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TAVUK EMBRİYOLARININ EMBRİYOTOKSİSİTE VE TERATOJENİTE TESTLERİNDE KULLANIMI

Yıl 2015, Sayı: 40, 13 - 22, 01.06.2015

Öz

Günümüzde her alanda kimyasal madde kullanımında hızlı bir artış söz konusudur. Bu sebeple insanlar ve hayvanlar çevrelerinde bulunan pek çok değişik kimyasal maddeye maruz kalmaktadır. Bu maddelerin potansiyel risklerini ve olumsuz etkilerini değerlendiren embriyotoksisite ve teratojenite testleri her geçen gün daha çok önem kazanmaktadır. Bu derlemede alternatif bir deney hayvanı olarak tavuk embriyolarının çeşitli tekniklerle embriyotoksisite ve teratojenite çalışmalarında kullanımıyla ilgili yayınlar derlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed AA, Soliman MM, Khlifa BAA, El-Sadek SE and Nounou AH (1988). Embryocidal and teratogenic effects of paraquat on chick embryos and white rats. Archiv fur Experimentelle Veterinarmedizin 42, 848- 853.
  • Ameenuddin S and Sunde ML (1984). Sensitivity of chick embryo to various solvents used in egg injection studies. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 175, 176-178.
  • Aydın MF, Çelik İ, Sur E, Özparlak H ve Telatar T (2005). Yumurtaya verilen Aflatoksin B1’in civciv çıkış ağırlığı üzerindeki etkileri. Veteriner Bilimler Dergisi 21 (1-2), 85-89.
  • Becker SRB and Shibley IA (1998). Teratogenicity of ethanol in different chicken strains. Alcohol Alcoholism 33 (5), 457-464.
  • Brown LP, Flint OP, Orton TC and Gibson GG (1986). Chemical teratogenesis: Testing methods and the role of metabolism. Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions 17 (3-4), 221-260.
  • Bruel MT and David D (1980. Effects of an organophosphorous pesticide, dichlorvos, on germ cells of the undifferentiated gonads of young quail embryos. Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de ses Filiales 174 (2), 163-169.
  • Brunström B, Broman D and Naf C (1990). Embryotoxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in three domestic avian species, and of PAHs and coplanar Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in the common eider. Environmental Pollution 67, 133-143.
  • Bryan TE, Gildersleeve RP and Wiard RP (1989). Exposure of Japanese quail embryos to o,p´-DDT has long- term effects on reproductive behaviors, hematology and feather morphology. Teratology 39, 525-535.
  • Budai P, Fejes S, Varnagy L, Somlyay IM and Takacs I (2001). Teratogenicity test of dimethoate containing insecticide formulation and heavy elements (Cu, Cd) in chicken embryos after administration as single compounds or in combination. Mededelingen / Universiteit Gent, Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen 66 (2b), 885-889.
  • Budai P, Fejes S, Varnagy L, Szabo R and Keseru M (2002). Embryonic toxicity of a dimethoate containing insecticide formulation and Cu-Sulphate in chicken after individual or combined administration. Mededelingen / Universiteit Gent, Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen 67 (2), 99-103.
  • Chibber G and Gilani SH (1986). Acrolein and embryogenesis: An experimental study. Environmental Research 39, 44-49.
  • Cilievici O, Cordos I, Ghidus E and Moldovan A (1980). The toxic and teratogenic effect of Aflatoxin B1 on the chick embryo development. Morphology Embryology 26 (4), 309-314.
  • Çelik İ, Oğuz H, Demet Ö, Boydak M, Dönmez HH, Sur E and Nizamlioğlu F (2000). Emryotoxicity assay of aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus parasiticus Nrrl 2999. British Poultry Science 41 (4), 401-409.
  • David D (1982). Influence of technical and commercial decamethrin, a new synthetic pyrethroid, on the gonadic germ population in quail embryos. Archives d Anatomie, d Histologie et d Embryologie 65, 99-110.
  • Davies WJ and Freeman SJ (1995). Chick embryotoxicity screening test (CHEST I and II). In: O’Hare S and Atterwill CK (eds.) Methods in Molecular Biology. In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols, Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ, 43, 307-310.
  • Deli E and Kiss Z (1988). Effect of parathion and methylparathion on protein content of chicken embryo muscle in vivo. Biochemical Pharmacology 37 (17), 3251-3256.
