Öz
The military armies often adopt the method of occupation in armed conflicts and for this reason the concept of occupation is the one of important issues of international humanitarian law. The need of regulation in international humanitarian law about the scope of rights and obligations of occupants as well as civilians living in the occupied territories is obvious and there are great number of rules about this subject in Hague Regulations and Geneva Conventions. But the law of occupation has a series of debates such as beginning and end of occupation, the place of occupation, the scope of the obligations of the occupants and these debates continue for a long time in international law. Concordantly the aim of this paper is to enlighten the concept of occupation and to present offers that are realistic and logical for international humanitarian law about the debates of the law of occupation.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Occupation The Law of Occupation International Humanitarian Law Occupant Armed Conflict
Kaynakça
- ALBAYRAK, Gökhan , "İnsancıl Hukukun Temel İlkeleri ve Bu İlkelerin Tarihsel Gelişim Safhaları", Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk: Kavramlar, İlkeler ve Yeni Gelişmeler, Ed. Fatma Taşdemir, Gökhan Albayrak, Adalet Yayınları, Ankara, 2018, ss. 15-36
- ARAI-TAKAHASHI, Yutaka , The Law of Occupation: Continuity and Change of International Humanitarian Law, and its Interaction with International Human Rights Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, 2009
- BENVENISTI, Eyal, “Occupation, Belligerent”, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, online version, Ed. Rüdiger Wolfrum, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012
- BENVENISTI, Eyal, The International Law of Occupation, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1993
- BLEDSOE, Robert L., BOCZEK, Boleslaw A. , The International Law Dictionary, ABC Clio, Santa Barbara, 1987
- BOTHE, Michael, “Friedenssicherung und Kriegsrecht”, Völkerrecht, Ed. Wolfgang Graf Vitzthum, Alexander Proelß, De Gruyter, Berlin, 2016
- BOUCHET-SAULNIER, Francoise, İnsancıl Hukuk Sözlüğü, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 2002
- Commentary on the First Geneva Convention: Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 2nd edition,ICRC, 2016
- Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, August 12, 1949, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/geneva07.asp, Erişim Tarihi: 19.7.2019
- Convention Respecting Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hague04.asp, Erişim Tarihi: 8.7.2019
- CUYCKENS, Hanne, “Is Israel Still an Occupying Power in Gaza?”, Netherlands International Law Review, Vol. 63, 2016, ss. 275-295
- CUYCKENS, Hanne, Revisiting the Law of Occupation, Brill, Leiden, 2018
- DARCY, Shane, REYNOLDS, John, “An Enduring Occupation: The Status of the Gaza Strip from the Perspective of International Humanitarian Law”, Journal of Conflict & Security Law, Vol. 15(2), 2010, ss. 211-243
- DINSTEIN, Yoram, The International Law of Belligerent Occupation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009
- DOEHRING, Karl, Völkerrecht, C. F. Müller Verlag, Heidelberg, 1999
- DÜLGER, Kenan, Devletin Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukukun İhlalinden Doğan Sorumluluğu, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul, 2015
- FERRARO, Tristan, “Determining the Beginning and End of an Occupation under International Humanitarian Law”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 94, No. 885, 2012, ss. 133-163
- FOX, Gregory H. , “Transformative Occupation and the Unilateralist Impulse”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 94(885), 2012, ss. 237-266
- GORDON, Neve, Israel’s Occupation, University of California Press, California, 2008 GRANT, John P. , BARKER, J. Craig , Parry & Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009
- HENCKAERTS, Jean-Marie, DOSWALD-BECK, Louise , Uluslararası İnsancıl Teamül (Örf-Adet) Hukuku, Cilt 1: Kurallar, çev. Emre Öktem vd., Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları, 2005
