Strain, Anger and Crime: A Sociopsychological Evaluation in the Context of the General Strain Theory

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 62, 233 - 264, 30.12.2024

Sadullah Seyidoğlu

https://doi.org/10.35237/suitder.1530587

Öz

Several theoretical frameworks approach the phenomenon of crime and its causes from different perspectives. In this sense, various social-psychological theories have been used to understand and explain crime and delinquency. One of these theories, the General Strain Theory, although developed relatively recently, is considered an important theory that uses different methodologies and shows that there is a significant relationship between strain, anger, and crime. This theory concentrates on negative emotions, particularly anger, and posits that they trigger criminal behavior, making it more comprehensive than classical strain theories. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between strain, anger, and crime from a social-psychological perspective within the context of the General Strain Theory. The study provides a comprehensive examination of criminal activities through the lens of this theory. In Türkiye, the explanatory potential of socio-psychological theories of crime, especially GST, to explain crime and delinquency has not been evaluated comprehensively and systematically. This situation indicates an important gap in the existing literature. Therefore, conducting this evaluation highlights the importance of this study in this regard. Within the framework of the study, the basic concepts are first introduced. Then, the basic arguments of the theory of crime, criminality, and crime control are presented. In addition, the socio-psychological conditions that contribute to the emergence and development of criminal behavior are discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Crime, Strain, Anger, General Strain Theory, Social Psychology

Gerilim, Öfke ve Suç: Genel Gerilim Teorisi Bağlamında Sosyopsikolojik Bir Değerlendirme

Öz

Suç olgusuna ve suça yol açan nedenlere farklı perspektiflerden yaklaşan bir dizi teorik çerçeve bulunmaktadır. Bu anlamda suç ve suçluluğu anlamak ve açıklamak için çeşitli sosyopsikolojik teoriler kullanılmıştır. Bu teorilerden biri olan Genel Gerilim Teorisi, nispeten yakın zamanda geliştirilmiş olmasına rağmen çeşitli metodolojiler kullanan; gerilim, öfke ve suç olgusu arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olduğunu gösteren önemli bir teori olarak görülmüştür. Bu teori, olumsuz duygulara odaklanmakta ve suç davranışının bu olumsuz duygulardan, özellikle bunlar arasından öfkeden kaynaklandığını öne sürerek bu açıdan klasik gerilim teorilerinden çok daha detaylı bir teoridir. Bu çalışma gerilim, öfke ve suç arasındaki ilişkiyi Genel Gerilim Teorisi bağlamında sosyopsikolojik bir perspektiften değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, bu teorinin merceğinden suç faaliyetlerinin kapsamlı bir incelemesini sunmaktadır. Türkiye'de sosyopsikolojik suç kuramlarının, özelde GGT’nin suç ve suçluluk sürecini açıklama potansiyelleri kapsamlı ve sistematik bir biçimde değerlendirilmemiştir. Bu durum mevcut literatürde önemli bir boşluğa işaret etmektedir. Bundan dolayı bu değerlendirmenin gerçekleştirilmesi bu açıdan çalışmanın önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında ilk etapta temel kavramları tanıtılmıştır. Daha sonra kuramın suç, suçluluk ve ayrıca suçla başa çıkma ile ilgili ortaya koyduğu temel argümanlar ortaya konmuştur. Ayrıca suç davranışının ortaya çıkışına ve gelişimine katkıda bulunan sosyopsikolojik durumlar da ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Suç, Gerilim, Öfke, Genel Gerilim Teorisi, Sosyal Psikoloji

Kaynakça

• Abeling-Judge, D. (2016). Examining The Impact and Changing Nature of Social Influences of Desistance from Crime and General Offending (PhD. thesis). Boston, Massachusetts: Northeastern University.
• Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30, 47–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x
• Agnew, R. (1995). Controlling delinquency: Recommendations from GST. In H.D. Barlow (Ed.), Crime and Public Policy (pp. 43-70). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
• Agnew, R. (1997). Stability and change in crime over the life course: A strain theory explanation. In T. P. Thornberry (Ed.), Developmental theories of crime and delinquency: Volume 7. Advances in criminological theory (pp. 101–132). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
• Agnew, R. (1999). A general strain theory of community differences in crime rates. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36, 123–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427899036002001
• Agnew, R. (2000). Sources of criminality: Strain and subcultural theories. In J. F. Sheley (Ed.), Criminology: A contemporary handbook (pp. 349–371). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
• Agnew, R. (2001a). Building on the foundation of General Strain Theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38, 319–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427801038004001
• Agnew, R. (2001b). An overview of General Strain Theory. In R. Paternoster & R. Bachman (Eds.), Explaining criminals and crime: Essays in contemporary criminological theory (pp. 161–174). Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
• Agnew, R. (2002). Experienced, vicarious, and anticipated strain: An exploratory study focusing on physical victimization and delinquency. Justice Quarterly, 19, 603–632. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820200095371
• Agnew, R. (2006a). General strain theory: Current status and directions for further research. In F. T. Cullen, J. P. Wright, & K. R. Blevins (Eds.), Taking stock: The status of criminological theory, advances in criminological theory (Vol. 15, pp. 101–126). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
• Agnew, R. (2006b). Pressured into crime: An overview of General Strain Theory. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
• Agnew, R., & Brezina, T. (2018). Juvenile delinquency: Causes and control (6th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118701386.ch18
• Agnew, R., & Brezina, T. (2019). General strain theory. Handbook on Crime and Deviance (p. 145–160). in Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20779-3
• Agnew, R., & White, H. (1992). An empirical test of general strain theory. Criminology, 30, 475–499.
• Agnew, R., F. T. Cullen, V. S. Burton, Jr., T. D. Evans, & R. G. Dunaway. (1996). A new test of classic strain theory. Justice Quarterly, 13, 681-704. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829600093151
• Agnew, R., T. Brezina, J. P. Wright, & F. T. Cullen. (2002). Strain, personality traits and delinquency. Youth and Society, 29, 84–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00949.x
• Akbaş, E. A. (2005). Suç işleyen gençlerin gereksinim ve öfke örüntülerinin incelenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Akers, R. L. (1998). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance. Boston, MA: Northeastern University. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315129587-12
• Alarid, L. F. (2000). Sexual assault and coercion among incarcerated women prisoners: Excerpts from prison letters. The Prison Journal, 80, 391–406. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885500080004005
• Alexander, A. D., & Bernard, T. J. (2002). A critique of Mark Colvin’s crime and coercion: An integrated theory of chronic criminality. Crime, Law and Social Change, 38 (4), 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1021171925227
• Anderson, E. (1999). Code of the street. New York: W. W. Norton.
• Arslan, S. (2013). Suç işlemiş erkek hastaların anne ve babalarının tutumlarının öfke ifade biçimlerine etkisi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul: Haliç Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Aseltine, R. H., Gore, S., & Gordon, J. (2000). Life stress, anger and anxiety, and delinquency: An empirical test of General Strain Theory. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41(3), 256–275. https://doi.org/10.2307/2676320
• Asprea, A. M. & Villone Betocchi, G. (1998). Ansia stress e coping nella prospettiva cognitiva. Napoli: Gnocchi.
• Attar, B. K., Guerra, N. G., & Tolan, P. H. (1994). Neighborhood disadvantage, stressful life events, and adjustment in urban elementary-school children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 23, 391–400. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2304_5
• Bao, W., A. Haas, & Y. Pi. (2004). Life strain, negative emotions, and delinquency: An empirical test of General Strain Theory in the people’s republic of China. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 48, 281-297. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624x03258686
• Baron, S. W. (2003). Self-control, social consequences and criminal behavior: Street youth and the general theory of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 40, 403-425. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427803256071
• Baron, S. W. (2004). General strain, street youth and crime: A test of Agnew’s revised theory. Criminology, 42, 457-483. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00526.x
• Baron, S. W., & Hartnagel, T. F. (1997). Attributions, affect, and crime: Street youths’ reactions to unemployment. Criminology, 35, 409–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1997.tb01223.x
• Baron, S. W. (2008). Street youth, unemployment, and crime: Is it that simple? Using General Strain Theory to untangle the relationship. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 50, 399-434. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.50.4.399
• Benda, B. B., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002). The effect of abuse in childhood and in adolescence on violence among adolescents. Youth & Society, 33 (3), 339-365. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118x02033003001
• Blau, J. R. & Blau, P. M. (1982). The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and violent crime. American Sociological Review, 47, 114–129. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095046