  • Durmus E, Inan O, Çelik I, Sur E, Özkan Y, Acar A and Aydin MF (2005). Use of the fertilized hen’s egg in the evaluation of embryotoxicity of dental alloys. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 72 (B), 322-327.
  • Dusek Z, Holejsovska I, Novotna B and Zemanova Z (2001). Embryotoxicity of 1,2-dibromoethane in chick embryos in ovo: Early and late effects. European Journal of Morphology 39 (2), 105-112.
  • Dusek Z, Novotna B, Vodickova L, Naprstkova I, Dostal M and Vilhelmova M (2003). Effects of 1,2- dibromoethane on haematopoiesis in the chick embryo. Xenobiotica 33 (4), 443-458.
  • Elovaara E, Hemminki K and Vainio H (1979). Effects of methylene chloride, trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene and toluen on the development of chick embryos. Toxicology 12, 111-119.
  • El-Sayyad HI, El-Gammal SA and Kariem SA (1996). Some aspects of growth deformities of chick embryos induced by flufenoxuron. Journal of Union of Arab Biologists Cairo A Zoology 5 (A), 313-329.
  • Etches R (1996). Reproduction in Poultry. CAB International, Cambridge.
  • Farage-Elawar M and Blaker WD (1992). Chick embryo exposure to carbamates alters neurochemical parameters and behavior. Journal of Applied Toxicology 12 (6), 421-426.
  • Farage-Elawar M and Francis BM (1988). Effects of fenthion, fenitrothion and desbromoleptophos on gait, acetylcholinesterase, and neurotoxic esterase in young chicks after in ovo exposure. Toxicology 49, 253
  • Fejes S, Budai P, Varnagy L, Molnar T, Szabo R and Fancsi T (2002). Toxicity of a mancozeb containing fungicide formulation and Cu-sulphate to chicken embryos after administration as single compounds or in combination. Mededelingen / Universiteit Gent, Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen 67/2, 105-109.
  • Fox LL and Grasman KA (1999). Effects of PCB 126 on primary immune organ development in chicken embryos. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 58, 233-244.
  • Gilani SH and Alibhai Y (1990). Teratogenicity of metals to chick embryos. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 30 (1), 23-31.
  • Hamburger V and Hamilton HL (1951). A series of normal stages in the development of chick embryo. Journal of Morphology 88, 49-92.
  • Hamilton JV, Denison MS and Bloom SE (1983). Development of basal and induced aryl hydrcarbon (benzo(a)pyrene) hydroxylase activity in the chick embryo in ovo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 80, 3372-3376.
  • Harold TT, Bruyere J, Steve J, Kargas A, Nishikawa T, Takagi Y and Gilbert EF (1987). Alcohol induces cardiovascular malformations in the chick embryo. Teratology 35, 95-103.
  • Hashizume R, Noda A, Itoh M, Yamamoto Y, Masui S, Oka M and Nakamura T (1992). Studies on teratological testing using chicken embryos-effects of solvents, injection sites and the age of the embryo. Jikken Dobutsu 41 (3), 349-356.
  • Heinrich-Hirsch B and Neubert D (1991). Effect of Aciclovir on the development of the chick embryo in ovo. Archives of Toxicology 65, 402-408.
  • Henry MH and Wyatt RD (2001). The toxicity of fumonisin B1, B2 and B3, individually and in combination, in chicken embryos. Poultry Science 80 (4), 401-407.
  • Hothorn LA, Reisinger K, Wolf T, P Albrecht, Fieblinger D, Liebsch M And Pirow R (2013). Statistical analysis of the hen’s egg test for micronucleus induction (HET-MN assay). Mutation Research/DNA Repair 757, 68-78.
  • Jelinek R (1977). The chick embryotoxicity screening test (CHEST). In: Neubert D, Merker HJ and Kwasigrooh TE (eds.) Methods in Prenatal Toxicology, Georg Thieme, Stutgart, pp. 381-386.
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  • Prelusky DB, Hamilton RMG, Foster BC, Trenholm HL and Thompson BK (1987). Optimization of chick embryotoxicity bioassay for testing toxicity potential of fungal metabolites. Journal-Association of Official Analytical Chemists 70 (6), 1049-1055.
