Araştırma Makalesi
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CONCEPT OF WORKING TIME IN PLATFORM WORK

Yıl 2023, , 1689 - 1727, 31.12.2023

Doğukan Küçük

https://doi.org/10.15337/suhfd.1324293

Öz

The labor law aims to protect the employee's health with the working periods and rest periods included in the organization of work, where the rules of public character are intense. To achieve this purpose, for example, weekly and daily working hours are limited by the legislator. These constraints are basically for persons covered by Turkish labor law and with employee status. However, although their legal status is controversial, platform workers perform for remuneration at certain hours of the week or day. Therefore, if a platform worker is accepted as an employee, she/he is evaluated within the scope of Turkish labor law, and the rules regarding the organization of work will be applied to her/him. However, the heterogeneity of online platforms, the different algorithms and business models of each platform, and the wide variety of tasks performed on the online platform can be challenging to calculate working periods. This article aims to contribute to calculating platform workers' working time.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Working Conditions Working Time Platform Work Platform Worker Flexibility

Kaynakça

  • ABBAS, Büşra: “Atipik Bir Çalışma Biçimi Olarak Evde Çalışma”, Legal İş ve Sosyal Güvenlik Hukuku Dergisi, 13(52), 2016, 2007-2038.
  • ALOISI, Antonio: “Commoditized Workers: Case Study Research on La-bor Law Issues Arising from a Set of “On-Demand/Gig Economy” Platforms”, Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal, 37(3), 2016, 653-687.
  • ANGHEL, Razvan: “Implications of CJEU Jurisprudence on the Delimi-tation of Working Time by Rest Time in the Collaborative Econ-omy”, Lex ET Scientia International Journal, 26(2), 2019, 7-25.
  • AYKAÇ, Hande Bahar: “Platform Ekonomisi Çalışması: İş Hukukunda Yarattığı Sorular Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Sicil, 44, 2020, 69-95.
  • BAKIRCI, Kadriye: “Dünyada Evde Çalışmada Hukuksal Koruma Sis-temleri ve Mevzuatı”, İktisat Dergisi, 430, 2002, 63-69.
  • BAŞBUĞ, Aydın/BODUR, Yücel: İş Hukuku, 5. Baskı, İstanbul 2018.
  • BAŞTERZİ, Süleyman: “Avukatla Bağıtlanan Sözleşmenin Hukuki Niteliği, İş Sözleşmesinin Vekâlet ve Diğer İş Görme Sözleşmelerinden Ayrılması”, Sicil, 17, 2010, 175-198.
  • BAYCIK, Gaye/CİVAN, Orhan Ersun/TOLU YILMAZ, Hazal/BOSNA, Berrin: “Platform Çalışanlarını Yasal Güvenceye Kavuşturmak: So-runlar ve Çözüm Önerileri”, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 1, 2021, 713-801.
  • BEDÜK, Mehmet Nusret: “Çalışma Sürelerinin Denkleştirilmesi Esneklik Mi, Yoksa Keyfilik Midir? İş Hukuku Uygulamasında Çalışma Sü-relerinin Denkleştirilmesi ve Fazla Çalışma Konusunda Bir Değer-lendirme”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(2), 2011, 199-244.
  • BERG, Janine: “Income Security in the On-Demand Economy: Findings and Policy Lessons from Survey of Crowdworkers”, International Labour Office, Inclusive Labour Markets, Labour Relations and Working Conditions Branch, Conditions of Work and Employment Series, No. 74. 2016.
  • BRODIL, Wolfgang/GRUBER-RISAK, Martin: Arbeitsrecht in Grundzü-gen, Wien 2022.
  • CANİKLİOĞLU, Nurşen: “4857 Sayılı Kanuna Göre Çalışma Süresi ve Bu Sürenin Günlere Bölünmesi”, Toprak İşveren, 2005.
  • CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PERSONNEL AND DEVELOPMENT: To Gig or not to Gig? Stories from the Modern Economy. Survey Report 2017, https://www.cipd.co.uk/knowledge/work/trends/gig-economy-report (Accessed: 07.27.2023).
  • CHERRY, A. Miriam: “Age Discrimination in the On-demand Economy and Crowdwork”, Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labour Law, 40(1), 2019, 29-60.
  • CHERRY, A. Miriam: “Working for (Virtually) Minimum Wage: Apply-ing the Fair Labor Standards Act in Cyberspace”, Alabama Law Re-view, 60(5), 2009, 1077-1110.
  • CHERRY, A. Miriam/ALOISI, Antonio: “Dependent Contractors in the Gig Economy: A Comparative Approach”, American University Law Review, 66(3), 2017, 635-690.
  • CİVAN, Orhan Ersun: “İş Hukukunda Uzaktan Çalışma”, Legal İş ve Sos-yal Güvenlik Hukuku Dergisi, 26, 2010, 525-573.
  • CORUJO, Borja Suarez: “The Sharing Economy: The Emerging Debate in Spain”, Spanish Labour Law and Employment Relations Journal, 6(1-2), 2017, 30-41.
  • CREIGHTON, Breen/MCCRYSTAL, Shae: “Who Is a Worker in Interna-tional Law”, Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 37(3), 2016, 691-725.
  • DAVIDOV, Guy: “The Three Axes of Employment Relationships: Char-acterization of Workers in Need of Protection”, University of To-ronto Law Journal, 52(4), 2002, 357-418.
  • DAVIES, C. L. Anne: “Wages and Working Time in the Gig Economy”, King's Law Journal, 31(2), 2020, 250-259.
  • DAUGAREILH, Isabelle: “The Legal Status of Platform Workers in France”, Comparative Labour Law & Policy Journal, 41(2), 2020, 405-422.
  • DE GROOF, Sarah: “Travelling Time is Working Time According to the CJEU - At Least for Mobile Workers”, European Labour Law Jour-nal, 6(4), 2015, 386-391.
  • DE STEFANO, Valerio: The Rise of the “Just-in Time Workforce”: On-demand Work, Crowdwork and Labor Protection in the “Gig-Econ-omy”, International Labour Office, Inclusive Labour Markets, La-bour Relations and Working Conditions Branch, Geneva 2016.
  • DEDEOĞLU, Saniye: Home Bounded-Global Outreach: Home-based Workers in Turkey, Genova 2020.
  • DEFOSSEZ, Delphine: “The Employment Status of Food Delivery Riders in Europe and the UK: Self-employed or Worker?”, Maastricht Jour-nal of European and Comparative Law, 29(1), 2022, 25-46.
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  • GÜNEŞ, Volkan: “Güvene Dayalı Çalışma Süresi”, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(4), 2019, 249-275.
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PLATFORM ÇALIŞMADA ÇALIŞMA SÜRESİ KAVRAMI