• Blokland, A. J., & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2005). The effects of life circumstances on longitudinal trajectories of offending. Criminology, 43(4), 1203–1240. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2005.00037.x
• Botchkovar, E. & L. A. Hughes. (2010). Strain and alcohol use in Russia: A gendered analysis. Sociological Perspectives, 53, 297–319. https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2010.53.3.297
• Botchkovar, E. V., Tittle, C. R., & Antonaccio, O. (2009). General Strain Theory: Additional evidence using cross-cultural data. Criminology, 47, 131–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00141.x
• Box, S. (1981). Deviance, reality, and society. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
• Brezina, T. (1998). Adolescent maltreatment and delinquency: The question of intervening processes. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35, 71-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427898035001003
• Brezina, T. (1999). Teenage violence toward parents as an adaptation to family strain: Evidence from a national survey of male adolescents. Youth & Society, 30(4), 416–444. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118x99030004002
• Brezina, T. (2008). Recognition denial, need for autonomy, and youth violence. New Directions for Youth Development, 119, 111–128. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.276
• Brezina, T. (2017). General strain theory. In Henry N. Pontell & Gerben Bruinsma (Eds.), Oxford research encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Broidy, L. M. (2001). A test of General Strain Theory. Criminology, 39, 9–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00915.x
• Broidy, L., & Agnew, R. (1997). Gender and crime: A General Strain Theory perspective. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34(3), 275–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427897034003001
• Broidy, L., Bushway, S., Cauffman, E., Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (2000). Desistance from crime: Current conceptions, current challenges. Unpublished manuscript.
• Burton, V. S., Jr. & Dunaway, R. G. (1994). Relative deprivation, and middle-class delinquency. In G. Barak (Ed.), Varieties of criminology. Readings from a dynamic discipline (pp. 79–95). Westport, CT: Praeger.
• Byrne, C. F., & Trew, K. J. (2008). Pathways through crime: The development of crime and desistance in the accounts of men and women offenders. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 47(3), 238–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.2008.00520.x
• Capowich, G. E., Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (2001). General Strain Theory, situational anger, and social networks: An assessment of conditioning influences. Journal of Criminal Justice, 29, 445-461. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2352(01)00101-5
• Cloward, R. A. & Ohlin, L. E. (1960). Delinquency and Opportunity. New York: Free Press.
• Cohen, A. K. (1955). Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang. New York: Free Press.
• Colvin, M. (2000). Crime & coercion. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
• Cuevas, C. A., Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., & Ormrod, R. K. (2007). Juvenile delinquency and victimization: A theoretical typology. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22, 1581–1602. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260507306498
• Currie, E. (1998). Crime and punishment in America. New York: Owl Books.
• Daigle, E. L., Cullen, F. T., & Wright, J. P. (2007). Gender differences in the predictors of juvenile delinquency: Assessing the generality-specificity debate. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 5, 254-286. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204007301289
• Drapela, L. A. (2006). The effect of negative emotions on licit and illicit drug use among high school dropouts: An empirical test of General Strain Theory. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 755-770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9059-0
• Eitle, D. (2002). Exploring a Source of Deviance-Producing Strain for Females: Perceived Discrimination and General Strain Theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 30, 429-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2352(02)00146-0
• Eitle, D. (2010). General strain theory, persistence, and desistance among young adult males. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(6), 1113–1121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.08.003
• Eitle, D., & Taylor, J. (2011). General strain theory, BIS=BAS levels, and gambling behavior. Deviant Behavior, 32, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639620903415992
• Eitle, D., & Turner, R. J. (2002). Exposure to community violence and young adult crime: The effects of witnessing violence, traumatic victimization, and other stressful events. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39, 214–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/002242780203900204
• Eitle, D., & Turner, R. J. (2003). Stress exposure, race, and young adult male crime. The Sociological Quarterly, 44 (2), 243–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2003.tb00557.x
• Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Ageton, S. (1985). Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1987)13:2<97::aid-ab2480130206>3.0.co;2-x
• Ellwanger, S. J. (2007). Strain, attribution, and traffic delinquency among young drivers: Measuring and testing General Strain Theory in the context of driving. Crime and Delinquency, 53, 523–551. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128706295991
• Engür, B. (2008). Suç işlemiş ve işlememiş ergenler: Öfke, umutsuzluk ve yaşamı sürdürme nedenleri açısından bir inceleme (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Kara Harp Okulu Komutanlığı Savunma Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Ersen, H. G. (2010). Suç işlemiş kadınların sosyodemografik özellikleri, anne-baba tutumları ve öfke ifade biçimlerinin değerlendirilmesi (Tıpta Uzmanlık). İstanbul: Bakırköy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Ruh Sağlığı ve Sinir Hastalıkları Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi.
• Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R. K., & Turner, H. A. (2009). The developmental epidemiology of childhood victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 711–731. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260508317185
• Fogel, C. I. (1993). Hard time: The stressful nature of incarceration for women. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 14, 367–377. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612849309006900
• Froggio, G. (2007). Strain and juvenile delinquency: A critical review of Agnew’s General Strain Theory. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 12(4), 383-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020701249363
• Gallupe, O., & Baron, S. W. (2009). Street youth, relational strain, and drug use. Journal of Drug Issues, 39(3), 523–546. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204260903900304
• Ganem, N. M. (2010). The role of negative emotion in General Strain Theory. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 26, 167-185. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986209359558
• Giordano, P. C., Schroeder, R. D., & Cernkovich, S. A. (2007). Emotions and crime over the life course: A neo-Meadian perspective on criminal continuity and change. American Journal of Sociology, 112(6), 1603–1661. https://doi.org/10.1086/512710
• Girshick, L. B. (1999). No safe haven. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.
• Glueck, S., & Glueck, E. (1950). Unraveling juvenile delinquency. New York: Commonwealth Fund.
• Gottfredson, M., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Görgülü, T., & Öntaş, Ö. C. (2013). Hükümlülerin suç davranışının nedenlerine ve suç davranışı risk faktörlerine ilişkin düşünceleri. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 24(2), 59-82.
• Grothoff, G. E., Kempf-Leonard, K., & Mullins, C. (2014). Gender and juvenile drug abuse: A General Strain Theory perspective. Women & Criminal Justice, 24(1), 22–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2013.842519 Gunnison, E. K. (2001). Understanding female desistance from crime: Exploring theoretical and empirical relationships (Ph.D. thesis). University of Cincinnati
• Haas, H., Farrington, D. P., Killias, M., & Sattar, G. (2004). The impact of different family configurations on delinquency. British Journal of Criminology, 44, 520–532. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azh023 Hagan, J., & McCarthy B. (1997). Mean Streets: Youth Crime and Homelessness. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511625497 Harrell, E. (2007). Adolescent victimization and delinquent behavior. New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing. Hay, C. (2003). Family strain, gender, and delinquency. Sociological Perspectives, 46(1), 107–135. https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2003.46.1.107
• Hay, C., & Evans, M. M. (2006). Violent victimization and involvement in delinquency: Examining predictions from General Strain Theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.03.005
• Hay, C., & Meldrum, R. (2010). Bullying victimization and adolescent self-harm: Testing hypotheses from General Strain Theory. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 446–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9502-0
• Hay, C., Meldrum, R., & Mann, K. (2010). Traditional bullying, cyber bullying and deviance: A General Strain Theory approach. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 26(2), 130–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986209359557
• Hinduja, S. (2007). Work place violence and negative affective responses: A test of Agnew’s General Strain Theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35, 657–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.09.002
• Hoffman, J. P. (2003). A contextual analysis of differential association, social control, and strain theories of delinquency. Social Forces, 81, 753–785. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2003.0034
• Hoffman, J. P., & Cerbone, F. G. (1999). Stressful life events and delinquency escalation in early adolescence. Criminology, 37, 343–373. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00489.x
• Hoffman, J. P., & Miller, J. P. (1998). A latent variable analysis of General Strain Theory. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 14, 83–110. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023048509438
• Hoffmann, J. P. & S. S. Su. (1997). The conditional effects of stress on delinquency and drug use: A strain theory assessment of sex differences. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34(1), 46-75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427897034001004
• Horowitz, R. (1983). Honor and the American dream: Culture and identity in a Chicano community. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University.
• Jang, S. J. & B. R. Johnson. (2003). Strain, negative emotions, and deviant coping among African americans: A test of General Strain Theory. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19, 79-105. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022570729068
• Jang, S. J. (2007). Gender differences in strain, negative emotion, and coping behaviors: A General Strain Theory approach. Justice Quarterly, 24, 523-553. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820701485486 Jang, S. J., & Lyons, J. A. (2006). Strain, social support, and retreatism among AfricanAmericans. Journal of Black Studies, 37, 251–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934705278781
• Kaufman, J. (2009). Gendered responses to serious strain: The argument for a General Strain Theory of deviance. Justice Quarterly, 26, 410–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820802427866 Kaufman, J. G., & Widom, C. S. (1999). Childhood victimization, running away, and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36, 347–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427899036004001
• Kızmaz, Z. (2005a). Din ve suçluluk: suç teorileri açısından kuramsal bir yaklaşım. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(1), 189-215.
