Öz
Şu ana kadar Türkiye'nin son dönemde benimsemiş olduğu başkanlık sistemi hakkında çok fazla şey yazılıp çizildi. Ancak Türkiye’nin hukuki nakil tecrübelerine ilişkin çalışmalar oldukça sınırlı düzeyde. Türk demokrasisi, kurulduğu andan itibaren gönüllü ve kapsamlı bir transplantasyon deneyiminden geçtiği için ilginç bir vaka çalışması oluşturmaktadır. 2007, 2010 ve 2017 yıllarında yapmış olduğu referandumlarla, ülke parlamenter sistemden başkanlık sistemine geçiş sağlamıştır. Bunu yaparken, bu iki sistemin en güçlü yanlarını başkanın eline bırakan eklektik bir metot benimsemiştir. Bahsi geçen meseleler irdelenirken, öncelikle orijinal başkanlık sisteminin genel karakteristiği tartışılacaktır. Sonrasında, Türk tipi başkanlık sisteminin genel özellikleri üzerinde durulacaktır. Müteakiben, Türk demokrasisinin hukuki nakil tecrübesinin Türk hukuku üzerindeki etkileri tartışılacaktır. Son olarak, benimsenen bu yeni sistemin ne ölçüde orijinal başkanlık sistemi ile uyum içerisinde olduğu hususu araştırılacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Hukuki Nakil Referandumlar Türk Tipi Başkanlık Sistemi Başarı yahut Hezimet Hatalı Uygulamalar
Kaynakça
- Arvind TT, ‘The ‘Transplant Effect’ in Harmonization’ (2010) 59(01) ICLQ 65.
- Bogdanor V, ‘Should Britain Have a Written Constitution?’ (2007) 78(4) The Political Quarterly 499.
- Caldwell T, ‘The Institutional Foundations of Democratic Government: A Comparison of Presidential and Parliamentary Systems’ 150(1) Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 171.
- Cheibub J, Elkins Z and Ginsburg T, ‘Latin American Presidentialism in Comparative and Historical Perspective’ [2011] Public Law & Legal Theory.
- Frankenberg G, ‘Comparative constitutional law’ in Mauro Bussani and Ugo Mattei (eds), The Cambridge companion to comparative law (Cambridge companions to law. Cambridge University Press 2012).
- Frey F, ‘The Turkish political elite’ (MIT Press 1965) <http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/581239800>.
- Graziadei M, ‘Comparative Law as the Study of Transplants and Receptions’ in Zimmermann Reinhard and Reimann Mathias (ed), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law (OUP 2006) 454
- Gönenç L, ‘Presidential Elements in Government: Turkey’ (2008) 4(03) European Constitutional Law Review 488.
- Gülener S and Miş N ‘Constitutional Framework of Executive Presidency in Turkey’ (2017) 29 SETA 12
- Horwitz MJ, ‘Constitutional Transplants’ (2009) 10(2) Theoretical Inquiries in Law.
- Kahn-Freund O, ‘On Uses and Mısuses of Comparatıve Law’ (1974) 37(1) The Modern Law Review 1.
- Kuzu B, Every Aspects of Presidential System (Araştırma vol 3, 1. baskı, Babiali Kültür Yayıncılığı 2011)
- Legrand P, ‘The Impossibility of ‘Legal Transplants’’ (1997) 4 Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 111. Legrand P and Munday R (eds), Comparative legal studies: Traditions and transitions (Cambridge University Press 2009)
- Mattei U, ‘Three Patterns of Law: Taxonomy and Change in the World's Legal Systems’ [1997] American Journal of Comparative Law 5.
- Menski W, Comparative law in a global context: The legal systems of Asia and Africa (Cambridge University Press 2006)
- Nelken D, ‘Comparatists and transferability’ in Pierre Legrand and Roderick Munday (eds), Comparative legal studies: Traditions and transitions (Cambridge University Press 2009).
- Örücü E, ‘Convergence and Divergence: Theoretical Issues’ in M Antokolskaia (ed), Convergence and Divergence of Family Law in Europe, vol 18 (Intersentia 2007)
- Özbudun E, Contemporary Turkish politics: Challenges to democratic consolidation (Lynne Rienner Publishers 2000)
- Seibert T, ‘Turkey’s Alcohol Law Renews Accusations of Erdogan’s Islamist Agenda’ The National https://www.thenational.ae/world/europe/turkey-s-alcohol-law- renews-accusations-of-erdogan-s-islamist-agenda-1.253992
- Siems MM, Comparative law (Law in context, Cambridge University Press 2014).
- Siems M, ‘Malicious legal transplants’ (2018) 38(1) Legal Studies 103.
- The Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (1982)
- Twining W, ‘Diffusion of Law: A Global Perspective’ (2004) 36(49) The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 1.
