Öz
Özet: 1787 tarihli ABD Anayasası geleneksel yaklaşımı benimseyerek egemenliğin kullanımıyla bağlantılı savaş ilan etme yetkisini yasama organına, başkomutanlık yetkisini hükümete verir. Tarihsel sürece göz atıldığında ülkenin II. Dünya Savaşından sonra resmen savaş ilan etmediği, çok sayıda silahlı çatışma ve askeri operasyonun üç kıta ve onlarca ülkede başkanlık kararnameleriyle yürütüldüğü görülür. Kararnamelerle sürdürülen savaşların anayasa hükümleriyle açık bir çelişki oluşturduğu sabit olduğuna göre Kongreye ait yetkinin başkanlar tarafından nasıl kullanılabildiği, bu durumun niçin engellenmediği veya Anayasayı ihlal eden başkanların neden azledilmediği merak edilebilir. Yüksek Mahkeme bu sorulara Başkanın, başkomutan sıfatıyla ulusun çıkarlarını korumak için ordu kullanmak dahil her türlü tedbiri alabileceği şeklinde cevap vermiştir. Uluslararası alanda terör örgütü olarak tanınan PKK’nın Suriye kolu niteliğindeki YPG adlı devlet dışı organize silahlı gruba ABD’nin destek politikası, ABD ile Türkiye arasında muhtemel bir silahlı çatışma riskini beraberinde getirdiği için, Amerikan Başkanının başkomutan sıfatıyla hangi kapsam ve sınırlar dahilinde hareket edebileceğinin ortaya konulması Türk akademisyenler ve politika yapıcıları için büyük önemi haizdir. Diğer yandan yetki paylaşımının sınırları belirlenirken yapılan dahili-harici, yurttaş-yabancı ayrımının yabancılar üzerinde doğurduğu yakıcı etkiler düşünüldüğünde hukukun himaye dışı bıraktığı insanların en temel haklardan bile yararlanamadığı görülür.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Başkan başkomutan savaş olağanüstü hal Ulusal Güvenlik Tedbir
Kaynakça
- KAYNAKÇA ACKERMAN, Bruce; The Decline And Fall Of American Republic, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2010.
- ATATÜRE, Süha; Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Siyasi Yapısı/Onüç Koloniden Küresel Güce Amerika, Beta Basım Yayım, İstanbul, 2017.
- BÖCKENFÖRDE, Ernst-Wolfgang; Constitutional and Political Theory, Volume I, Ed. Mirjam Künkler-Tine Stein, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017.
- CORWİN, Edward S.; The Constitution and What It Means Today, Revised by Harold W. Chase and Craig R. Ducat, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1978.
- CUTLER, Leonard; President Obama’s Counterterrorism Strategy in the War on Terror An Assessment, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2017.
- DELİCE, Aslan; Antropoloji Penceresinden Hukuk: Basit Toplumlarda Akrabalık İktidar ve Çıkar İlişkileri, On İki Levha Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2013.
- ELLIS, Richard J; Judgeing Executive Power/Sixteen Supreme Court Cases That Have Shaped American Presidency, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc., Lanham, 2009.
- FALLON, Richard H. Jr; The Dynamic Constitution/An Introduction to American Constitutional Law, Cambridge Univesity Press, New York, 2004.
- GALSTON, William A; “The Madisonian Understanding of Executive Power: A Defense of Concurrent Powers”, Executive Power in Theory and Practice Ed. Hugh Liebert- Gary L. McDowell-Terry L. Price, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2012.
- GENOVESE, Michael A.- SPITZER, Robert J; The Presidency and Constitution Cases and Contraversies, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2005.
- GRIMM, Dieter; Sovereignty/The Origin and Future of a Political and Legal Concept, Çev.: Belinda Cooper, Columbia University Press, New York, 2015.
- HEGEL, G.W.F; Hukuk Felsefesinin Prensipleri, Çev.: Cenap Karakaya, Sümer Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2015.
- HOBBES, Thomas; Leviathan veya Bir Din ve Dünya Devletinin İçeriği Biçimi ve Kudreti, Çev.: Semih Lim, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul, 1992.
- HUNTINGTON, Samuel P., Military Policy, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences Volume 8, Ed. David L. Sills, The Macmillan Company& The Free Press, 1968, USA.
- JACOPS, Lawrence R.- SHAPIRO Robert J.; Conclusion: Presidential Power, Institutions and Democracy, Presidential Power/Forging the Presidency for the Twenty-first Century, Ed. Robert Y. Shapiro-Martha Joynt Kumar- Lawrence R. Jocops, Colombia University Press, New York, 2000.
