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City and Worker Health

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 5, 397 - 406, 13.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.17942/sted.1522910

Öz

There is a constant, inevitable and reciprocal multifactorial interaction between human and environment. The city as a non-working living area and work place represent two specific environmental integrities that sometimes intertwine as a result of rapid and unplanned urbanization. The health status of employee is under the positive or negative effect of both special environments. Urbanization and rapid population growth in cities may lead to an increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases especially due to the effect of many factors such as limitation of natural resources, stain on infrastructure services, air pollution, traffic density, and unhealthy nutrition or lack of physical activity resulting from urban lifestyle, as well as an increase in the risk of communicable diseases facilitated by crowded living condition. However, cities do not have a homogeneous structural design in terms of healthy living conditions. The ability of employees to social resources and opportunities that are determinants of health, such as healthy nutrition and housing, access to clean water, education and health services, is basically determined by a result of the income they earn through work and the living standards they reach. While health problems of employee related to location in urban life and inadequate living standards may cause to occur and/or aggravate of occupational accidents and work-related diseases, health problems arising from the work environment may also make him susceptible to health risk originated from urban life. Healthy urban planning can make a positive contribution to the protection and improvement of employee health, as well as reducing health inequalities arising from the social class position of employees.

Kaynakça

  • Simon EJ, Dickey JL, Hogan KA, Reece JB. Campbell essential biology with physiology. 5th Ed. Gündüz E, Türkan İ, çev.ed. Ankara, Palme Yayıncılık, 2017.
  • Güler Ç. İçme suyu dezenfeksiyonu. In: Güler Ç, ed. Çevre Sağlığı, 1. Cilt. Ankara, Yazıt Yayıncılık, 2012:385-96.
  • Attali. Denizin Tarihi. Günen B, çev. İstanbul, Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi, 2017.
  • Marmot M. Giriş. In: Marmot M, Wilkinson RG, ed. Kayı İ, Yasin Y, çev.ed. Sağlığın Sosyal Belirleyicileri. Istanbul, İNSEV Yayınları, 2009:13-7.
  • Remais JV, Jackson RJ. Determinants of health: overview. In: Detels R, Gulliford M, Karim QA, Tan CC, ed. Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health, 6th Ed. United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2015:81-8.
  • Alagüney ME, Yıldız AN. Meslek hastalıkları temel kavramlar. In: Yıldız AN, Sandal A, ed. İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Meslek Hastalıkları. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2020:781-805.
  • Türkay M, Yıldız AN, İşsever H. İş kazaları. In: Yıldız AN, Sandal A, ed. İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Meslek Hastalıkları. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2020:761-80.
  • Zhang Z, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Feng Y. How dors urbanization affect public health? New evidence from 175 countries worldwide. Frontiers in Public Health, 2022;10:1-14.
  • Leon DA. Cities, urbanization and health. Int J Epidemiol, 2008;37:4-8.
  • Goldstein G. Urbanization, health and well-being: A global perspective. The Statistician, 1990;39:121-33.
  • United Nations. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision. New York, United Nations, 2004.
  • World Health Organization. Urban Health. Available at https://www.who.int/health-topics/urban-health/#tab=tab_1. Accessed June 21, 2024.
  • United Nations. Revision of World Urbanization Prospects: 2018. New York, United Nations, 2018.
  • Cohen B. Urban growth in developing countries: a review of current trends and a caution regarding existing forecasts. World Dev, 2004;32:23-51.
  • World Health Organization. Urban Setting as a Social Determinants of Health. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/10-facts-on-urban-settings-as-a-social-determinant-of-health. Accessed June 15, 2024.
  • Eckerd S, Kohler S. Urbanization and health in developing countries: a systematic review. World Health Popul, 2014;15:7-20.
  • Zhao F, Zhang Y, Alharthi M, Zafar MW. Environmental sustainability in developing countries: Understanding the criticality of financial inclussion and globalization. Sust Dev, 2022;30:1823-37.
  • Oyeyemi AL, Marby R, Wachira LJ, Gomes A, De Siqueira G. Addressing the impact of urbanization on health and well-being in African and Asian cities. Frontiers in Public Health, 2023; DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1193519.
  • Giles-Corti B, Vernez-Mandon A, Reis R, Turrell G, Dannenberg AI, Radland H, et al. City planning and population health: a global challange. Lancet, 2016;388:2912-24.
  • Sallis JF, Cerin E, Kerr J, Adams MA, Sugiyama T, Christiansen IB, et al. Built environment, physical activity, and obesity: findings from the international physical activity and environment network (IPEN) adult study. Annu Rev Public Health, 2020;41:119-39.
  • Rother HA. Controlling and preventing climate-sensitive non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Sci Total Environ, 2020;137772
  • Wang F, Liu S, Chen T, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Bai X. How urbanization affects residents’ risks: evidence from China. Environ Sci pollut Res Int, 2022;5:1-18.
  • Davey Smith G. Behind the Broad Street pump: aetiology, epidemiology and prevention of cholera in mid-19th century Britain. Int J Epidemiol, 2002;31:920-32.
  • Vlahov D, Galea S. Urban health: a new discipline. Lancet, 2003;362:1091-2.
  • Alirol E, Getaz L, Stoll B, Chappuis F, Loutan, L. Urbanisation and infectious diseases in a globalised world. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2011;11:131–41.
  • Ford ES, Mokdad AH. Epidemiology of obesity in the Western Hemisphere. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2008;93:1–8.
  • Townshend T, Lake AA. Obesogenic urban form: theory, policy and practice. Health & Place, 2009;15:909–16.
  • Keiser J, Utzinger J, Caldas De Castro M, Smith TA, Tanner M, Singer BH. Urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa and implication for malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2004;71:118–27.
  • Galea S, Uddin M, Koenen K. The urban environment and mental disorders: epigenetic links. Epigenetics, 2011;6:400–4.
  • Kjellstrom T, Mercado S. Towards action on social determinants for health equity in urban settings. Environment and Urbanization, 2008;20:551–74.
  • Satterthwaite D. Why is urban health so poor even in many successful cities? Environment and Urbanization, 2011;23:5–11.
  • Boratav K. İstanbul ve Anadolu’dan Sınıf Profilleri. İmge Kitabevi, Ankara, 2004.

