USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DECISION MAKING PROCESS

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 1, 311 - 348, 26.03.2025

Betül Çatal

https://doi.org/10.15337/suhfd.1618142

Öz

The rapid changes and transformations in technology have increasingly empha-sized the importance of concepts such as artificial intelligence. The frequent use of artificial intelligence in sectors like healthcare, education, media, and banking, along with the positive outcomes observed, has initiated discussions on its appli-cability to the legal system. Artificial intelligence's ability to make swift decisions and perform comparative evaluations is expected to contribute positively to deci-sion-making processes. Judges, who play a crucial role in the decision-making process, base their judgments on their personal conscience. However, the growing number of cases has significantly increased the workload of judges. This study explores how artificial intelligence can support judges in managing their increasing workload and examines its role in promoting fairer and more equitab-le decision-making processes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Robot Judge, Artifical Neural Networks, Natural Language Processing

YAPAY ZEKANIN KARAR VERME SÜRECİNDE KULLANILMASI

Öz

Teknolojide yaşanan hızlı değişim ve dönüşümler sayesinde yapay zeka gibi bazı kavramların önemi giderek artmaktadır. Yapay zekanın sağlıkta, eğitimde, medya ya da bankacılık gibi sektörlerde sıklıkla kullanılması ve alınan olumlu sonuçlar neticesinde hukuk sistemine yapay zekanın uygulanabilirliği konusu tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Yapay zekanın hızlı karar alma yeteneği, karşılaştır-malı değerlendirmeler yapabilmesi karar verme süreçlerinde olumlu katkılar sağlayacaktır. Karar verme süjesinde çok önemli bir role sahip olan hakimler, kendi vicdani kanaatlerine göre karar vermektedir. Günümüzde artan dava sayıları nedeniyle hakimlerin oldukça fazla iş yükü bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada hakimlerin gittikçe artan bu iş yüküne yapay zekanın ne şekilde destek olabileceği ve daha adil ve hakkaniyete uygun karar verme sürecinde yapay zekanın rolü tartışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yapay Zeka, Robotik, Robot Yargıç, Yapay Sinir Ağları, Doğal Dil İşleme