- ICJ, Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v Uganda), Judgment of 19 December 2005
- ICJ, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion of 9 July 2004
- ICJ, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, 8 July 1996
- LE FUR, Louis, Devletler Umumi Hukuku, çev. Şinasi Z. Devrin, Matbaa Yeni Cezaevi, Ankara, 1942
- LONGOBARDO, Marco, “The Occupation of Maritime Territory under International Humanitarian Law”, International Law Studies, Vol. 95, 2019, ss. 322-361
- LUBELL, Noam, “Human Rights Obligations in Military Occupation”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 94(885), 2012, ss. 317-337
- MELZER, Nils , Derecho International Humanitario: Una Introducción Integral, Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja, Ginebra, 2019
- MERAY, Seha L., Devletler Hukukuna Giriş, İkinci Cilt, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara, 1975
- OĞUZMAN, M. Kemal , Özer Seliçi, Saibe Oktay Özdemir, Eşya Hukuku, Filiz Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2006
- OPPENHEIM, Lassa, International Law: A Treatise, Vol. II: War and Neutrality, Third Edition, Longmans Green and Co., London, 1921
- PAZARCı, Hüseyin, Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri, 4. Kitap, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara, 2006
- Prosecutor v. Mladen Naletilic aka "Tuta", Vinko Martinovic aka "Stela", , IT-98-34-T, Trial Judgement, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, 31 March 2003
- Prosecutor v. Tadić, Case No. IT-94-1-T, Trial Judgment, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, 1997
- QUIGLEY, John, “The Relation Between Human Rights Law and the Law of Belligerent Occupation: Does an Occupied Population have a Right to Freedom of Assembly and Expression?”, Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, Vol.12(1), 1989, ss. 1-28
- ROBERTS, Adam, “Transformative Military Occupation: Applying the Laws of War and Human Rights”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 100(3), 2006, ss. 580-622
- SALMÓN, Elizabeth, Introducción al Derecho Internacional Humanitario, Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja, Lima, 2012
- SÁNCHEZ PATRÓN, José Manuel, “El Ámbito de Aplicación del Derecho Internacional Humanitario: Desarrollos Recientes”, Agenda Internacional, No. 23, 2006, ss. 57-91
- SASSOLI, Marco, “Legislation and Maintenance of Public Order and Civil Life by Occupying Powers”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 16(4), 2005, ss. 661-694
- SASSOLI, Marco, International Humanitarian Law: Rules, Controversies and Solutions to Problems Arising in Warfare, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, 2019
- SEIDL-HOHENVELDERN, Ignaz, Völkerrecht, Carl Heymanns Verlag, München, 1997
- SHAW, Malcolm N., International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008
- STARKE, Joseph G., Introduction to International Law, Butterworths, London, 1977
- T. C. Resmi Gazete, Sayı: 8322, 30 Ocak 1953
- TAŞDEMIR, Fatma, Uluslararası Nitelikte Olmayan Silahlı Çatışmalar Hukuku, Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara, 2009
- TOLUNER, Sevin, Milletlerarası Hukuk Dersleri: Devletin Yetkisi, Beta Basım, İstanbul, 1996
- Trial of Wilhelm List and Others, United States Military Tribunal, Nuremberg (1948), Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals, Vol VIII, London, 1949
- TÜTÜNCÜ, Ayşe Nur , “Özgürlük Harekâtı Sonrasında Irak’ın Düzeni ve Koalisyon Güçlerinin Eylemlerini Yöneten Milletlerarası Hukuk”, Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni, Yıl. 24(1-2), 2004, ss. 727-740
- TÜTÜNCÜ, Ayşe Nur, İnsancıl Hukuka Giriş, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul, 2012
- United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commisioner, International Legal Protection of Human Rights in Armed Conflicts, New York, 2011
- VERDROSS, Alfred, Völkerrecht, Springer Verlag, Wien, 1950
Öz