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THE USE OF CHICK EMBRYOS IN EMBRYOTOXICITY AND TERATOGENICITY TESTS

Yıl 2015, Sayı: 40, 13 - 22, 01.06.2015

Öz

Nowadays there is a rapid increase in the use of chemical substances in every field. Therefore human beings and animals are exposed to a large number of chemical substances in their environment. Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity tests about the adverse effects and potential risks of these substance gain increasingly more importance. In this review, publications about the use of chick embryos as an alternative experiment animal in embryotoxicity and teratogenicity studies by various techniques have been compiled.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed AA, Soliman MM, Khlifa BAA, El-Sadek SE and Nounou AH (1988). Embryocidal and teratogenic effects of paraquat on chick embryos and white rats. Archiv fur Experimentelle Veterinarmedizin 42, 848- 853.
  • Ameenuddin S and Sunde ML (1984). Sensitivity of chick embryo to various solvents used in egg injection studies. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 175, 176-178.
  • Aydın MF, Çelik İ, Sur E, Özparlak H ve Telatar T (2005). Yumurtaya verilen Aflatoksin B1’in civciv çıkış ağırlığı üzerindeki etkileri. Veteriner Bilimler Dergisi 21 (1-2), 85-89.
  • Becker SRB and Shibley IA (1998). Teratogenicity of ethanol in different chicken strains. Alcohol Alcoholism 33 (5), 457-464.
  • Brown LP, Flint OP, Orton TC and Gibson GG (1986). Chemical teratogenesis: Testing methods and the role of metabolism. Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions 17 (3-4), 221-260.
  • Bruel MT and David D (1980. Effects of an organophosphorous pesticide, dichlorvos, on germ cells of the undifferentiated gonads of young quail embryos. Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de ses Filiales 174 (2), 163-169.
  • Brunström B, Broman D and Naf C (1990). Embryotoxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in three domestic avian species, and of PAHs and coplanar Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in the common eider. Environmental Pollution 67, 133-143.
  • Bryan TE, Gildersleeve RP and Wiard RP (1989). Exposure of Japanese quail embryos to o,p´-DDT has long- term effects on reproductive behaviors, hematology and feather morphology. Teratology 39, 525-535.
  • Budai P, Fejes S, Varnagy L, Somlyay IM and Takacs I (2001). Teratogenicity test of dimethoate containing insecticide formulation and heavy elements (Cu, Cd) in chicken embryos after administration as single compounds or in combination. Mededelingen / Universiteit Gent, Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen 66 (2b), 885-889.
  • Budai P, Fejes S, Varnagy L, Szabo R and Keseru M (2002). Embryonic toxicity of a dimethoate containing insecticide formulation and Cu-Sulphate in chicken after individual or combined administration. Mededelingen / Universiteit Gent, Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen 67 (2), 99-103.
  • Chibber G and Gilani SH (1986). Acrolein and embryogenesis: An experimental study. Environmental Research 39, 44-49.
  • Cilievici O, Cordos I, Ghidus E and Moldovan A (1980). The toxic and teratogenic effect of Aflatoxin B1 on the chick embryo development. Morphology Embryology 26 (4), 309-314.
  • Çelik İ, Oğuz H, Demet Ö, Boydak M, Dönmez HH, Sur E and Nizamlioğlu F (2000). Emryotoxicity assay of aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus parasiticus Nrrl 2999. British Poultry Science 41 (4), 401-409.
  • David D (1982). Influence of technical and commercial decamethrin, a new synthetic pyrethroid, on the gonadic germ population in quail embryos. Archives d Anatomie, d Histologie et d Embryologie 65, 99-110.
  • Davies WJ and Freeman SJ (1995). Chick embryotoxicity screening test (CHEST I and II). In: O’Hare S and Atterwill CK (eds.) Methods in Molecular Biology. In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols, Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ, 43, 307-310.
  • Deli E and Kiss Z (1988). Effect of parathion and methylparathion on protein content of chicken embryo muscle in vivo. Biochemical Pharmacology 37 (17), 3251-3256.
  • Durmus E, Inan O, Çelik I, Sur E, Özkan Y, Acar A and Aydin MF (2005). Use of the fertilized hen’s egg in the evaluation of embryotoxicity of dental alloys. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 72 (B), 322-327.
  • Dusek Z, Holejsovska I, Novotna B and Zemanova Z (2001). Embryotoxicity of 1,2-dibromoethane in chick embryos in ovo: Early and late effects. European Journal of Morphology 39 (2), 105-112.
  • Dusek Z, Novotna B, Vodickova L, Naprstkova I, Dostal M and Vilhelmova M (2003). Effects of 1,2- dibromoethane on haematopoiesis in the chick embryo. Xenobiotica 33 (4), 443-458.