Kaynakça

• AKBULUT, Berrin: “Yapay Zeka ve Ceza Hukuku Sorumluluğu”, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C.27, 2023, s. 267-319.
• ALETRAS, Nikolaos/TSARAPATSANİS Dimitrios/PİETRO, Daniel Preoţiuc,/ LAMPOS, Vasileios: “Predicting Judicial Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights: A Natural Language Processing Perspective”, PeerJ Computer Science ,C. 2, 2016, s. 1-19.
• ALPAYDIN, Ethem, Machine Learning: The New AI, 1.Baskı, Cambridge 2016.
• ANANTHASWAMY, Anil: “From Counting with Stones to Artificial Intelligence: The Story of Calculus”, Nature, C.568, 2019, s. 32-33.
• ASİMOV, Isaac: Ben Robot, 3.Baskı, İstanbul 2019.
• BARRAT, James: Our Final Invention: Artificial Intelligence and The End of the Human Era, 2. Baskı, New York 2015.
• BİLGİN, Hikmet: “Yapay Zekânın Mahkeme Kararlarında Kullanımına Uluslararası Bir Bakış ve Robot Hâkimler Hakkında Düşünceler”, İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C.13, 2022, s. 405-419.
• BİRTANE, Şermin: “Hakime Yardımcı Yapay Zeka”, Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergi-si, C. 15, 2024, s. 233-272.
• BOBROW, Daniel G.: “Artificial Intelligence and Robotics”, Artificial Intelligence, C. 26, 1985, s. 79-121.
• BODEN, A.Margaret: Artificial Intelligence: A Very Short Introduction, 1.Baskı, New York, 2018.
• BOZKURT, Armağan/ YÜKSEL, Ebru: “Robot Hukuku”, Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, C.7, 2018, s. 85-112.
• BRENNAN, Tim, DİETERİCH, William, EHRET Beate . “Evaluating the Predictive Validity of the Compas Risk and Needs Assessment System” Criminal Justice and Behavior C.36, 2009,s.21–40.
• BRITISH COLOMBIA CIVIL RESOLUTION TRIBUNAL, The Civil Resolution Tribunal, https://civilresolutionbc.ca, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2024).
• CAICT, China Academy of Information and Communications Technology China AI Development Report 2018, https://www.scribd.com/document/442369539/China-AI-development-report- 2018, (Erişim Tarihi: 11.12. 2024).
• CENTRE for PUBLIC IMPACT, Destination Unknown: Exploring the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Government, https://www.centreforpublicimpact.org/ai-government-working-paper/, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2024).
• CHOPRA, Abhimanyu,/PRASHAR, Abhinav/SAİN Chandresh,:“Natural Language Processing”, International Journal of Technology Enhancements and Emerging Engineering Research, C.1, 2013, s.131-134.
• ÇAĞLAR, Ersoy: Robotlar, Yapay Zeka ve Hukuk, 2. Baskı, İstanbul 2018.
• ÇETİN, Elmas, Yapay Zeka Uygulamaları, 3.Baskı, Ankara 2016.
• ÇINAR BORA, Sevda: “Dava Yönetimi ve Yapay Zeka Etkileşimi Üzerine Düşünceler”, Legal Hukuk Dergisi, C. 20, 2022, s.2089-2130.
• DEMİRKAYA, Yasin, Yapay Zeka Destekli “Robot” Avukat, İlk Kez Bir Sanığı Mahkemede Temsil Edecek, https://turkiye.ai/yapay-zeka-destekli-robot-avukat-ilk-kez-bir-sanigi-mahkemede-temsil-edecek/, (Erişim Tarihi:21.12.2024).
• DOĞAÇ, Asuman: “Uzman Sistemler”, Elektrik Mühendisliği, C.35, 1990, s. 87-91.
• DONGARE, Ambadas/KHARDE Rajendra/KACHARE: “Introduction to Artificial Neural Network”, International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology, C.2, 2012, s. 189-194.
• ELIOT, Lance, Decisive Essays on AI and Law, 1.Baskı, San Francisco 202.
• ERDOĞAN, Gökhan: “Yapay Zeka Hukukuna Genel Bir Bakış”, Adalet Dergisi, C.66, 2021, s.117—192.
• ERSOY, Çağlar: Robotlar, Yapay Zeka ve Hukuk. 2. Baskı, İstanbul 2017.
