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Faith, Melancholy and Love in Tennyson’s In Memoriam

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 61, 15 - 28, 27.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.35237/sufesosbil.1176848

Öz

Regarded as one of the greatest Victorian poems, In Memoriam (1850) portrays Tennyson as a man devastated by the demise of his bosom friend Arthur Hallam. Tennyson composed this long elegy to pay tribute to his departed friend. This paper points out that doubt/faith, melancholy and love are fundamental to In Memoriam. Doubt predominantly characterises this poem because Hallam’s untimely death made Tennyson harbour reservations about his faith. Besides doubt and faith, melancholy pervades this poem Like Shakespeare’s sonnets it refers to, this elegy is also marked by love. These three elements, doubt/faith, melancholy and love are centred around the main theme of grief. This study is based on the interconnected discussions of these three elements. As a poem of faith and doubt, In Memoriam shows that the poet believes, or longs to believe, in the supremacy of the soul and yearns for a spiritual union with his deceased friend. As a poem of melancholy, this elegy evinces that the poet chooses to be engulfed in sorrow and dejection as grieving reinvigorates his love for Hallam. As a poem of love and bonding, it demonstrates that the poet utilises poetic language to articulate his love, and the body resurfaces in his poetic descriptions of their love and intimacy. The body that desires a tactile intimacy with his friend’s body challenges the poet’s mind, urges him to question his faith and confronts the spirit that promises the poet a spiritual union, thereby causing the poet to oscillate between the body and the spirit, to vacillate between his love and his faith. Hence, this article asserts that melancholy emerges as a liminal space in the Victorian poet’s divided psyche between faith and love, between the spirit that celebrates a union after death and the body that desires to touch the friend’s warm body. The faithful lover seeks to believe in spiritual union after death; however, the amorous lover desires to have a bodily contact. Dangling in a limbo zone, the melancholic lover wavers between a disembodied union and an embodied intercourse, desiring to bridge the gap between the two.

Kaynakça

  • Abrams, M. H. (Ed.). (2000). The Norton Anthology of English Literature Vol II (7th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
  • Armstrong, I. (1993a). The Collapse of Object and Subject. In H. F. Tucker (Ed.), Critical Essays on Alfred Lord Tennyson (pp. 136–152). New York: G. K. Hall & Co.
  • Armstrong, I. (1993b). Victorian Poetry: Poetry, Poetics, Politics. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Auden, W. H. (2002). The Complete Works of W. H. Auden: Prose. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Bloom, H. (2010). Introduction. In H. Bloom (Ed.), Alfred Lord Tennyson (pp. xi–xx). New York: Infobase Publishing.
  • Buckley, J. H. (1970). The Way of the Soul. In J. D. Hunt (Ed.), Tennyson: In Memoriam (pp. 216–223). London: Macmillan.
  • Craft, C. (1993). “Descend, and Touch, and Enter”: Tennyson’s Strange Manner of Adress. In H. F. Tucker (Ed.), Critical Essays on Alfred Lord Tennyson (pp. 153–173). New York: G. K. Hall & Co.
  • Fletcher, P. (2002). Landscape and Cityscape. In R. Cronin, A. Chapman, & A. H. Harrison (Eds.), A Companion to Victorian Poetry (pp. 493–509). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Fowles, J. (1970). The French Lieutenant’s Woman. New York: Signet.
  • Gill, R. (1987). In Memoriam by Alfred Tennyson. Hampshire and London: Macmillan.
  • Hood, J. W. (2000). Divining Desire: Tennyson and the Poetics of Transcendence. Hampshire: Ashgate.
  • Jordan, E. (1988). Alfred Tennyson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Morgan, T. E. (2000). The Poetry of Victorian Masculinities. In J. Bristow (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Victorian Poetry (pp. 203–227). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Perry, S. (2002). Elegy. In R. Cronin, A. Chapman, & A. H. Harrison (Eds.), A Companion to Victorian Poetry (pp. 115–133). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Psomiades, K. A. (2000). “The Lady of Shalott” and the Critical Fortunes of Victorian Poetry. In J. Bristow (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Victorian Poetry (pp. 25–45). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Rauch, A. (2002). Poetry and Science. In R. Cronin, A. Chapman, & A. H. Harrison (Eds.), A Companion to Victorian Poetry (pp. 475–492). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Ricks, C. (1989). Tennyson. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Riede, D. G. (2000). Tennyson’s Poetics of Melancholy and the Imperial Imagination. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 40(4), 659–678.
  • Shaw, W. D. (2002). Poetry and Religion. In R. Cronin, A. Chapman, & A. H. Harrison (Eds.), A Companion to Victorian Poetry (pp. 457–474). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Tate, G. (2012). The Poet’s Mind: The Psychology of Victorian Poetry 1830-1870. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Tennyson, A. (2009). Alfred Tennyson: The Major Works (A. Roberts, ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Thomson, A. W. (1986). The Poetry of Tennyson. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Turner, P. (1976). Tennyson. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Watson, J. R. (2002). Hymn. In R. Cronin, A. Chapman, & A. H. Harrison (Eds.), A Companion to Victorian Poetry (pp. 134–154). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing.