Kent ve Çalışan Sağlığı

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 5, 397 - 406, 13.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.17942/sted.1522910

Öz

İnsan ve çevre arasında sürekli, kaçınılamaz ve karşılıklı çok faktörlü bir etkileşim vardır. Bireyin çalışma ortamı ve çalışma dışı yaşam alanı olan kent, hızlı ve plansız kentleşmenin bir sonucu olarak kimi zaman iç içe geçen, iki özellikli çevresel bütünlüğü ifade eder. Çalışanın sağlık durumu her iki özel çevrenin olumlu ve olumsuz etkisi altındadır. Kentleşme ve kentlerde yaşanan hızlı nüfus artışı doğal kaynakların kısıtlanması, alt yapı hizmetlerinin zorlanması, hava kirliliği, trafik yoğunluğu, kentli yaşam biçimlerinden kaynaklanan sağlıksız beslenme veya fiziksel aktivite eksikliği gibi çok sayıda faktörün etkisiyle özellikle bulaşıcı olmayan hastalık prevalanslarında artışa neden olabileceği gibi, kalabalık yaşamın kolaylaştırdığı bulaşıcı hastalıklar için de riski arttırabilir. Bununla birlikte kentler sağlıklı yaşam koşulları yönünden homojen bir yapısal kurguya sahip değildir. Çalışanların sağlıklı beslenme ve barınma, sağlıklı suya ulaşım, eğitim, sağlık hizmetleri gibi sağlığın belirleyicileri niteliğindeki toplumsal kaynaklardan ve olanaklardan yararlanabilmesi temel olarak çalışma ile elde ettikleri gelire ve bunun bir sonucu olarak ulaştıkları yaşam standartlarına göre belirlenir. Çalışanın kent yaşamındaki konumu ve yetersiz yaşam standartlarına bağlı sağlık sorunları iş kazalarının ve işle ilişkili hastalıkların oluşmasına ve/veya şiddetlenmesine neden olabileceği gibi, çalışma ortamı kaynaklı sağlık sorunları da onu kent yaşamı kökenli sağlık risklerine duyarlı hale getirebilir. Sağlıklı kent planlaması uygulamaları çalışan sağlığının korunması ve geliştirilmesine olumlu katkı yapabileceği gibi, çalışanların sınıfsal konumundan kaynaklanan sağlık eşitsizliklerinin azaltılmasına da katkı sağlayacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Simon EJ, Dickey JL, Hogan KA, Reece JB. Campbell essential biology with physiology. 5th Ed. Gündüz E, Türkan İ, çev.ed. Ankara, Palme Yayıncılık, 2017.
  • Güler Ç. İçme suyu dezenfeksiyonu. In: Güler Ç, ed. Çevre Sağlığı, 1. Cilt. Ankara, Yazıt Yayıncılık, 2012:385-96.
  • Attali. Denizin Tarihi. Günen B, çev. İstanbul, Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi, 2017.
  • Marmot M. Giriş. In: Marmot M, Wilkinson RG, ed. Kayı İ, Yasin Y, çev.ed. Sağlığın Sosyal Belirleyicileri. Istanbul, İNSEV Yayınları, 2009:13-7.
  • Remais JV, Jackson RJ. Determinants of health: overview. In: Detels R, Gulliford M, Karim QA, Tan CC, ed. Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health, 6th Ed. United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2015:81-8.
  • Alagüney ME, Yıldız AN. Meslek hastalıkları temel kavramlar. In: Yıldız AN, Sandal A, ed. İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Meslek Hastalıkları. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2020:781-805.
  • Türkay M, Yıldız AN, İşsever H. İş kazaları. In: Yıldız AN, Sandal A, ed. İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Meslek Hastalıkları. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2020:761-80.
  • Zhang Z, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Feng Y. How dors urbanization affect public health? New evidence from 175 countries worldwide. Frontiers in Public Health, 2022;10:1-14.
  • Leon DA. Cities, urbanization and health. Int J Epidemiol, 2008;37:4-8.
  • Goldstein G. Urbanization, health and well-being: A global perspective. The Statistician, 1990;39:121-33.
  • United Nations. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision. New York, United Nations, 2004.