• Kızmaz, Z. (2005b). Kriminolojide yeni yönelimler: Bütünleşik (Integrated) suç kuramları-1. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(2), 349-377.
• Klemp-North, M. (2007). Theoretical foundations for gang membership. Journal of Gang Research, 14, 11–26. https://search.worldcat.org/title/4769610767
• Konty, M. (2005). Microanomie: The cognitive foundations of the relationship between anomie and deviance. Criminology, 43, 107–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0011-1348.2005.00004.x
• Köknel, Ö. (2000). Bireysel ve Toplumsal Şiddet. İstanbul: Altın Kitaplar Yayınevi.
• Kruttschnitt C, & Macmillan R. (2006). The Violent Victimization of Women: A Life Course Perspective. In: Heimer K, Kruttschnitt C, editors. Gender and Crime: Patterns of Victimization and Offending. New York: NYU Press
• Kubrin, C. E., & Weitzer, R. (2003). Retaliatory homicide: Concentrated disadvantage and neighborhood culture. Social Problems, 50, 157–180. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2003.50.2.157
• Landau, S. F. (1998). Crime, subjective social stress and support indicators, and ethnic origin: The Israeli experience. Justice Quarterly, 15, 243–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829800093731
• Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2003). Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys to Age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2006.00111_12.x
• Listwan, S. J., Sullivan, C. J., Agnew, R., Cullen, F. T., & Colvin, M. (2013). The pains of imprisonment revisited: The impact of strain on inmate recidivism. Justice Quarterly, 30(1), 144–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2011.597772
• Liu, X., R., & Lin, W. (2007). Delinquency among Chinese adolescents: Modeling sources of frustration and gender differences. Deviant Behavior, 28, 409-432. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639620701233316
• Maden, Ö., Sinici, E., & Uzun, Ö. (2023). Antisosyal kişilik bozukluğu olan bireylerde pozitif psikoterapi bağlamında birincil ve ikincil yetenekler: Suç işleme davranışları ve öfke ile ilişkisi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 34(3), 191−201. https://doi.org/10.5080/u27031
• Maruna, S., & Toch, H. (2005). The impact of imprisonment on the desistance process. Prisoner Reentry and Crime in America (p. 139–178). In. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813580.006
• Maschi, T., Bradley, C., & Morgen, K. (2008). Unraveling the link between trauma and delinquency: The mediating role of negative affect and delinquent peer exposure. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 6, 136–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204007305527
• Matthews, S. K. (2011). Self-Complexity and crime: Extending General Strain Theory. Justice Quarterly, 28(6), 863–902. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2010.535010
• Maxwell, S. R. (2001). A focus on familial strain: Antisocial behavior and delinquency in Filipino society. Sociological Inquiry, 71, 265–292. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682x.2001.tb01113.x
• Mazerolle, P. & A. R. Piquero. (1998). Linking exposure to strain with anger: An investigation of deviant adaptations. Journal of Criminal Justice, 26, 195-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2352(97)00085-8 Mazerolle, P. (1998). Gender, general strain, and delinquency: An empirical examination. Justice Quarterly, 15(1), 65–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829800093641 Mazerolle, P., & Maahs, J. (2000). General strain and delinquency: An alternative examination of conditioning influences. Justice Quarterly, 17 (4), 753-778. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820000094751
• Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1997). Violent responses to strain: An examination of conditioning influences. Violence and Victims, 12, 323–342. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.12.4.323
• Mazerolle, P., A. R. Piquero, & G. E. Capowich. (2003). Examining the links between strain, situational and dispositional anger, and crime. Youth and Society, 35 (2), 131–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118x03255029
• Mazerolle, P., Burton, V. S., Jr., Cullen, F. T., Evans, D. T., & Payne, G. L. (2000). Strain, anger, and delinquent adaptations: Specifying General Strain Theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 28, 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2352(99)00041-0
• McNulty, T. L., & Bellair, P. E. (2003). Explaining racial and ethnic differences in serious adolescent violent behavior. Criminology, 41, 709–748. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb01002.x
• Menard, S. (1995). A developmental test of Mertonian anomie theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 32, 136-174. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427895032002002 Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3, 672–682. https://doi.org/10.2307/2084686
• Messner, S. F. & Rosenfeld, R. (2001). Crime and the American dream. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