Tennyson’ın In Memoriam Adlı Şiirinde İnanç, Hüzün ve Aşk

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 61, 15 - 28, 27.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.35237/sufesosbil.1176848

Öz

Viktorya Çağı’nın en iyi şiirlerinden biri sayılan In Memoriam (1850) Tennyson’ı yakın arkadaşı Arthur Hallam’ın ölümünden sonra mahvolmuş bir adam olarak çizer. Tennyson, bu uzun ağıtı merhum arkadaşının anısına yazmıştır. Bu makale; inanç/şüphe, melankoli ve aşkın bu şiirde merkezi bir öneme sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Şüphe ağırlıklı olarak bu şiiri nitelemektedir. Çünkü Hallam’ın zamansız ölümü şairi inancını sorgulamaya itmiştir. Söz konusu şiire kuşkunun ve inancın yanı sıra, melankoli hâkimdir. İşaret ettiği Shakespeare soneleri gibi, In Memoriam aynı zamanda da aşkın merkezde olduğu bir şiirdir. Bu üç unsur, ana tema olan yas teması etrafında toplanır. Bu çalışma, bu üç unsurun birbiriyle ilişkili tartışmasına dayanmaktadır. Şüphe ve inanç şiiri olarak In Memoriam, şairin ruhun bedene olan üstünlüğüne inandığını ya da inanmak istediğini ve bu dünyadan göçmüş arkadaşıyla ile ruhani bir kavuşmaya özlem duyduğunu göstermektedir. Bir ağıt olarak In Memoriam, arkadaşına olan sevgisini yeniden canlandırdığı ve diri tuttuğu için, şairin melankoliye ve kedere isteyerek tutunduğuna işaret etmektedir. Bir aşk ve dostluk şiiri olarak ise, şairin sevgisini dile dökmek için şiirsel dili kullandığını ve ötelenen bedenin, aşkın ve yakınlığın şiirsel betimlemelerinde geri döndüğünü dile getirmektedir. Yakın arkadaşının bedeniyle ile dokunma duyusu üzerine kurulu bir yakınlığı arzulayan beden, şairin zihnine meydan okur, onu inancını sorgulamaya iter ve şaire ruhani bir birlik müjdeleyen ruhun karşısına çıkar; böylece şairin beden ve ruh, aşk ve inanç arasında gidip gelmesine neden olur. Dolayısıyla, bu makale Viktorya dönemi şairinin inanç ve aşk arasında, ölümden sonra ruhani bir birleşme fikrini kutsayan ruhla ile dostun sıcak bedenine dokunmayı arzulayan beden arasında ikiye bölünmüş zihninde, melankolinin bir eşik alan olarak bulunduğunu iddia etmektedir. İnançlı âşık, ölümden sonraki ruhsal birleşmeye inanmayı istemektedir. Ama aynı zamanda tutkulu âşık da tensel bir teması arzulamaktadır. Arafta kalan hüzünlü âşık ise, tecessüm etmeyen bir birleşmeyle ile cismani, tensel bir temas arasında bir sarkaç gibi salınmakta ve bu ikilik arasındaki ayrımı ortadan kaldırmayı istemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abrams, M. H. (Ed.). (2000). The Norton Anthology of English Literature Vol II (7th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
  • Armstrong, I. (1993a). The Collapse of Object and Subject. In H. F. Tucker (Ed.), Critical Essays on Alfred Lord Tennyson (pp. 136–152). New York: G. K. Hall & Co.
  • Armstrong, I. (1993b). Victorian Poetry: Poetry, Poetics, Politics. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Auden, W. H. (2002). The Complete Works of W. H. Auden: Prose. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Bloom, H. (2010). Introduction. In H. Bloom (Ed.), Alfred Lord Tennyson (pp. xi–xx). New York: Infobase Publishing.