  • World Health Organization. Urban Health. Available at https://www.who.int/health-topics/urban-health/#tab=tab_1. Accessed June 21, 2024.
  • United Nations. Revision of World Urbanization Prospects: 2018. New York, United Nations, 2018.
  • Cohen B. Urban growth in developing countries: a review of current trends and a caution regarding existing forecasts. World Dev, 2004;32:23-51.
  • World Health Organization. Urban Setting as a Social Determinants of Health. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/10-facts-on-urban-settings-as-a-social-determinant-of-health. Accessed June 15, 2024.
  • Eckerd S, Kohler S. Urbanization and health in developing countries: a systematic review. World Health Popul, 2014;15:7-20.
  • Zhao F, Zhang Y, Alharthi M, Zafar MW. Environmental sustainability in developing countries: Understanding the criticality of financial inclussion and globalization. Sust Dev, 2022;30:1823-37.
  • Oyeyemi AL, Marby R, Wachira LJ, Gomes A, De Siqueira G. Addressing the impact of urbanization on health and well-being in African and Asian cities. Frontiers in Public Health, 2023; DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1193519.
  • Giles-Corti B, Vernez-Mandon A, Reis R, Turrell G, Dannenberg AI, Radland H, et al. City planning and population health: a global challange. Lancet, 2016;388:2912-24.
  • Sallis JF, Cerin E, Kerr J, Adams MA, Sugiyama T, Christiansen IB, et al. Built environment, physical activity, and obesity: findings from the international physical activity and environment network (IPEN) adult study. Annu Rev Public Health, 2020;41:119-39.
  • Rother HA. Controlling and preventing climate-sensitive non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Sci Total Environ, 2020;137772
  • Wang F, Liu S, Chen T, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Bai X. How urbanization affects residents’ risks: evidence from China. Environ Sci pollut Res Int, 2022;5:1-18.
  • Davey Smith G. Behind the Broad Street pump: aetiology, epidemiology and prevention of cholera in mid-19th century Britain. Int J Epidemiol, 2002;31:920-32.
  • Vlahov D, Galea S. Urban health: a new discipline. Lancet, 2003;362:1091-2.
  • Alirol E, Getaz L, Stoll B, Chappuis F, Loutan, L. Urbanisation and infectious diseases in a globalised world. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2011;11:131–41.
  • Ford ES, Mokdad AH. Epidemiology of obesity in the Western Hemisphere. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2008;93:1–8.
  • Townshend T, Lake AA. Obesogenic urban form: theory, policy and practice. Health & Place, 2009;15:909–16.
  • Keiser J, Utzinger J, Caldas De Castro M, Smith TA, Tanner M, Singer BH. Urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa and implication for malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2004;71:118–27.
  • Galea S, Uddin M, Koenen K. The urban environment and mental disorders: epigenetic links. Epigenetics, 2011;6:400–4.
  • Kjellstrom T, Mercado S. Towards action on social determinants for health equity in urban settings. Environment and Urbanization, 2008;20:551–74.
  • Satterthwaite D. Why is urban health so poor even in many successful cities? Environment and Urbanization, 2011;23:5–11.
  • Boratav K. İstanbul ve Anadolu’dan Sınıf Profilleri. İmge Kitabevi, Ankara, 2004.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlığın Sosyal Belirleyicileri
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Ferruh Niyazi Ayoğlu 0000-0003-3266-1519

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Temmuz 2024
Kabul Tarihi 13 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 33 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Ayoğlu FN. Kent ve Çalışan Sağlığı. STED. 2024;33(5):397-406.