Yıl 2023, , 1689 - 1727, 31.12.2023

Doğukan Küçük

https://doi.org/10.15337/suhfd.1324293

Öz

Kamusal karaktere sahip kuralların yoğun olduğu ve iş hukukunun bir bölümünü oluşturan, işin düzenlenmesi içerisinde yer alan çalışma süreleri ve dinlenme süreleri ile işçinin sağlığının korunması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaca ulaşabilmek için örneğin haftalık ve günlük çalışma süreleri kanun koyucu tarafından sınırlandırılmıştır. Bu sınırlamalar ise temel olarak Türk İş Kanunu kapsamına giren ve işçi sıfatını haiz kişiler açısındandır. Ancak her ne kadar hukuki statüleri tartışmalı olsa da platform çalışanları bir ücret karşılığı, haftanın veya günün belirli saatleri iş görmektedir. Dolayısıyla platform çalışanları eğer işçi kabul edilecek olursa Türk iş Kanunu kapsamında değerlendirilecek ve işin düzenlenmesine ilişkin kurallar kendilerine uygulanacaktır. Ancak çevrimiçi platformların heterojen yapıda olması, çevrimiçi platformda yerine getirilen görevlerin çok çeşitli olması, her platformun algoritmasının ve iş modelinin farklı olması çalışma sürelerinin hesaplanmasını zorlaştırabilmektedir. Bu makale, platform çalışanlarının çalışma sürelerinin hesaplanmasına bir katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çalışma Koşulları Çalışma Süresi Platform Çalışma Platform Çalışanı Esneklik