İşgal kavramı, uluslararası insancıl hukukun en önemli konularından ve düzenleme alanlarından biridir. Bir silahlı çatışmada, sıklıkla askeri tarafların işgal yöntemine başvurduğu görülmektedir. Bu yüzden işgal durumunda işgal eden gücün ve işgal edilen topraklarda yaşayanların hak ve yükümlülüklerinin neler olduğu hakkında uluslararası insancıl hukukta düzenleme ihtiyacının olduğu şüphesizdir ve bu konuda özellikle La Haye Yönetmeliği ve Cenevre Sözleşmeleri’nde epey hüküm yer almıştır. Fakat işgalin ne zaman başladığı ve ne zaman sona erdiği, işgalin mekanı, işgalci gücün yükümlülüklerinin kapsamı gibi meselelerde işgal hukuku bağlamında tartışmalar vardır ve bu tartışmalar uluslararası hukuk alanında uzun zamandan beri sürmektedir. Bu bağlamda makalenin amacını işgalin kavramsal açıdan aydınlatılması ve işgal hukukunun tartışmaları konusunda öneriler sunulması hususları oluşturmaktadır. İşgal hukuku meseleleri konusunda gerçekçi öneriler sunmak için ise uluslararası hukuk normlarının günün şartlarına göre yorumlanması ve bunun yanında uluslararası insancıl hukukun koruduğu menfaatlerin de her zaman göz önünde tutulması gerektiği savunulmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
İşgal İşgal Hukuku Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk İşgalci Güç Silahlı Çatışma
Kaynakça
- ALBAYRAK, Gökhan , "İnsancıl Hukukun Temel İlkeleri ve Bu İlkelerin Tarihsel Gelişim Safhaları", Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk: Kavramlar, İlkeler ve Yeni Gelişmeler, Ed. Fatma Taşdemir, Gökhan Albayrak, Adalet Yayınları, Ankara, 2018, ss. 15-36
- ARAI-TAKAHASHI, Yutaka , The Law of Occupation: Continuity and Change of International Humanitarian Law, and its Interaction with International Human Rights Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, 2009
- BENVENISTI, Eyal, “Occupation, Belligerent”, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, online version, Ed. Rüdiger Wolfrum, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012
- BENVENISTI, Eyal, The International Law of Occupation, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1993
- BLEDSOE, Robert L., BOCZEK, Boleslaw A. , The International Law Dictionary, ABC Clio, Santa Barbara, 1987
- BOTHE, Michael, “Friedenssicherung und Kriegsrecht”, Völkerrecht, Ed. Wolfgang Graf Vitzthum, Alexander Proelß, De Gruyter, Berlin, 2016
- BOUCHET-SAULNIER, Francoise, İnsancıl Hukuk Sözlüğü, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 2002
- Commentary on the First Geneva Convention: Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 2nd edition,ICRC, 2016
- Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, August 12, 1949, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/geneva07.asp, Erişim Tarihi: 19.7.2019
- Convention Respecting Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hague04.asp, Erişim Tarihi: 8.7.2019
- CUYCKENS, Hanne, “Is Israel Still an Occupying Power in Gaza?”, Netherlands International Law Review, Vol. 63, 2016, ss. 275-295
- CUYCKENS, Hanne, Revisiting the Law of Occupation, Brill, Leiden, 2018
- DARCY, Shane, REYNOLDS, John, “An Enduring Occupation: The Status of the Gaza Strip from the Perspective of International Humanitarian Law”, Journal of Conflict & Security Law, Vol. 15(2), 2010, ss. 211-243
- DINSTEIN, Yoram, The International Law of Belligerent Occupation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009
- DOEHRING, Karl, Völkerrecht, C. F. Müller Verlag, Heidelberg, 1999
- DÜLGER, Kenan, Devletin Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukukun İhlalinden Doğan Sorumluluğu, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul, 2015
- FERRARO, Tristan, “Determining the Beginning and End of an Occupation under International Humanitarian Law”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 94, No. 885, 2012, ss. 133-163
- FOX, Gregory H. , “Transformative Occupation and the Unilateralist Impulse”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 94(885), 2012, ss. 237-266
- GORDON, Neve, Israel’s Occupation, University of California Press, California, 2008 GRANT, John P. , BARKER, J. Craig , Parry & Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009
- HENCKAERTS, Jean-Marie, DOSWALD-BECK, Louise , Uluslararası İnsancıl Teamül (Örf-Adet) Hukuku, Cilt 1: Kurallar, çev. Emre Öktem vd., Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları, 2005