  • Elovaara E, Hemminki K and Vainio H (1979). Effects of methylene chloride, trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene and toluen on the development of chick embryos. Toxicology 12, 111-119.
  • El-Sayyad HI, El-Gammal SA and Kariem SA (1996). Some aspects of growth deformities of chick embryos induced by flufenoxuron. Journal of Union of Arab Biologists Cairo A Zoology 5 (A), 313-329.
  • Etches R (1996). Reproduction in Poultry. CAB International, Cambridge.
  • Farage-Elawar M and Blaker WD (1992). Chick embryo exposure to carbamates alters neurochemical parameters and behavior. Journal of Applied Toxicology 12 (6), 421-426.
  • Farage-Elawar M and Francis BM (1988). Effects of fenthion, fenitrothion and desbromoleptophos on gait, acetylcholinesterase, and neurotoxic esterase in young chicks after in ovo exposure. Toxicology 49, 253
  • Fejes S, Budai P, Varnagy L, Molnar T, Szabo R and Fancsi T (2002). Toxicity of a mancozeb containing fungicide formulation and Cu-sulphate to chicken embryos after administration as single compounds or in combination. Mededelingen / Universiteit Gent, Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen 67/2, 105-109.
  • Fox LL and Grasman KA (1999). Effects of PCB 126 on primary immune organ development in chicken embryos. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 58, 233-244.
  • Gilani SH and Alibhai Y (1990). Teratogenicity of metals to chick embryos. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 30 (1), 23-31.
  • Hamburger V and Hamilton HL (1951). A series of normal stages in the development of chick embryo. Journal of Morphology 88, 49-92.
  • Hamilton JV, Denison MS and Bloom SE (1983). Development of basal and induced aryl hydrcarbon (benzo(a)pyrene) hydroxylase activity in the chick embryo in ovo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 80, 3372-3376.
  • Harold TT, Bruyere J, Steve J, Kargas A, Nishikawa T, Takagi Y and Gilbert EF (1987). Alcohol induces cardiovascular malformations in the chick embryo. Teratology 35, 95-103.
  • Hashizume R, Noda A, Itoh M, Yamamoto Y, Masui S, Oka M and Nakamura T (1992). Studies on teratological testing using chicken embryos-effects of solvents, injection sites and the age of the embryo. Jikken Dobutsu 41 (3), 349-356.
  • Heinrich-Hirsch B and Neubert D (1991). Effect of Aciclovir on the development of the chick embryo in ovo. Archives of Toxicology 65, 402-408.
  • Henry MH and Wyatt RD (2001). The toxicity of fumonisin B1, B2 and B3, individually and in combination, in chicken embryos. Poultry Science 80 (4), 401-407.
  • Hothorn LA, Reisinger K, Wolf T, P Albrecht, Fieblinger D, Liebsch M And Pirow R (2013). Statistical analysis of the hen’s egg test for micronucleus induction (HET-MN assay). Mutation Research/DNA Repair 757, 68-78.
  • Jelinek R (1977). The chick embryotoxicity screening test (CHEST). In: Neubert D, Merker HJ and Kwasigrooh TE (eds.) Methods in Prenatal Toxicology, Georg Thieme, Stutgart, pp. 381-386.
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  • Nishigori H, Mizuura M and Iwatsuru M (1992). The hen’s fertile egg screening test (HEST): A comparison between the acute toxicity for chick embryos and rodents of 20 drugs. Cell Biology and Toxicology 8 (4), 255-265.
  • Özcan M (1992). Hidrokinon’un gelişim toksisitesinin döllenmiş tavuk embriyosunda analiz ve değerlendirilmesi. G. Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
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  • Özparlak H, Çelik İ, Sur E, Telatar T, Aydın MF, Öznurlu Y (2009). Farklı konsantrasyonlardaki asetonun embriyotoksik etkilerinin tavuk yumurtası testi ile belirlenmesi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 8 (1), 7-16.
  • Özparlak H, Ünsal S (2006). Organik insektisit Fipronil’in saf ve ticari formülasyonlarının tavuk yumurtası testiyle LD50 tayini ve embriyotoksik etkilerinin belirlenmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Dergisi, 27, 83-98.
  • Peterka M, Jelinek R and Pavlik A (1992). Embryotoxicity of 25 psychotropic drugs: A study using CHEST. Reproductive Toxicology 6, 367-364.
