TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR MICROPOLLUTANT REMOVAL IN WASTEWATER

Abstract

Present of micropollutants in aquatic environments has become an alarming

environmental problem for both living creatures and environment. Micropollutants, also called as

emerging contaminants arise from natural substances and increasing variety of anthropogenic events.

Micropollutants consist of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, steroid hormones, industrial

chemicals, pesticides, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and other recently seen compounds. These emerging

contaminants are commonly found in very low concentration in different water bodies ranging from a

few ng/l to several μg/l.

Many existing Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in all over the world are not especially designed

for removing micropollutants. Low concentration and diversity of micropollutants complicate the

dedection and analysis procedures during the treatment processes. Furthermore, entering

micropollutants to the WWTPs continuously and stable structure of many micropollutants make

difficult to eliminate these emerging compounds sufficiently. Therefore, many micropollutants of

unknown concentration pass to aquatic environment from WWTPs. The occurence of micropollutants

with a significant levels in aquatic environments disrupt the aquatic ecosystems with a number of

adverse effects including short-term and long-term toxicity such as endocrine disrupting effects. Besides

the known negative effects of micropollutants there are great number of micropollutants whose effects

on living organisms are still unknown. As a result, removing these compounds is of a great importance

both to protect environmental ecosystem and human health. Considering that the conventional methods

are insufficient for removing the micropollutants other alternative treatment methods including

coagulation–flocculation, activated carbon adsorption (powdered activated carbon and granular

activated carbon), advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), membrane processes and membrane bioreactor

can be applied for better removal.

In this study, alternative treatments methods and removal efficiencies of each treatment methods on

different micropollutants were investigated and all alternative treatment methods were compared

between each other in terms of micropollutant removal rates.

Keywords

• Micropollutants
• Removal efficiency
• Wastewater

Atık Sularda Mikrokirletici Giderimi İçin Alternatif Arıtımlar

Öz

Mikro kirleticilerin sucul ortamlarda bulunması hem canlılar hem de çevre için endişe verici bir

çevre sorunu haline gelmiştir. Hızla ortaya çıkan/gelişen kirleticiler olarak da adlandırılan mikro

kirleticiler doğal maddelerden ve giderek artan çeşitli antropojenik olaylardan meydana gelmektedir.

Mikrokirleticiler farmasötikler, kişisel bakım ürünleri, steroid hormonlar, endüstriyel kimyasallar,

pestisitler, poliaromatik hidrokarbonlar ve son zamanlarda görülen diğer bileşiklerden oluşmaktadır. Bu

kirleticiler farklı su kaynaklarında genellikle birkaç ng /L ile μg/ L arasında değişen çok düşük konsantrasyonlarda bulunmaktadır. Dünyadaki mevcut birçok Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi (AAT) özellikle

mikro kirleticileri gidermek için tasarlanmamıştır. Mikro kirleticilerin düşük konsantrasyonda

bulunmaları ve çok çeşitli olmaları arıtma prosesleri boyunca belirleme ve analiz prosedürlerini

zorlaştırmaktadır. Ayrıca, mikro kirleticilerin AAT’lerine sürekli olarak gelmeleri ve birçok mikro

kirleticinin kararlı yapıya sahip olması bu kirleticilerin yeteri kadar giderilmesini zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu

sebeple, mikro kirleticilerin birçoğu bilinmeyen konsantrasyonları ile beraber AAT’lerinden sucul

çevrelere geçmektedir. Sucul ortamlarda ciddi seviyelerde mikro kirletici oluşumları kısa vadeli ve uzun

vadeli toksisiteyi de içeren endokrin bozucu etkiler gibi bir dizi olumsuz etkiler ile beraber sucul

ekosistemleri bozmaktadır. Olumsuz etkileri bilinen mikro kirleticilerin yanı sıra canlı organizmalar

üzerindeki etkileri hala bilinmeyen çok sayıda mikro kirletici de vardır. Sonuç olarak bu kirleticilerin

giderimi, hem çevresel ekosistemlerin hem de insan sağlığının korunması için büyük bir önem

taşımaktadır. Mikro kirleticilerin gideriminde klasik yöntemlerin yetersiz olduğu göz önünde

bulundurulursa daha iyi giderim verimleri için koagülasyon – flokülasyon, aktif karbon adsorpsiyonu

(toz aktif karbon ve granül aktif karbon), ileri oksidasyon prosesleri (İOP), membran prosesleri ve

membran biyoreaktörü içeren diğer alternatif arıtma yöntemleri uygulanabilir.

Bu çalışmada; alternatif arıtma yöntemleri ve her bir arıtma yönteminin farklı mikro kirleticiler

üzerindeki giderim verimleri araştırılarak, bütün alternatif arıtım yöntemleri mikro kirletici giderim

verimleri bakımından birbirleri ile kıyaslanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Atık su
• Atıksu arıtma tesisleri
• Giderim verimi

Kaynakça

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