• EU, Artificial Intelligence Act, Article 3: Definitions, https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/article/3/#:~:text=An%20AI%20system%20is%20a,that%20uses%20an%20AI%20system. (Erişim Tarihi:11.12.2024).
• FANNİ, Salvatore Claudio/FEBİ, Maria/AGHAKHANYAN, Gayane,/ NERİ, Emanuele: Natural Language Processing,
• KLONTZAS, Michail E., FANNİ, Salvatore Claudio, NERİ Emanuele (Editörler), Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, 1. Baskı, New York 2023, s. 87-99.
• FRANKLIN, Stan: History, Motivations, and Core Themes ,Frankish, Keith / Ramsey, William (Editörler), The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, 5. Baskı, Cambridge 2014, s.15-33.
• GREELY, Henry T.: “Neuroscience, Artificial Intelligence, CRISPR and Dogs and Cats”, U.C. Davis Law Review, C.51, 2018, s. 2303-2329.
• HADDADİN,Sami/ KNOBBE Dennis: Robotics and Artificial Intelligence the Present and Future Visions, Ebers, Martin /Navas, Susana (Editörler), Algorithms and Law Cambridge 2020.
• HEİKKİNEN Tiia-Helina, How Does the Use of Artificial Intelligence Affect the Concept of Fair Trial?, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tez, Lund Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi, Lund 2019.
• HUMBE Anad B./ DESHMUKH, Prajwal/ KADAM Mukend: “The Review of Articulated R12 Robot and Its Industrial Applications”, International Journal of Research in Engineering & Technology, C.2, 2018, s. 113-118. Institute for Crime and Justice Policy Research World Prison Brief, https://www.prisonstudies.org/about-us, (Erişim Tarihi: 26.12.2024).
• JACOBS, Gordon L.: “Legal Techonology: Present and Future Trends”, Legal Economics, C. 13, 1987, s. 29-37.
• KATZ, Daniel Martin/ BOMMARİTİO, Michael James/ BLACKMAN, Josh, A General Approach for Predicting the Behavior of the Supreme Court of the United States,https://ssrn.com/abstract=2463244, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2024).
• KAYA, İslam Safa /KARABAY, Huzeyfe: “Uluslararası Yaklaşımla Yapay Zekâ ve Yapay Zekâ Marifetiyle Delillere Erişim”, Kırıkkale Hukuk Mecmuası, C.4, 2024, s. 739-760.
• KAYIRAN, Hüseyin Fırat, “Yapay Zekâ ve Yapay Zekânın Hukuki Sorumluluğu”, Türk Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, C.1, 2020, s.56-74.
• KEHL Danielle/ PRİSCİLLA Guo,/KESSLER, Samuel, Algorithms in the Criminal Justice System: Assessing the Use of Risk Assessments in Sentencing, Responsive Communities Initiative, https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/33746041, (Erişim Tarihi:23.12.2024).
• KERIKMAE, Tanel/ LEE Evelin Pam, Legal Dilemmas of Estonian Artificial Intelligence Strategy: In Between of E-Society and Global Race, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00146-020-01009-8, (Erişim Tarihi:31.12.2024).
• KHAN, Muhammad Rafi, Judging the Artificial Judge, https://ssrn.com/abstract=4805942, (Erişim Tarihi:25.12.2024).
• KOK, Joost N./BOERS Egbert/KOSTERS, Walter/PUTTEN, Peter: “Artificial Intelligence: Definition, Trends, Techniques and Cases”, Artificial Intelligence, C.1, 2009, s. 270-299.
• KOTİL ÖĞRETMEN, Zeynep: Hukukta Yapay Zekâ Uygulamaları, İstanbul 2022.
• KÜÇÜK MÜCAHİT, Çolpan: “Yapay Zekanın Hukuk Sisteminde Kullanılması”, Bilişim Hukuku Dergisi, C.6, 2024, s. 26-79.
• KÜÇÜK, Doğan/ARICI, Nursal: ”Doğal Dil İşlemede Derin Öğrenme Uygulamaları Üzerine Bir Literatür Çalışması”, Uluslararası Bilişim Yönetim Sistemleri ve Bilgisayar Bilimleri Dergisi, C.2, 2018, s. 76-86.
• LOUDERMILK, Bhatia,Paloma. Artificial Intelligence and Recidivism: The Use of Risk Assessment as Prediction Instruments in Criminal Sentencings. https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/12260?v=pdf, (Erişim Tarihi:03.01.2025).