• Moon, B., Blurton, D., & McCluskey, J. D. (2008). General strain theory and delinquency: focusing on the influences of key strain characteristics on delinquency. Crime and Delinquency, 54, 582-613. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128707301627
• Moon, B., Morash, M., McCluskey, C. P., & Hwang, H.-W. (2009). A comprehensive test of General Strain Theory: Key strains, situational-and trait-based negative emotions, conditioning factors, and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 46 (2), 182–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427808330873 Morash, M., & Moon, B. (2007). Gender differences in the effects of strain on the delinquency of South Korean youth. Youth & Society, 38 (3), 300–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118x06287861
• Morris, R. G., Carriaga, M. L., Diamond, B., Piquero, N. L., & Piquero, A. R. (2012). Does prison strain lead to prison misbehavior? An application of General Strain Theory to inmate misconduct. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40 (3), 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.12.001
• Naser, R. L., & La Vigne, N. G. (2006). Family support in the prisoner reentry process: Expectations and realities. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 43, 93–106. https://doi.org/10.1300/J076v43n01_05
• Osgood, D. W., Wilson, J. K., & O’Malley, P. M. (1996). Routine activities and individual deviant behavior. American Sociological Review, 61 (4), 635-655. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096397 Ostrowsky, M. K., & Messner, S. F. (2005). Explaining crime for a young adult population: An application of General Strain Theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 33 (5), 463–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2005.06.004
• Öz, F. S. (2008). Öfke yönetimi eğitiminin ergenlerde öfke ile başa çıkma ve iletişim becerilerine etkisi (Doktora Tezi). İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Özbay, Ö. (2003). Merton's strain theory: Evidence from the high schools in Ankara. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 27, 59-76.
• Özbay, Ö. (2008). Strain, social bonding theories and delinquency. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 32, 1-16.
• Özbay, Ö. (2012). Does General Strain Theory account for youth deviance in Turkey? Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 1(1), 107-129.
• Özpınar, S. O. (2023). Suç işlemiş psikoz tanılı hastalarda öfke, bağlanma ve çocukluk çağı travmaları arasındaki ilişkinin remisyonda olan psikoz hastaları ve sağlıklı gönüllüler ile karşılaştırılması (Tıpta Uzmanlık). Ankara: Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Bilkent Şehir Hastanesi
• Paschall, M. J., Flewelling, R. L., & Ennett, S. T. (1998). Racial differences in violent behavior among young adults. Journal of Research in Crime and delinquency, 35 (2), 148-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427898035002002
• Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2011). Traditional and nontraditional bullying among youth: A test of General Strain Theory. Youth & Society, 43, 727–751. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118x10366951
• Paternoster, R., & Mazerolle, P. (1994). General strain theory and delinquency: A replication and exstrain. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31 (3), 235–263. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427894031003001
• Piquero, N. L., & Sealock, M. D. (2000). Generalizing General Strain Theory: An examination of an offending population. Justice Quarterly, 17 (3), 449–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820000094631
• Piquero, N. L., K. Fox, A. R. Piquero, G. Capowich, & P. Mazerolle. (2010). Gender, General Strain Theory, negative emotions, and eating disorders. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 380–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9466-0
• Posick, C., Farrell, A., & Swatt, M. L. (2013). Do boys fight and girls cut? A General Strain Theory approach to gender and deviance. Deviant Behavior, 34(9), 685–705. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2012.748626 Rebellon, C. J., Manasse, M. E., Van Gundy, K. T., & Cohn, E. S. (2012). Perceived injustice and delinquency: A test of General Strain Theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40, 230–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2012.02.001
• Rebellon, C. J., Piquero, N. L., Piquero, A. R., & Thaxton, S. (2009). Do frustrated economic expectations and objective economic inequity promote crime? European Journal of Criminology, 6, 47–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370808098105 Reid, J. A. (2011). An exploratory model of girl’s vulnerability to commercial sexual exploitation in prostitution. Child Maltreatment, 16(2), 146–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559511404700 Robbers, M. L. P. (2004). Revisiting the moderating effect of social support on strain: A gendered test. Sociological Inquiry, 74, 546–569. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682x.2004.00104.x
• Rocque, M., Bierie, D. M., Posick, C., & MacKenzie, D. L. (2013). Unraveling change: Social bonds and recidivism among released offenders. Victims and Offenders, 8 (2), 209–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2012.755141