  • Powell DC, Aulerich RJ, Meadows JC, Tillitt DE, Giesy JP, Stromberg KL and Bursian, SJ (1996). Effects of 3,3`4,4`,5-pentachlorobiphenly (PCB 126) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) injected into the yolks of chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs prior to incubation. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 31 (3), 404-409.
  • Powell DC, Aulerich RJ, Meadows JC, Tillitt DE, Stromborg KL, Kubiak TJ, Giesy JP and Bursian SJ (1997). Organochlorine contaminants in double-crested cormorants from Green Bay, Wisconsin: II. Effects of an extract derived from cormorant eggs on the chicken embryo. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 32, 316-322.
  • Prelusky DB, Hamilton RMG, Foster BC, Trenholm HL and Thompson BK (1987). Optimization of chick embryotoxicity bioassay for testing toxicity potential of fungal metabolites. Journal-Association of Official Analytical Chemists 70 (6), 1049-1055.
  • Rao JV, Swamy AN, Yamin S, Rao SH and Rahman MF (1992). Teratism induced in the developing chick by RPR-V, an organophosphate. Food and Chemical Toxicology 30 (11), 945-951.
  • Rashev Z and Vasilev VK (1982). Teratogenic effect of the pesticide preparation metathion. Veterinarni Medicina 19 (1), 79-89.
  • Rosenbruch M (1994). Early stages of the incubated chicken egg as a model in experimental biology and medicine. Altex 11 (4), 199-206.
  • Rosenbruch M (1997). The sensitivity of chicken embryos in incubated eggs. Altex 14 (2), 111-113.
  • Rosenbruch M and Holst A (1990). The chick embryo yolk-sac blood vessel system as an experimental model for irritation and inflammation. Toxicology In Vitro 4 (4/5), 327-331.
  • Sahu CR and Ghatak S (2002). Effects of dimecron on developing chick embryo: Malformations and other histopathological changes. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 31, 15-20.
  • Seifert J (1989). Teratogenesis of polychlorocycloalkane insecticides in chicken embryos resulting from their interactions at the convulsant recognition sites of the GABA (Pro) receptor complex. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42, 707-715.
  • Sheets L and Norton S (1985). Peripheral nerve damage in chicks following treatment with organophosphorus compounds in ovo. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 78, 412-420.
  • Sur E (2001). Yumurtaya verilen Aflatoksin B1 (AFB1)’in tavukların lenfoid organlarının embriyonal gelişimi üzerindeki etkilerinin enzim histokimyasal yöntemlerle araştırılması. S.Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Konya.
  • Varga T, Cravedi J-P, Füzesi I and Varnagy L (2002). Residues of fenitrothion in chick embryos following exposure of fertile eggs to this organophosphorus insecticide. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire153, 275
  • Varga T, Hlubik I, Varnagy L, Budai P and Molnar E (1999). Embryonic toxicity of insecticide sumithion 50 EC and herbicide fusilade S in pheasants after individual or combined administration. ACTA Veterinaria Hungarica 47 (1), 123-128.
  • Varnagy L (1992). Teratological examination of the insecticide methylparathion (Wofatox 50 EC) on pheasant embryos. 2. Biochemical study. ACTA Veterinaria Hungarica 40 (3), 203-206.
  • Varnagy L (1995). Teratogenicity testing of pesticides on bird fetuses. Hungarian Agricultural Research 2, 30- 33.
  • Varnagy L (1999). Degradation of some pesticides in avian embryos. ACTA Veterinaria Hungarica 47 (1), 117- 122.
  • Varnagy L and Deli E (1985). Comparative teratological study of insecticide Wofatox 50 EC (%50 methyl- parathion) on chicken and pheasant fetuses. Anatomischer Anzeiger 158, 1-3.
  • Varnagy L, Budai P, Molnar E, Füzesi I and Fancsi T (2001). Teratogenicity testing of BI 58 EC (%38 dimethoate) in chicken embryos with special respect to degradation of the active ingredient. ACTA Veterinaria Hungarica 49 (3), 355-361.
  • Varnagy L, Budai P, Molnar E, Susan M and Fancsi T (2002). Toxicity and degradation of benefin in chicken embryos. Mededelingen / Universiteit Gent, Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen 67 (2), 111-115.
  • Verret MJ, Scott WF, Reynaldo EF, Alterman EK and Thomas CA (1980). Toxicity and teratogenicity of food additive chemicals in the developing chicken embryo. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 56, 265- 273.
  • Vesely D and Vesela D (1991). The use of chick embryo for prediction of some embryotoxic effects of mycotoxins in mammals. Veterinarni Medicina Praha 36 (3), 175-181.