- KELSEN, Hans; The Essence and Value of Democracy, Ed. Nadia Urbinati ve Carlo Invernizzi Accetti Çev.: Brian Graf, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Maryland, 2013. KOMMERS, Donald P. – FINN John E. – JACOPSHON Gary J.; American Constitutional Law, Volume 1: Govermental Powers and Democracy, Rowman & Littlefield Pub¬lishers Inc., Lanham, 2010.
- LEVINSON, Sanford; Our Undemocratic Constitution: Where the Constitution Goes Wrong/And How We the People Can Correct it, Oxford University Press, New York, 2016.
- LOCKE, John; Yönetim Üzerine İkinci İnceleme/Sivil Yönetimin Gerçek Kökeni Boyutu ve Amacı Üzerine Bir Deneme, Çev.: Fahri Bakırcı, Ebabil Yayınları, Ankara, 2012.
- MANSFIELD, Harvey C. Jr.; Taming the Prince/The Ambivalence of Modern Executive Power, The Free Press, New York, 1989.
- MONTESQUİEU, Charles Louis; Kanunların Ruhu Üzerine, Türkiye İşbankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2017.
- PASSERIN-d’ENTREVES, Alexander; The Medieval Contribution to Political Thought/Thomas Aquinas-Marsilius of Padua-Richard Hooker, The Humanities Press, New York, 1959.
- PASSERIN-d’ENTREVES, Alexander; The Notion of The State/An Introduction the Political Theory, Oxford University Press, London, 1967.
- POSNER, Richard A; An Affair of State: The Investigation, Impeachment and Trial of President Clinton, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2000.
- SCHMITT, Carl; Political Theology/Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty, Çev.: George Schwab, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2005.
- SCHMITT, Carl; Constitutional Theory, Çev.: ve Ed. Jeffrey Seitzer, Duke University Press, Durham and London, 2008.
- SEDGWICK, Jeffrey Leigh; “Constituting the Prince”, Executive Power in Theory and Practice Ed. Hugh Liebert- Gary L. McDowell-Terry L. Price, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2012.
- SIDAK, J. Gregory; “To Declare War”, Duke Law Journal, Vol. 41, No. 1 (Sep., 1991), pp.27-121 https://www.jstor.org/stable/1372700
- SMITH, Alison M; “The Political Cost of Legalizing Executive Power”, Executive Power in Theory and Practice Edited by Hugh Liebert- Gary L. McDowell-Terry L. Price, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2012.
- YOO, John; “The Modern Executive Tames Obama”, Executive Power in Theory and Practice Edited by Hugh Liebert- Gary L. McDowell-Terry L. Price, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2012.
- https://www.cfr.org/timeline/us-war-afghanistan https://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep067/usrep067635/usrep067635.pdf
Öz
The U.S. Constitution of
1787 adopts the traditional approach and gives the authority to declare war,
which is related to the use of sovereignty, to the legislature and the authority
of supreme command to the government. Looking at the historical process, it is
seen that the U.S. did not officially declare war after The Second World War,
and that many armed conflicts and military operations in three continents and
dozens of countries were conducted through presidential decrees. Since the wars
pursued based on the decrees are a clear contradiction with the constitutional
provisions, one can wonder how the Presidents could use the power of the
Congress, and why this was not prevented or the presidents who violated the
constitution were not dismissed. The Supreme Court replied to these questions
that the President, in his capacity as Commander-in-Chief, could take any
precaution, including the use of the army to protect the interests of the
nation. As the U.S. policy of supporting the YPG, a non-State organized armed
group which, in the eyes of Turkey, is the Syrian wing of internationally
recognized terrorist organization of PKK, carries the risk of possible armed
conflict between the U.S. and Turkey, determination of the scope and limits of
maneuvre of the President acting as Commander-in-Chief is highly significant
for Turkish academics and decision makers. On the other hand, considering the
destructive effects on foreigners stemming from internal-external and
citizen-foreigner distinctions while determining the limits of authority
sharing, it can be seen that the people who are excluded from the protection of
law cannot even benefit from the most fundamental rights.
Anahtar Kelimeler
President Commander İn Chief War State Of Emergency National Security Precaution
Kaynakça
- KAYNAKÇA ACKERMAN, Bruce; The Decline And Fall Of American Republic, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2010.
- ATATÜRE, Süha; Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Siyasi Yapısı/Onüç Koloniden Küresel Güce Amerika, Beta Basım Yayım, İstanbul, 2017.
- BÖCKENFÖRDE, Ernst-Wolfgang; Constitutional and Political Theory, Volume I, Ed. Mirjam Künkler-Tine Stein, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017.
- CORWİN, Edward S.; The Constitution and What It Means Today, Revised by Harold W. Chase and Craig R. Ducat, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1978.
- CUTLER, Leonard; President Obama’s Counterterrorism Strategy in the War on Terror An Assessment, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2017.