- Uran P and Pasquino P, ‘The Guardian of the Turkish Constitution: A Special Court’ (2015) 8(2) JPL
- Watson A, Legal transplants: An approach to comparative law (2nd ed. University of Georgia Press 1993) ‘Turkey’s Constitutional Court Stands up to Erdogan’ Donia Al-Watan (23 July 2015) <https://english.alwatanvoice.com/news/2015/07/23/747385.html> accessed 1 April 2018
- Yeni Şafak, ‘Erdoğan Insists on Turkish-Style Presidential System’ Yeni Şafak (February 2015) https://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/erdogan-insists-on-turkish-style-presidential-system-2089945
Öz
So far, much ink has been spilled about presidential system that Turkey has recently adopted. Yet, there is limited study on Turkey’s legal transplantation journey. Turkey constitutes an interesting case study as it has gone through a voluntary and comprehensive transplant experience from the beginning of the country's foundation. Recently, it has held three constitutional referendums which took place in 2007, 2010, and 2017 to turn its parliamentary system into a presidential one. By doing so, it employed an eclectic method, meaning that it aimed to accumulate the strongest aspects and elements of both parliamentary and presidential models in the hands of the President. In this study, first the general characteristics of the original presidential system will be discussed. Then, the features of ‘Turkish-style-presidential-system’ will be examined. This is followed by a detailed analysis of current transplant’s influences on Turkey’s law. Finally, whether and to what extent this new system fits into the original model will be explored.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Legal Transplantation Referandums Turkish-style-presidential-system’ Success or Failure Malicious Practices
Kaynakça
- Arvind TT, ‘The ‘Transplant Effect’ in Harmonization’ (2010) 59(01) ICLQ 65.
- Bogdanor V, ‘Should Britain Have a Written Constitution?’ (2007) 78(4) The Political Quarterly 499.
- Caldwell T, ‘The Institutional Foundations of Democratic Government: A Comparison of Presidential and Parliamentary Systems’ 150(1) Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 171.
- Cheibub J, Elkins Z and Ginsburg T, ‘Latin American Presidentialism in Comparative and Historical Perspective’ [2011] Public Law & Legal Theory.
- Frankenberg G, ‘Comparative constitutional law’ in Mauro Bussani and Ugo Mattei (eds), The Cambridge companion to comparative law (Cambridge companions to law. Cambridge University Press 2012).
- Frey F, ‘The Turkish political elite’ (MIT Press 1965) <http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/581239800>.
- Graziadei M, ‘Comparative Law as the Study of Transplants and Receptions’ in Zimmermann Reinhard and Reimann Mathias (ed), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law (OUP 2006) 454
- Gönenç L, ‘Presidential Elements in Government: Turkey’ (2008) 4(03) European Constitutional Law Review 488.
- Gülener S and Miş N ‘Constitutional Framework of Executive Presidency in Turkey’ (2017) 29 SETA 12
- Horwitz MJ, ‘Constitutional Transplants’ (2009) 10(2) Theoretical Inquiries in Law.
- Kahn-Freund O, ‘On Uses and Mısuses of Comparatıve Law’ (1974) 37(1) The Modern Law Review 1.
- Kuzu B, Every Aspects of Presidential System (Araştırma vol 3, 1. baskı, Babiali Kültür Yayıncılığı 2011)
- Legrand P, ‘The Impossibility of ‘Legal Transplants’’ (1997) 4 Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 111. Legrand P and Munday R (eds), Comparative legal studies: Traditions and transitions (Cambridge University Press 2009)
- Mattei U, ‘Three Patterns of Law: Taxonomy and Change in the World's Legal Systems’ [1997] American Journal of Comparative Law 5.
- Menski W, Comparative law in a global context: The legal systems of Asia and Africa (Cambridge University Press 2006)
- Nelken D, ‘Comparatists and transferability’ in Pierre Legrand and Roderick Munday (eds), Comparative legal studies: Traditions and transitions (Cambridge University Press 2009).
- Örücü E, ‘Convergence and Divergence: Theoretical Issues’ in M Antokolskaia (ed), Convergence and Divergence of Family Law in Europe, vol 18 (Intersentia 2007)
- Özbudun E, Contemporary Turkish politics: Challenges to democratic consolidation (Lynne Rienner Publishers 2000)
- Seibert T, ‘Turkey’s Alcohol Law Renews Accusations of Erdogan’s Islamist Agenda’ The National https://www.thenational.ae/world/europe/turkey-s-alcohol-law- renews-accusations-of-erdogan-s-islamist-agenda-1.253992
- Siems MM, Comparative law (Law in context, Cambridge University Press 2014).
- Siems M, ‘Malicious legal transplants’ (2018) 38(1) Legal Studies 103.
- The Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (1982)
- Twining W, ‘Diffusion of Law: A Global Perspective’ (2004) 36(49) The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 1.
- Uran P and Pasquino P, ‘The Guardian of the Turkish Constitution: A Special Court’ (2015) 8(2) JPL
- Watson A, Legal transplants: An approach to comparative law (2nd ed. University of Georgia Press 1993) ‘Turkey’s Constitutional Court Stands up to Erdogan’ Donia Al-Watan (23 July 2015) <https://english.alwatanvoice.com/news/2015/07/23/747385.html> accessed 1 April 2018
- Yeni Şafak, ‘Erdoğan Insists on Turkish-Style Presidential System’ Yeni Şafak (February 2015) https://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/erdogan-insists-on-turkish-style-presidential-system-2089945
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Hukuk |
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Eylül 2022 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 6 Temmuz 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022 |