  • Vesely D, Vesela D and Jelinek R (1982). Nineteen mycotoxins tested on chicken embryos. Toxicology Letters 13 (3-4), 239-245.
  • Wolf T and Luepke NP (1997). Formation of micronuclei in incubated hen’s eggs as a measure of genotoxicity. Mutation Research/DNA Repair 394, 163-175.
  • Wolf T, Niehaus-Rolf C and Luepke N-P (2002). Some new methodological aspects of the hen’s egg test for micronucleus induction (HET-MN). Mutation Research/DNA Repair 514, 59-76.
  • Wolf T, Niehaus-Rolf C and Luepke N-P (2003). Investigating genotoxic and hematotoxic effects of N- nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine and N-nitrosodiethanolamine in the hen’s egg-micronucleus test (HET-MN). Food and Chemical Toxicology 41, 561-573.
  • Wolf T, Niehaus-Rolf C, Banduhn N, Eschrich D, Scheel J and Luepke N-P (2008). The hen’s egg test for micronucleus induction (HET-MN): Novel analyses with a series of well-characterized substances support the further evaluation of the test system. Mutation Research/DNA Repair 650, 150-164.
  • Wyttenbach CR and Hwang JD (1984). Relationship between insecticide-induced short and wry neck and cervical defects visible histologically shortly after treatment of chick embryos. Journal of Experimental Zoology 229, 437-446.
  • Wyttenbach CR and Thompson SC (1985). The effects of the organophosphate insecticide malathion on very young chick embryos: Malformations detected by histological examination. The American Journal of Anatomy 174, 187-202.
  • Yılmaz Ş (1997). Bazı metal kombinasyonlarının tavuk embriyolarında teratojenik etkileri-Bakır, molibden ve kadmiyumun etkileri. A. Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
  • Zhang C, Fang C, Liu L, Xia G and Qiao H (2002). Disrupting effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on gonadal development and reproductive functions in chickens. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part B: 37 (4), 509-519. SELÇUK ÜNİVERİSTESİ
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Toplam 92 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA57ZA87SB
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Haluk Özparlak Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2015
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Haziran 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Sayı: 40

Kaynak Göster

APA Özparlak, H. (2015). TAVUK EMBRİYOLARININ EMBRİYOTOKSİSİTE VE TERATOJENİTE TESTLERİNDE KULLANIMI. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Fen Dergisi(40), 13-22.
AMA Özparlak H. TAVUK EMBRİYOLARININ EMBRİYOTOKSİSİTE VE TERATOJENİTE TESTLERİNDE KULLANIMI. sufefd. Haziran 2015;(40):13-22.
Chicago Özparlak, Haluk. “TAVUK EMBRİYOLARININ EMBRİYOTOKSİSİTE VE TERATOJENİTE TESTLERİNDE KULLANIMI”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Fen Dergisi, sy. 40 (Haziran 2015): 13-22.
EndNote Özparlak H (01 Haziran 2015) TAVUK EMBRİYOLARININ EMBRİYOTOKSİSİTE VE TERATOJENİTE TESTLERİNDE KULLANIMI. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Fen Dergisi 40 13–22.
IEEE H. Özparlak, “TAVUK EMBRİYOLARININ EMBRİYOTOKSİSİTE VE TERATOJENİTE TESTLERİNDE KULLANIMI”, sufefd, sy. 40, ss. 13–22, Haziran 2015.
ISNAD Özparlak, Haluk. “TAVUK EMBRİYOLARININ EMBRİYOTOKSİSİTE VE TERATOJENİTE TESTLERİNDE KULLANIMI”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Fen Dergisi 40 (Haziran 2015), 13-22.
JAMA Özparlak H. TAVUK EMBRİYOLARININ EMBRİYOTOKSİSİTE VE TERATOJENİTE TESTLERİNDE KULLANIMI. sufefd. 2015;:13–22.
MLA Özparlak, Haluk. “TAVUK EMBRİYOLARININ EMBRİYOTOKSİSİTE VE TERATOJENİTE TESTLERİNDE KULLANIMI”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Fen Dergisi, sy. 40, 2015, ss. 13-22.
Vancouver Özparlak H. TAVUK EMBRİYOLARININ EMBRİYOTOKSİSİTE VE TERATOJENİTE TESTLERİNDE KULLANIMI. sufefd. 2015(40):13-22.

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