Araştırma Makalesi
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Remote Sensing-Based Monitoring of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) Pollution in Kocaeli Province Using Sentinel-5P Time Series Data and Google Earth Engine

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 10, 9 - 19, 30.09.2025

Öz

Population growth increases production and consumption demands, thereby accelerating industrial activities and causing adverse effects on the environment. In particular, intensified energy consumption due to industrialization, fossil fuel-based production, and road transportation are key contributors to rising air pollution levels. Given its critical impact on human and ecological health, it is essential to regularly monitor air pollution and implement necessary preventive measures. However, traditional ground-based monitoring methods are often limited by high costs and labor intensity, which restricts large-scale and long-term observation efforts. At this point, remote sensing technologies offer significant advantages by providing cost-effective, periodic, and spatially extensive data. In this study, multi-temporal analyses (2018–2023) of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in Kocaeli Province were conducted using Sentinel-5P satellite data via the Google Earth Engine platform. Additionally, monthly and seasonal analyses for 2023—the year with the highest NO₂ levels—were performed both at the provincial and district scales. Quantitative results showed that the highest average NO₂ concentrations occurred in 2023, while CO levels peaked in 2021. Among the districts, Darıca exhibited the highest levels of both pollutants. The relationship between the obtained data and factors such as population density and proximity to Organized Industrial Zones (OIZs) was evaluated using Pearson correlation analysis. A correlation coefficient of 0.65 was found between population growth and NO₂ levels, and a coefficient above 0.80 was observed between the distance of district centers to OIZs and air pollution levels. These results indicate that air pollution is more intense in areas closer to OIZs and also highlight the effectiveness of remote sensing technologies as a tool for monitoring air pollution.

Kaynakça

  • Bodah, B. W., Neckel, A., Maculan, L. S., Milanes, C. B., Korcelski, C., Ramírez, O., ... & Oliveira, M. L. (2022). Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Satellite Application for NO2 and CO Studies Aiming at Environmental Valuation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 357, 131960.
  • Cohen, J. B., Wang, C., & Prinn, R. G. (2010, December). The Impact of Detailed Urban-Scale Processing on the Aerosol Direct Effect and Its Impacts on the Climate. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (Vol. 2010, pp. B11J-05).
  • Çilek, M. Ü. (2022). Troposferik Nitrojen Dioksitin (NO2) COVID-19 Pandemisinde Mekânsal ve Zamansal Analizi: Adana-Mersin Bölgesi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 27(3), 581-594.
  • Douros, J., Eskes, H., van Geffen, J., Boersma, K. F., Compernolle, S., Pinardi, G., ... & Veefkind, P. (2023). Comparing Sentinel-5P TROPOMI NO 2 Column Observations with the CAMS Regional Air Quality Ensemble. Geoscientific Model Development, 16(2), 509-534.
  • European Environmental Agency. (2018). Air Quality in Europe - 2018 report. EEA Report No 12/2018. ISSN 1977-8449.
  • Faisal, M., & Jaelani, L. M. (2023). Spatio-temporal Analysis of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) from Sentinel-5P Imageries Using Google Earth Engine Changes during the COVID-19 Social Restriction Policy in Jakarta. Natural Hazards Research, 3(2), 344-352.
  • Grzybowski, P. T., Markowicz, K. M., & Musiał, J. P. (2023). Estimations of the Ground-level NO2 Concentrations Based on the Sentinel-5P NO2 Tropospheric Column Number Density Product. Remote Sensing, 15(2), 378.
  • Grzybowski, P. T., Markowicz, K. M., & Musiał, J. P. (2023). Estimations of the Ground-level NO2 Concentrations Based on the Sentinel-5P NO2 Tropospheric Column Number Density Product. Remote Sensing, 15(2), 378.
  • Hettelingh, J. P., Stevens, C. J., Posch, M., Bobbink, R., & Vries, W. D. (2015). Assessing the Impacts of Nitrogen Deposition on Plant Species Richness in Europe. Critical Loads and Dynamic Risk Assessments: Nitrogen, Acidity and Metals in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems, 573-586.
  • Inness, A., Flemming, J., Heue, K. P., Lerot, C., Loyola, D., Ribas, R., ... & Zimmer, W. (2019). Monitoring and Assimilation Tests with TROPOMI Data in the CAMS System: Near-Real-Time Total Column Ozone. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19(6), 3939-3962.
  • İstanbul Ticaret Odası. (2025). Kocaeli İlindeki Organize Sanayi Bölgeleri, 2025. https://www.ito.org.tr/documents/Hizmetler/osb_radar/kocaeli_ilindeki_organize_sanayi_bolgeleri_02_2025.pdf
  • Kaplan, G., & Avdan, Z. Y. (2020). Space-borne Air Pollution Observation from Sentinel-5p Tropomi: Relationship between Pollutants, Geographical and Demographic Data. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 5(3), 130-137.
  • Omokpariola, D. O., Nduka, J. N., & Omokpariola, P. L. (2024). Short-Term Trends of Air Quality and Pollutant Concentrations in Nigeria from 2018–2022 Using Tropospheric Sentinel-5P and 3A/B Satellite Data. Discover Applied Sciences, 6(4), 182.
  • Sharifi, A., & Felegari, S. (2022). Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Pollution Monitoring With Sentinel-5P Satellite Imagery over during the Coronavirus Pandemic (Case Study: Tehran). Remote Sensing Letters, 13(10), 1029-1039.
  • Schneider, P., Hamer, P. D., Kylling, A., Shetty, S., & Stebel, K. (2021). Spatiotemporal Patterns in Data Availability of the Sentinel-5p No2 Product over Urban Areas in Norway. Remote Sensing, 13(11), 2095.
  • Shetty, S., Schneider, P., Stebel, K., Hamer, P. D., Kylling, A., & Berntsen, T. K. (2024). Estimating Surface NO2 Concentrations over Europe Using Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Observations and Machine Learning. Remote Sensing of Environment, 312, 114321.
  • Taheri, S., & Razban, A. (2021). Learning-Based CO2 Concentration Prediction: Application to Indoor Air Quality Control using Demand-Controlled Ventilation. Building and Environment, 205, 108164.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2023). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları, 2023. https://www.tuik.gov.tr Van Geffen, J., Eskes, H., Compernolle, S., Pinardi, G., Verhoelst, T., Lambert, J. C., ... & Veefkind, J. P. (2022).
  • Sentinel-5P TROPOMI NO 2 Retrieval: Impact of Version v2. 2 Improvements and Comparisons with OMI and Ground-Based Data. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 15(7), 2037-2060.
  • Vîrghileanu, M., Săvulescu, I., Mihai, B. A., Nistor, C., & Dobre, R. (2020). Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Pollution Monitoring with Sentinel-5P Satellite Imagery over Europe during the Coronavirus Pandemic Outbreak. Remote Sensing, 12(21), 3575.
  • Weinstock, B., & Niki, H. (1972). Carbon Monoxide Balance in Nature. Science, 176(4032), 290-292. World Health Organization. Air Pollution. Available online: https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1 (accessed on 14 August 2020)
  • Zheng, Z., Yang, Z., Wu, Z., & Marinello, F. (2019). Spatial Variation of NO2 and its Impact Factors in China: An Application of Sentinel-5P Products. Remote Sensing, 11(16), 1939.
  • Zheng, Z., Yang, Z., Wu, Z., & Marinello, F. (2019). Spatial Variation of NO2 and its Impact Factors in China: An Application of Sentinel-5P Products. Remote Sensing, 11(16), 1939.