- ICJ, Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v Uganda), Judgment of 19 December 2005
- ICJ, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion of 9 July 2004
- ICJ, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, 8 July 1996
- LE FUR, Louis, Devletler Umumi Hukuku, çev. Şinasi Z. Devrin, Matbaa Yeni Cezaevi, Ankara, 1942
- LONGOBARDO, Marco, “The Occupation of Maritime Territory under International Humanitarian Law”, International Law Studies, Vol. 95, 2019, ss. 322-361
- LUBELL, Noam, “Human Rights Obligations in Military Occupation”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 94(885), 2012, ss. 317-337
- MELZER, Nils , Derecho International Humanitario: Una Introducción Integral, Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja, Ginebra, 2019
- MERAY, Seha L., Devletler Hukukuna Giriş, İkinci Cilt, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara, 1975
- OĞUZMAN, M. Kemal , Özer Seliçi, Saibe Oktay Özdemir, Eşya Hukuku, Filiz Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2006
- OPPENHEIM, Lassa, International Law: A Treatise, Vol. II: War and Neutrality, Third Edition, Longmans Green and Co., London, 1921
- PAZARCı, Hüseyin, Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri, 4. Kitap, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara, 2006
- Prosecutor v. Mladen Naletilic aka "Tuta", Vinko Martinovic aka "Stela", , IT-98-34-T, Trial Judgement, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, 31 March 2003
- Prosecutor v. Tadić, Case No. IT-94-1-T, Trial Judgment, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, 1997
- QUIGLEY, John, “The Relation Between Human Rights Law and the Law of Belligerent Occupation: Does an Occupied Population have a Right to Freedom of Assembly and Expression?”, Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, Vol.12(1), 1989, ss. 1-28
- ROBERTS, Adam, “Transformative Military Occupation: Applying the Laws of War and Human Rights”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 100(3), 2006, ss. 580-622
- SALMÓN, Elizabeth, Introducción al Derecho Internacional Humanitario, Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja, Lima, 2012
- SÁNCHEZ PATRÓN, José Manuel, “El Ámbito de Aplicación del Derecho Internacional Humanitario: Desarrollos Recientes”, Agenda Internacional, No. 23, 2006, ss. 57-91
- SASSOLI, Marco, “Legislation and Maintenance of Public Order and Civil Life by Occupying Powers”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 16(4), 2005, ss. 661-694
- SASSOLI, Marco, International Humanitarian Law: Rules, Controversies and Solutions to Problems Arising in Warfare, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, 2019
- SEIDL-HOHENVELDERN, Ignaz, Völkerrecht, Carl Heymanns Verlag, München, 1997
- SHAW, Malcolm N., International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008
- STARKE, Joseph G., Introduction to International Law, Butterworths, London, 1977
- T. C. Resmi Gazete, Sayı: 8322, 30 Ocak 1953
- TAŞDEMIR, Fatma, Uluslararası Nitelikte Olmayan Silahlı Çatışmalar Hukuku, Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara, 2009
- TOLUNER, Sevin, Milletlerarası Hukuk Dersleri: Devletin Yetkisi, Beta Basım, İstanbul, 1996
- Trial of Wilhelm List and Others, United States Military Tribunal, Nuremberg (1948), Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals, Vol VIII, London, 1949
- TÜTÜNCÜ, Ayşe Nur , “Özgürlük Harekâtı Sonrasında Irak’ın Düzeni ve Koalisyon Güçlerinin Eylemlerini Yöneten Milletlerarası Hukuk”, Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni, Yıl. 24(1-2), 2004, ss. 727-740
- TÜTÜNCÜ, Ayşe Nur, İnsancıl Hukuka Giriş, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul, 2012
- United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commisioner, International Legal Protection of Human Rights in Armed Conflicts, New York, 2011
- VERDROSS, Alfred, Völkerrecht, Springer Verlag, Wien, 1950
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Hukuk |
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Temmuz 2020 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 12 Mayıs 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2 |