• Schwartz, J. A., Walsh, A., & Beaver, K. M. (2019). The Biosocial Perspective: A Brief Overview and Potential Contributions to Criminological Theory. M. D. Krohn, H. Hendrix, G. P. Hall, & A. J. Lizotte (Ed.) in., Handbook on Crime and Deviance (p. 89-11). Switzerland: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20779-3_5
• Seyidoğlu, S. (2024). Cezaevinden topluma: Eski hükümlülerin suçu terk etmesi ve topluma yeniden entegrasyonu. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
• Shapland, J., & Bottoms, A. (2011). Reflections on social values, offending and desistance among young adult recidivists. Punishment & Society, 13(3), 256–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474511404334
• Sharp, S. F., Peck, B. M., & Hartsfield, J. (2012). Childhood adversity and substance use of women prisoners: A General Strain Theory approach. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40 (3), 202–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2012.01.003
• Sharp, S. F., T. L. Terling-Watt, L. A. Atkins, J. T. Gilliam, & A. Sanders. (2001). Purging behavior in a sample of college females: A research note on General Strain Theory and female deviance. Deviant Behavior, 22, 171-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/016396201750065036
• Shover, N., & Thompson, C. Y. (1992). Age, differential expectations, and crime desistance. Criminology, 30(1), 89-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01094.x
• Sigfusdottir, I., G. Farkas, & E. Silver. (2004). The role of depressed mood and anger in the relationship between family conflict and delinquent behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 509-522. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:joyo.0000048065.17118.63
• Sigfusdottir, I. D., Kristjansson, A. L., & Agnew, R. (2012). A comparative analysis of General Strain Theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40, 117-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2012.01.001
• Stack, S. (1984). Income inequality and property crime: A cross-national analysis of relative deprivation theory. Criminology, 22, 229–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1984.tb00299.x Soykan, Ç. (2003). Öfke ve öfke yönetimi. Kriz Dergisi, 11(2), 19-27. https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000192 Stogner, J., & Gibson, C. L. (2010). Healthy, wealthy, and wise: Incorporating health issues as a source of strain in Agnew’s General Strain Theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38 (6), 1150–1159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.09.003
• Swatt, M. L., Gibson, C. L., & Piquero, N. L. (2007). Exploring the utility of General Strain Theory in explaining problematic alcohol consumption by police officers. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35, 596–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.09.005
• Tatlılıoğlu, K., & Karaca, M. (2013). Öfke olgusu hakkında sosyal psikolojik bir değerlendirme. International Journal of Social Science, 6(6), 1101-1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS1691
• Terry, C. M. (2003). The Fellas: Overcoming Prison and Addiction. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. https://doi.org/10.1177/147322540300300207
• Tezcan, E. (2015). Suç Davranışının Genel Gerilim Kuramı Temelinde İncelenmesi, Sosyal Hizmet Sempozyumu bildiriler kitabı içinde (ss. 103-110). Manisa: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi.
• TÜİK, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2023). Ceza İnfaz Kurumu İstatistikleri 2023 Haber Bülteni.
• Unnever, J. D., Cullen, F. T., & Agnew, R. (2006). Why is “Bad” parenting criminogenic? Implications from rival theories. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(3), 3–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204005282310
• Walls, M. L., Chapple, C. L., & Johnson, K. D. (2007). Strain, emotion, and suicide among American Indian youth. Deviant Behavior, 28, 219–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639620701233100
• Warr, M. (1998). Life-course transitions and desistance from crime. Criminology, 36, 183-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01246.x
• Widom, C. S., Schuck, A. M., & White, H. R. (2006). An examination of pathways from childhood victimization to violence: The role of early aggression and problematic alcohol use. Violence and Victims, 21, 675–690. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.21.6.675
• Wulf-Ludden, T. (2015). Pseudofamilies, misconduct, and the utility of General Strain Theory in a women’s prison. Women & Criminal Justice, 26(4), 233–259.
• Zavala, E., & Kurtz, D. L. (2017). Applying Differential Coercion and Social Support Theory to Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(1–2), NP162–NP187. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517731314
• Zweig, J. M., Yahner, J., Visher, C. A., & Lattimore, P. K. (2015). Using General Strain Theory to explore the effects of prison victimization experiences on later offending and substance use. The Prison Journal, 95(1), 84-113. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885514563283