Kaynakça

  • ABBAS, Büşra: “Atipik Bir Çalışma Biçimi Olarak Evde Çalışma”, Legal İş ve Sosyal Güvenlik Hukuku Dergisi, 13(52), 2016, 2007-2038.
  • ALOISI, Antonio: “Commoditized Workers: Case Study Research on La-bor Law Issues Arising from a Set of “On-Demand/Gig Economy” Platforms”, Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal, 37(3), 2016, 653-687.
  • ANGHEL, Razvan: “Implications of CJEU Jurisprudence on the Delimi-tation of Working Time by Rest Time in the Collaborative Econ-omy”, Lex ET Scientia International Journal, 26(2), 2019, 7-25.
  • AYKAÇ, Hande Bahar: “Platform Ekonomisi Çalışması: İş Hukukunda Yarattığı Sorular Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Sicil, 44, 2020, 69-95.
  • BAKIRCI, Kadriye: “Dünyada Evde Çalışmada Hukuksal Koruma Sis-temleri ve Mevzuatı”, İktisat Dergisi, 430, 2002, 63-69.
  • BAŞBUĞ, Aydın/BODUR, Yücel: İş Hukuku, 5. Baskı, İstanbul 2018.
  • BAŞTERZİ, Süleyman: “Avukatla Bağıtlanan Sözleşmenin Hukuki Niteliği, İş Sözleşmesinin Vekâlet ve Diğer İş Görme Sözleşmelerinden Ayrılması”, Sicil, 17, 2010, 175-198.
  • BAYCIK, Gaye/CİVAN, Orhan Ersun/TOLU YILMAZ, Hazal/BOSNA, Berrin: “Platform Çalışanlarını Yasal Güvenceye Kavuşturmak: So-runlar ve Çözüm Önerileri”, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 1, 2021, 713-801.
  • BEDÜK, Mehmet Nusret: “Çalışma Sürelerinin Denkleştirilmesi Esneklik Mi, Yoksa Keyfilik Midir? İş Hukuku Uygulamasında Çalışma Sü-relerinin Denkleştirilmesi ve Fazla Çalışma Konusunda Bir Değer-lendirme”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(2), 2011, 199-244.
  • BERG, Janine: “Income Security in the On-Demand Economy: Findings and Policy Lessons from Survey of Crowdworkers”, International Labour Office, Inclusive Labour Markets, Labour Relations and Working Conditions Branch, Conditions of Work and Employment Series, No. 74. 2016.
  • BRODIL, Wolfgang/GRUBER-RISAK, Martin: Arbeitsrecht in Grundzü-gen, Wien 2022.
  • CANİKLİOĞLU, Nurşen: “4857 Sayılı Kanuna Göre Çalışma Süresi ve Bu Sürenin Günlere Bölünmesi”, Toprak İşveren, 2005.
  • CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PERSONNEL AND DEVELOPMENT: To Gig or not to Gig? Stories from the Modern Economy. Survey Report 2017, https://www.cipd.co.uk/knowledge/work/trends/gig-economy-report (Accessed: 07.27.2023).
  • CHERRY, A. Miriam: “Age Discrimination in the On-demand Economy and Crowdwork”, Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labour Law, 40(1), 2019, 29-60.
  • CHERRY, A. Miriam: “Working for (Virtually) Minimum Wage: Apply-ing the Fair Labor Standards Act in Cyberspace”, Alabama Law Re-view, 60(5), 2009, 1077-1110.
  • CHERRY, A. Miriam/ALOISI, Antonio: “Dependent Contractors in the Gig Economy: A Comparative Approach”, American University Law Review, 66(3), 2017, 635-690.
  • CİVAN, Orhan Ersun: “İş Hukukunda Uzaktan Çalışma”, Legal İş ve Sos-yal Güvenlik Hukuku Dergisi, 26, 2010, 525-573.
  • CORUJO, Borja Suarez: “The Sharing Economy: The Emerging Debate in Spain”, Spanish Labour Law and Employment Relations Journal, 6(1-2), 2017, 30-41.
  • CREIGHTON, Breen/MCCRYSTAL, Shae: “Who Is a Worker in Interna-tional Law”, Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 37(3), 2016, 691-725.
  • DAVIDOV, Guy: “The Three Axes of Employment Relationships: Char-acterization of Workers in Need of Protection”, University of To-ronto Law Journal, 52(4), 2002, 357-418.
  • DAVIES, C. L. Anne: “Wages and Working Time in the Gig Economy”, King's Law Journal, 31(2), 2020, 250-259.
  • DAUGAREILH, Isabelle: “The Legal Status of Platform Workers in France”, Comparative Labour Law & Policy Journal, 41(2), 2020, 405-422.
  • DE GROOF, Sarah: “Travelling Time is Working Time According to the CJEU - At Least for Mobile Workers”, European Labour Law Jour-nal, 6(4), 2015, 386-391.
  • DE STEFANO, Valerio: The Rise of the “Just-in Time Workforce”: On-demand Work, Crowdwork and Labor Protection in the “Gig-Econ-omy”, International Labour Office, Inclusive Labour Markets, La-bour Relations and Working Conditions Branch, Geneva 2016.
  • DEDEOĞLU, Saniye: Home Bounded-Global Outreach: Home-based Workers in Turkey, Genova 2020.
  • DEFOSSEZ, Delphine: “The Employment Status of Food Delivery Riders in Europe and the UK: Self-employed or Worker?”, Maastricht Jour-nal of European and Comparative Law, 29(1), 2022, 25-46.
  • DULAY, Dilek: Türk İş Hukukunda Evde Çalışma, Ankara 2016.
  • EKMEKÇİ, Ömer/KORKUSUZ, Refik: Turkish Individual Labour Law, İstanbul 2020.