  • Buckley, J. H. (1970). The Way of the Soul. In J. D. Hunt (Ed.), Tennyson: In Memoriam (pp. 216–223). London: Macmillan.
  • Craft, C. (1993). “Descend, and Touch, and Enter”: Tennyson’s Strange Manner of Adress. In H. F. Tucker (Ed.), Critical Essays on Alfred Lord Tennyson (pp. 153–173). New York: G. K. Hall & Co.
  • Fletcher, P. (2002). Landscape and Cityscape. In R. Cronin, A. Chapman, & A. H. Harrison (Eds.), A Companion to Victorian Poetry (pp. 493–509). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Fowles, J. (1970). The French Lieutenant’s Woman. New York: Signet.
  • Gill, R. (1987). In Memoriam by Alfred Tennyson. Hampshire and London: Macmillan.
  • Hood, J. W. (2000). Divining Desire: Tennyson and the Poetics of Transcendence. Hampshire: Ashgate.
  • Jordan, E. (1988). Alfred Tennyson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Morgan, T. E. (2000). The Poetry of Victorian Masculinities. In J. Bristow (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Victorian Poetry (pp. 203–227). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Perry, S. (2002). Elegy. In R. Cronin, A. Chapman, & A. H. Harrison (Eds.), A Companion to Victorian Poetry (pp. 115–133). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Psomiades, K. A. (2000). “The Lady of Shalott” and the Critical Fortunes of Victorian Poetry. In J. Bristow (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Victorian Poetry (pp. 25–45). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Rauch, A. (2002). Poetry and Science. In R. Cronin, A. Chapman, & A. H. Harrison (Eds.), A Companion to Victorian Poetry (pp. 475–492). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Ricks, C. (1989). Tennyson. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Riede, D. G. (2000). Tennyson’s Poetics of Melancholy and the Imperial Imagination. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 40(4), 659–678.
  • Shaw, W. D. (2002). Poetry and Religion. In R. Cronin, A. Chapman, & A. H. Harrison (Eds.), A Companion to Victorian Poetry (pp. 457–474). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Tate, G. (2012). The Poet’s Mind: The Psychology of Victorian Poetry 1830-1870. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Tennyson, A. (2009). Alfred Tennyson: The Major Works (A. Roberts, ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Thomson, A. W. (1986). The Poetry of Tennyson. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Turner, P. (1976). Tennyson. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Watson, J. R. (2002). Hymn. In R. Cronin, A. Chapman, & A. H. Harrison (Eds.), A Companion to Victorian Poetry (pp. 134–154). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing.
Toplam 24 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İngiliz ve İrlanda Dili, Edebiyatı ve Kültürü
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Gökhan Albayrak 0000-0003-2703-4326

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 61

Kaynak Göster

APA Albayrak, G. (2024). Faith, Melancholy and Love in Tennyson’s In Memoriam. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi(61), 15-28. https://doi.org/10.35237/sufesosbil.1176848