• MAH, Pascal Muam/SKALNA, Iwona/MUZAM, John: “Natural Language Processing and Artificial Intelligence for Enterprise Management in the Era of Industry 4.0”, Aplied Sciens, C.12, 2022, s. 1-26.
• MARGİT, Sutrop : “Should We Trust Artificial Intelligence?”, Trames: A Journal of the Humanities & Social Sciences, Cilt: 23, 2019, s. 499-522.
• MARTINHO, Andreia: “Surveying Judges About Artificial Intelligence: Profession, Judicial Adjudication, and Legal Principles”, AI & SOCIETY, 2024, s.1-16.
• MCCARTY, John, Artificial Intelligence, Logic and Formalizing Common Sense, Stanford 1990.
• MCCARTY, John, What is AI? Basic Questions, http://jmc.stanford.edu/artificial-intelligence/what-is-ai/, (Erişim Tarihi:11.12.2024).
• MIDIK, Barış: Yapay Zekanın Uyuşmazlık Çözümünde Kullanılması: Genel Bir Giriş, KAYA Serkan (Editör), Gelişen Teknolojilerin Medeni Usul Hukukuna Etkileri, 1. Baskı, Ankara 2023.
• NABİYEV, Vasif: Yapay Zeka, 6. Baskı, Ankara, 2021.
• NIKU, Saeed: B.,Introduction to Robotics: Analysis, Control, Applications, 3. Baskı, California 2020.
• NİKOLSKAİA, Kseniia/NAUMOV, Vadyem, Artificial Intelligence in Law https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9271095, (Erişim Tarihi: 04.12.2024).
• NİSSON, Nils J. (Çeviren: DOĞAN, Mehmet): Yapay Zeka Geçmişi ve Geleceği, 1. Baskı, İstanbul 2019.
• ÖZÇİFT, Akın/ÇELİKTEN, Azer/AKARSU, Kamil: Yapay Zeka Kavramlarına Giriş, 1. Baskı, Ankara 2020.
• PASTUKHOVA, Alina, Artificial Intelligence as a Judge: Can We Rely on a Machine?, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ghent University Faculty of Law–International Relations Office Universiteitstraat, Gent Belgium, 2017.
• PEREZ, Javier Andreu/DELİGİANNİ Fani/RAVİ, Daniele/YANG Guang-Zhong: “Artificial Intelligence and Robotics”, ArXiv preprint arXiv:1803.10813, C.147, 2018, s. 2-44.
• PİCKOVER, Clifford A,: Artificial Intelligence: An Illustrated History, 1. Baskı, New York 2019.
• RAAJİMAKERS, Stephen: “Artificial Intelligence for Law Enforcement: Challenges and Opportunities” IEEE Security & Privacy, C.17, 2019, s. 74-77.
• RAJ, Manav/SEMANS Robert: “Primer on Artificial Intelligence and Robotics”, Journal of Organization Design, C.8, 2019, s. 1-14.
• REİLİNG, Dory A.:“Courts and Artificial Intelligence”, International Journal for Court Administration, C.11, 2020, s.1-10.
• RICH, Elaine: “Artificial intelligence and the Humanities”, Computers and the Humanities, Cilt: 19, 1985, s. 117-122.
• RİSSLAND, L. Edwina: “Artificial Intelligence and Law: Stepping Stones to a Model of Legal Reasoning”, The Yale Law Journal,Cilt:99, 2017, s.1958-1981.
• ROBERTS, Julian V./SCHWARZE, Mathis, Reconciling Artificial and Human Intelligence: Supplementing Not Supplanting the Sentencing Judge, RYBERG, Jesper/ ROBERTS, Julian V.(Editörler), Sentencing and Artificial Intelligence. New York 2021.
• RUSSELL, Stuard, NORVİG, Peter, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 3. Baskı, New Jersey 2016. SHİ,Changqing/ SOURDİN,Tania/ Lİ, Bin: “The Smart Court – A New Pathway to Justice in China?”, International Journal for Court Administration, C.12, 2021, s. 1-19.
• SIMMONS, ASA B./ CHAPPEL STEVEN G.: “Artificial Intelligence-Definition and Practice”, IEEE Journal of Oceanıc Engineering, C. 13, 1988, s. 14-42.
• SİNGH, Kj, What Are the Limitations of The Expert Systems, https://mbaofficial.com/mba-courses/principles-of-management/what-are-the-limitations-of-the-expert-systems/, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.12.2024).