  • EKMEKÇİ, Ömer/YİĞİT, Esra: Bireysel İş Hukuku Dersleri, İstanbul 2020.
  • ERGÜNEŞ EMRAĞ, Seda: “4857 Sayılı İş Kanununun Değişik 14. Mad-desi Işığında Tele Çalışma”, Legal İş ve Sosyal Güvenlik Hukuku Dergisi, 13(51), 2016, 1413-1443.
  • EYRENCİ, Öner/TAŞKENT, Savaş/ULUCAN, Devrim: Bireysel İş Hukuku, 8. Baskı, İstanbul 2017.
  • EUROFOUND: New Forms of Employment, Luxembourg 2015.
  • EUROFOUND: Employment and Working Conditions of Selected Types of Platform Work, Luxembourg 2018.
  • EUROPEAN AGENCY FOR SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORK: Pro-tecting Workers in the Online Platform Economy: An Overview of Regulatory and Policy Developments in the EU, 2017, https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/protecting-workers-online-platform-economy-overview-regulatory-and-policy-developments (Accessed time: 05.15.2023).
  • FREDMAN, Sandra/DU TOIT, Darcy: “One Small Step towards Decent Work: Uber v Aslam in the Court of Appeal”, Industrial Law Jour-nal, 48(2), 2019, 260-277.
  • FUDGE, Judy/TUCKER, Eric/VOSKO, Leah: “Employee or Independent Contractor? Charting the Legal Significance of the Distinction in Canada”, Canadian Labour & Employment Law Journal, 10, 2002, 193-230.
  • GARCIA-MUNOZ ALHAMBRA, Manuel Antonio/HIESSL, Christina: “The Matzak Judgment of the CJEU: The Concept of Worker and the Blurring Frontiers of Work and Rest Time”, European Labour Law Journal, 10(4), 2019, 343-352.
  • GÜNAY, Arkın: Türk Hukukunda ve Karşılaştırmalı Hukukta Evde Ça-lışma, İstanbul 2018.
  • GÜNEŞ, Volkan: “Güvene Dayalı Çalışma Süresi”, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(4), 2019, 249-275.
  • GÜVEN, Ercan/AYDIN, Ufuk: Bireysel iş Hukuku, 6. Baskı, Eskişehir 2020.
  • HAFIZOĞLU, Ece Sıla: “Çalışma Süreleri”, İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 2016, 123-164.
  • HOVCROFT, Debra/BERGAVALL-KÅREBORN, Birigitta: “A Typology of Crowdwork Platforms”, Work, Employment and Society, 33(1), 2018, 21-38.
  • ILO: Digital Labour Platforms and the Future of Work: Towards Decent Work in the Online World, Geneva 2018.
  • ILO: Ensuring Decent Working Time for the Future, Geneva, 2018.
  • ILO: Measurement of Working Time, Report II, 2008, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---stat/documents/publication/wcms_099576.pdf (Accessed: 05.16.2023).
  • ILO: Report III (Part 1B)-General Survey of the reports concerning the Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, 1919 (No. 1), and the Hours of Work (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1930 (No. 30), Ge-nova 2005.
  • ILO: World Employment and Social Outlook 2021: The Role of Digital La-bour Platforms in Transforming the World of Work, Geneva 2021.
  • ILO: Working Time and Work-life Balance Around the World, Geneva, 2022.
  • KATSABIAN, Tammy/DAVIDOV, Guy: “Flexibility, Choice, and La-bour Law: The Challenge of On-Demand Platforms”, University of Toronto Law Journal, 2022, https://www.utpjour-nals.press/doi/full/10.3138/utlj-2021-0113 (Access: 04.27.2022).
  • KILHOFFER, Zachary et.: Study to Gather Evidence on the Working Con-ditions of Platform Workers, Luxemburg 2019.
  • KOTKIN, J. Minna: “Uberizing Discrimination: Equal Employment and Gig Workers”, Tennessee Law Review, 87(1), 2019, 73-120.
  • KOUNTOURIS, Nicola: “The Legal Determinants of Precariousness in Personal Work Relations: A European Perspective”, Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 34(1), 2012, 21-46.
  • KULLMANN, Miriam: “Platform Work, Algorithmic Decision-making, and EU Gender Equality Law”, International Journal of Compara-tive Labour Law and Industrial Relations, 34(1), 1-22.
  • KULLMANN, Miriam: “‘Platformisation’ of Work: An EU Perspective on Introducing a Legal Presumption”, European Labour Law Journal, 13(1), 2021, 66-80.
  • LENAERTS, Karolien/WAYAERT, Willem: The Platform Economy and Precarious Work, Hauben, Harald (ed.), Policy Department for Eco-nomic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies, Luxemburg 2020.
  • MASON, Luke: “Locating Unity in the Fragmented Platform Economy: Labor Law and the Platform Economy in the United Kingdom”, Comparative Labour Law & Policy Journal, 41(2), 2020, 329-342.
  • MCCANN, Deirdre: “Travel Time as Working Time: Tyco, the Unitary Model and the Route to Casualisation”, Industrial Law Journal, 45(2), 2016, 244-250.
  • MENGATTI, Emanuele: “Taking EU Labour Law Beyond the Employ-ment Contract: The Role Played by the European Court of Justice”, European Labour Law Journal, 11(1), 2020, 26-47.