- DELİCE, Aslan; Antropoloji Penceresinden Hukuk: Basit Toplumlarda Akrabalık İktidar ve Çıkar İlişkileri, On İki Levha Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2013.
- ELLIS, Richard J; Judgeing Executive Power/Sixteen Supreme Court Cases That Have Shaped American Presidency, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc., Lanham, 2009.
- FALLON, Richard H. Jr; The Dynamic Constitution/An Introduction to American Constitutional Law, Cambridge Univesity Press, New York, 2004.
- GALSTON, William A; “The Madisonian Understanding of Executive Power: A Defense of Concurrent Powers”, Executive Power in Theory and Practice Ed. Hugh Liebert- Gary L. McDowell-Terry L. Price, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2012.
- GENOVESE, Michael A.- SPITZER, Robert J; The Presidency and Constitution Cases and Contraversies, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2005.
- GRIMM, Dieter; Sovereignty/The Origin and Future of a Political and Legal Concept, Çev.: Belinda Cooper, Columbia University Press, New York, 2015.
- HEGEL, G.W.F; Hukuk Felsefesinin Prensipleri, Çev.: Cenap Karakaya, Sümer Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2015.
- HOBBES, Thomas; Leviathan veya Bir Din ve Dünya Devletinin İçeriği Biçimi ve Kudreti, Çev.: Semih Lim, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul, 1992.
- HUNTINGTON, Samuel P., Military Policy, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences Volume 8, Ed. David L. Sills, The Macmillan Company& The Free Press, 1968, USA.
- JACOPS, Lawrence R.- SHAPIRO Robert J.; Conclusion: Presidential Power, Institutions and Democracy, Presidential Power/Forging the Presidency for the Twenty-first Century, Ed. Robert Y. Shapiro-Martha Joynt Kumar- Lawrence R. Jocops, Colombia University Press, New York, 2000.
- KELSEN, Hans; The Essence and Value of Democracy, Ed. Nadia Urbinati ve Carlo Invernizzi Accetti Çev.: Brian Graf, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Maryland, 2013. KOMMERS, Donald P. – FINN John E. – JACOPSHON Gary J.; American Constitutional Law, Volume 1: Govermental Powers and Democracy, Rowman & Littlefield Pub¬lishers Inc., Lanham, 2010.
- LEVINSON, Sanford; Our Undemocratic Constitution: Where the Constitution Goes Wrong/And How We the People Can Correct it, Oxford University Press, New York, 2016.
- LOCKE, John; Yönetim Üzerine İkinci İnceleme/Sivil Yönetimin Gerçek Kökeni Boyutu ve Amacı Üzerine Bir Deneme, Çev.: Fahri Bakırcı, Ebabil Yayınları, Ankara, 2012.
- MANSFIELD, Harvey C. Jr.; Taming the Prince/The Ambivalence of Modern Executive Power, The Free Press, New York, 1989.
- MONTESQUİEU, Charles Louis; Kanunların Ruhu Üzerine, Türkiye İşbankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2017.
- PASSERIN-d’ENTREVES, Alexander; The Medieval Contribution to Political Thought/Thomas Aquinas-Marsilius of Padua-Richard Hooker, The Humanities Press, New York, 1959.
- PASSERIN-d’ENTREVES, Alexander; The Notion of The State/An Introduction the Political Theory, Oxford University Press, London, 1967.
- POSNER, Richard A; An Affair of State: The Investigation, Impeachment and Trial of President Clinton, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2000.
- SCHMITT, Carl; Political Theology/Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty, Çev.: George Schwab, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2005.
- SCHMITT, Carl; Constitutional Theory, Çev.: ve Ed. Jeffrey Seitzer, Duke University Press, Durham and London, 2008.
- SEDGWICK, Jeffrey Leigh; “Constituting the Prince”, Executive Power in Theory and Practice Ed. Hugh Liebert- Gary L. McDowell-Terry L. Price, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2012.
- SIDAK, J. Gregory; “To Declare War”, Duke Law Journal, Vol. 41, No. 1 (Sep., 1991), pp.27-121 https://www.jstor.org/stable/1372700
- SMITH, Alison M; “The Political Cost of Legalizing Executive Power”, Executive Power in Theory and Practice Edited by Hugh Liebert- Gary L. McDowell-Terry L. Price, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2012.
- YOO, John; “The Modern Executive Tames Obama”, Executive Power in Theory and Practice Edited by Hugh Liebert- Gary L. McDowell-Terry L. Price, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2012.
- https://www.cfr.org/timeline/us-war-afghanistan https://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep067/usrep067635/usrep067635.pdf
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Hukuk |
| Bölüm | KAMU HUKUKU |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 27 Aralık 2019 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 17 Aralık 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 |