• SOURDİN, Tania: “Judge v Robot?: Artificial Intelligence and Judicial Decision-Making”, The University of New South Wales Law Journal, C.41, 2018, s.1114-1133.
• SOURDİN, Tania/ CORNERS, Richard, Do Judges Need to Be Human? The Implications of Technology for Responsive Judging, SOURDİN Tania/ ZARİSKİ Archie (Editörler), The Responsive Judge: International Perspectives, New York 2018.
• SURDEN, Harry: “Artificial Intelligence and Law: An Overview”, Georgia State University Law Review, C.35, 2019, s. 1307-1337.
• ŞENSOY, Pirali Çağrı: ”Hukuk Felsefesinin Sorun ve Tartışmaları Bağlamında Güncel Bir Soru: Yapay Zekâ Hâkimler İnsan Hâkimlerin Yerini Alabilir Mi?”, Trabzon Üniversitesi, Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C.2, 2024, s. 87-127.
• TELANG, Ashwin, The Promise and Peril of AI Legal Services to Equalize Justice, https://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/the-promise-and-peril-of-ai-legal-services-to-equalize-justice, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.12.2024).
• TURİNG, Alan Mathishon: “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”, Mind, C.59, 1950, s. 433-460.
• ULENAERS, Jasper, The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Right to a Fair Trial: Towards a Robot Judge?, https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ajle-2020-0008/html?lang%3Den, (Erişim Tarihi:07.12.2014).
• VOLOKH Eugene,:“Chief Justice Robots”, Duke Law Journal, C.68, 2019, s. 1135-1192.
• WALTERS, Robert/NOVAK, Marko: “Artificial Intelligence and Law”, Walters, Robert/Novak, Marko (Editörler), Cyber Security Artificial Intelligence, Data Protection & the Law, 1.Baskı, Singapore 2021, s. 39-69.
• WANG, Nyu, Black Box Justice”: Robot Judges and AI-based Judgment Processes in China’s Court System, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352810080_Black_Box_Justice_Robot_Judges_and_AI-based_Judgment_Processes_in_China%27s_Court_System, (Erişim Tarihi.30.12.2024).
• WİLKİNSON, Alison, How Natural Language Processing Can Improve Legal Search Results, https://kirasystems.com/learn/how-natural-language-processing-improving-can-improve-legal-search-results/,(Erişim Tarihi: 13.12.2024).
• WOOLRİGGE, Michael: A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, Where We Are and Where We Are Going, 1.Baskı, New York 2021.
• WU, Yu-chen Wu, FENG Jun-wen: “Development and Application of Artificial Neural Network”, Wireless Pers Commun, C.102, 2018, s. 1645–1656.
• XU, Zichun: “Human Judges in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Challenges and Opportunities”, Applied Artificial Intelligence, C.36, 2022, s. 1025-1045.
• YALÇIN, Gizem/THEMELLİ, Erlis/STAMHUİS, Evert/PHİLİPSEN, Stefan/PUNTONİ, Stefano: Perceptions of Justice By Algorithms”, Artif Intell Law, C.31, 2023, s. 269–292.
• YILMAZ, Atınç: Yapay Zeka, 8. Baskı, İstanbul 2020.
• YILMAZ, Oğuz Gökhan: “Yargı Uygulamasında Yapay Zeka Kullanımı- Yapay Zeka Hakim Cübbesi Giyebilecek Mi?”, Adalet Dergisi, C.66, 2021, s.379-415.
• ZHAO, Yun: “Internet Courts in China”, Asian-mena Counsel: Dispute Resolution Special Report 2019, C.16, 2019, s. 1-52.
• ZİMMERMAN, Joseph, Evan: “Machine Minds: Frontiers in Legal Personhood”, SSRN Electronic Journal, 2015, s.1-43.
• Elektronik Kaynaklar https://adaletdergisi.adalet.gov.tr/arsiv/adaletdergisi/2021/66.sayi/66-icindekiler.html
• https://adalethanim.com/#hakkimizda
• https://kirasystems.com/how-kira-works/due-diligence/
• https://lexmachina.com/about,
• https://www.rossintelligence.com/what-is-ai,