  • MESSENGER, C. John: Introduction: Telework in the 21st Century-An Evolutionary Perspective, Geneva 2019.
  • MITRUS, Leszek: “Defining Working Time Versus Rest Time: An Analy-sis of the Recent CJEU Case Law on Standby Time”, European La-bour Law Journal, 14(1), 2023, 35-47.
  • MITRUS, Leszek: “Potential Implications of the Matzak Judgment (Qual-ity of Rest Time, Right to Disconnect)”, European Labour Law Jour-nal, 10(4), 2019, 386-397.
  • MOLLAMAHMUTOĞLU, Hamdi/ASTARLI, Muhittin/BAYSAL, Ulaş: İş Hukuku, Güncellenmiş 7. Bası, Ankara 2022.
  • NOWAK, Tobias: “The Turbulent Life of the Working Time Directive”, Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, 25(1), 2018, 118-129.
  • ODAMAN, Serkan: Esneklik Prensibi Çerçevesinde Yargıtay Kararları Işığında Türk İş Hukukunda Çalışma Süreleri ve Yöntemleri, İstan-bul 2013.
  • ODAMAN, Serkan: “Liberal İş Hukuku Mantığı Çerçevesinde Türk İş Hukukunda Denkleştirme Uygulamasına Yönelik Bazı Tespitler”, Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Der-gisi, 20(1), 2014, 67-90.
  • OECD: New Forms of Work in the Digital Economy, OECD Digital Econ-omy Papers, No. 260, Paris 2016.
  • OLEA, Manuel Alonso/RODRIGUEZ-SANUDO, Fermin: Labour law in Spain, Alphen aan den Rijn 2010.
  • PLETS, Isabel: “Standby Time Outside the Workplace: Working and/or Paid Time”, International Labor Rights Case Law, 5(3), 2019, 361-365.
  • PRASSL, Jeremias/RISAK, Martin: “Uber, Taskrabbit, and Co.: Platforms as Employers Rethinking the Legal Analysis of Crowdwork”, Com-parative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 37(3), 2016, 619-652.
  • PRINCE, J. Samantha: “The Shoe is about to Drop for the Platform Econ-omy: Understanding the Current Worker Classification Landscape in Preparation for a Changed World”, University of Memphis Law Review, 52(3), 2022, 627-702.
  • RISAK, Martin: “The Position of Volunteers in EU-Working Time Law”, European Labour Law Journal, 10(4), 2019, 362-369.
  • RISAK, Martin/DULLINGER, Thomas: The Concept of ‘Worker’ in EU Law Status Quo and Potential for Change, Brussel 2018.
  • ROGERS, Brishen: “Employment Rights in the Platform Economy: Get-ting Back to Basics”, Harvard Law & Policy Review, 10(2), 2016, 479-520.
  • ROSIN, Annika: “Platform Work and Fixed-term Employment Regula-tion”, European Labour Law Journal, 12(2), 2021, 156-176.
  • ROSIN, Annika: “The Right of a Platform Worker to Decide Whether and When to Work: An Obstacle to Their Employee Status?”, European Labour Law Journal, 13(4), 2022, 530-541.
  • SCHOR, B. Juliet et.: “Dependence and Precarity in the Platform Econ-omy”, Theory and Society, 2020, 833-861.
  • SCHOUKENS, Paul/BARRIO, Alberto: “The Changing Concept of Work: When Does Typical Work Become Atypical”, European La-bour Law Journal, 8(4), 2017, 306-332.
  • SENYEN-KAPLAN, Emine Tuncay: Bireysel İş Hukuku, Yenilenmiş 10. Baskı, Ankara 2019.
  • STONE, Katherine: “Legal Protection for Atypical Employees. Employ-ment Law for Workers without Workplace and Employees without Employer”, Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labour Law, 27(2), 2006, 251-286.
  • SUBAŞI, İbrahim: “İş Hukukunda Çalışma Süreleri”, A. Can Tuncay’a Armağan, İstanbul 2005.
  • SÜMER, Halûk Hâdi: İş Hukuku, Gözden Geçirilmiş 26. Baskı, Ankara 2022.
  • SÜZEK, Sarper: İş Hukuku, Yenilenmiş 19. Baskı, İstanbul 2020.
  • TODOLÍ-SIGNES, Adrian: “Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence and Au-tomated Decisions Concerning Workers and the Risks of Discrimination: The Necessary Collective Governance of Data Pro-tection”, Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 25(4), 2019, 465-481.
  • TUNCAY, A. Can: “Pandemi Gölgesinde Evde Çalışma”, Legal İş ve Sos-yal Güvenlik Hukuku Dergisi, 18(69), 2021, 23-52.
  • TUNÇOMAĞ, Kenan/CENTEL, Tankut: İş Hukukunun Esasları, 8. Baskı, İstanbul 2016.
  • WAAS, Bernd: “The Legal Definition of the Employment Contract in Sec-tion 611a of the Civil Code in Germany: An Important Step or Does Everything Remain the Same?”, Italian Labour Law e-Journal, 12(1), 2019, 25-34.
  • YAYVAK NAMLI, İrem: “Dijital Çağ’da Yeni Bir Çalışma İlişkisi Modeli: “Crowdworking“, Sicil, 42, 2019, 128-143.
  • YILDIZ, Gaye Burcu: “Dijital Emek Platformları Üzerinden Çalışanların Hukuki Statülerinin Belirlenmesi”, Sicil, 46, 2021, 28-41.
Toplam 88 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İş ve Sosyal Güvenlik Hukuku
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ
Yazarlar

