternal traumatic stress and bonding. J Psy Nurs. 2021;12(3):227-36.
  • Taşkın L. Doğum ve Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği, 17. Baskı. Akademisyen Kitapevi-Ankara; 2021.
  • Dollberg DG, Hanetz-Gamliel K. Mediation-moderation links between mothers’ ACEs, mothers’ and children’s psychopathology symptoms, and maternal mentalization during COVID-19. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:837423.
  • Soykan Y, Cevher Akdulum MF. Stres ve hamilelik ve doğum sonrası dönem. Ed: Aslan S. In: Stres, Tıp ve Psikiyatri. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.45-48.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Birinci Basamak Sağlık Hizmetleri
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Befrin Cin 0000-0001-8661-174X

Fadime Bayri Bingol 0000-0002-0304-6165

Yayımlanma Tarihi 9 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 9 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 33 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Cin B, Bayri Bingol F. Doğum Sonrası Algılanan Sosyal Desteğin Travmatik Stres ve Depresyon Düzeyi Üzerindeki Etkisi. STED. 2024;33(4):271-8.