Doğukan Küçük 0000-0002-3024-6285

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 15 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Küçük, D. (2023). CONCEPT OF WORKING TIME IN PLATFORM WORK. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(4), 1689-1727. https://doi.org/10.15337/suhfd.1324293
AMA Küçük D. CONCEPT OF WORKING TIME IN PLATFORM WORK. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. Aralık 2023;31(4):1689-1727. doi:10.15337/suhfd.1324293
Chicago Küçük, Doğukan. “CONCEPT OF WORKING TIME IN PLATFORM WORK”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 31, sy. 4 (Aralık 2023): 1689-1727. https://doi.org/10.15337/suhfd.1324293.
EndNote Küçük D (01 Aralık 2023) CONCEPT OF WORKING TIME IN PLATFORM WORK. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 31 4 1689–1727.
IEEE D. Küçük, “CONCEPT OF WORKING TIME IN PLATFORM WORK”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 31, sy. 4, ss. 1689–1727, 2023, doi: 10.15337/suhfd.1324293.
ISNAD Küçük, Doğukan. “CONCEPT OF WORKING TIME IN PLATFORM WORK”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 31/4 (Aralık 2023), 1689-1727. https://doi.org/10.15337/suhfd.1324293.
JAMA Küçük D. CONCEPT OF WORKING TIME IN PLATFORM WORK. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;31:1689–1727.
MLA Küçük, Doğukan. “CONCEPT OF WORKING TIME IN PLATFORM WORK”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 31, sy. 4, 2023, ss. 1689-27, doi:10.15337/suhfd.1324293.
Vancouver Küçük D. CONCEPT OF WORKING TIME IN PLATFORM WORK. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;31(4):1689-727.