Sentinel-5P Zaman Serisi Verileri ve Google Earth Engine ile Kocaeli İlinde Azot Dioksit (NO2) ve Karbon Monoksit (CO) Kirliliğinin Uzaktan Algılama Tabanlı İzlenmesi

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 10, 9 - 19, 30.09.2025

Öz

Nüfus artışı, üretim ve tüketim talebini artırmakta; bu durum sanayi faaliyetlerini hızlandırarak çevre üzerinde olumsuz etkiler yaratmaktadır. Özellikle sanayileşmenin ivme kazanmasıyla artan enerji tüketimi, fosil yakıtlara dayalı üretim ve karayolu taşımacılığı gibi faktörler, hava kirliliğinin artmasında önemli rol oynamaktadır. Canlıların sağlığı açısından büyük önem taşıyan hava kirliliğinin kontrol altına alınması ve gerekli tedbirlerin hayata geçirilmesi için bu kirlilik oluşumlarının düzenli olarak izlenmesi kritik öneme sahiptir. Ancak yersel ölçümlere dayalı geleneksel izleme yöntemleri, yüksek maliyet ve yoğun iş gücü gerektirdiğinden, büyük ölçekli ve sürdürülebilir takip çalışmalarını sınırlamaktadır. Bu noktada, uzaktan algılama teknolojileri; daha düşük maliyetle, belirli zaman aralıklarında ve geniş alanlara dair detaylı bilgi sunma avantajı sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Google Earth Engine platformu kullanılarak Sentinel-5P uydu görüntüleri üzerinden Kocaeli iline ait azot dioksit (NO₂) ve karbon monoksit (CO) gazlarına yönelik çok zamanlı (2018–2023) analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, NO₂ seviyelerinin en yüksek olduğu 2023 yılına ilişkin aylık ve mevsimsel analizler hem il genelinde hem de ilçeler özelinde yapılmıştır. Nicel analizler sonucunda, ortalama en yüksek NO₂ değerlerine 2023 yılında, en yüksek CO değerlerine ise 2021 yılında ulaşılmıştır. Diğer taraftan hem NO2 hem de CO gazlarının en yüksek seviyelere ulaştığı ilçe Darıca olarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen verilerin, nüfus yoğunluğu ve organize sanayi bölgeleri (OSB) ile olan ilişkileri Pearson korelasyon analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bu analiz sonucunda, kent genelinde nüfus artışı ile NO₂ seviyesi arasında 0,65; ilçe merkezlerinin OSB’lere uzaklığı ile hava kirliliği arasında ise 0,80'in üzerinde korelasyon olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuçlar, OSB’lere yakın bölgelerde hava kirliliğinin daha yoğun olduğunu ortaya koyarken, uzaktan algılama teknolojilerinin hava kirliliğinin izlenmesinde etkili bir araç olduğunu da göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Bodah, B. W., Neckel, A., Maculan, L. S., Milanes, C. B., Korcelski, C., Ramírez, O., ... & Oliveira, M. L. (2022). Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Satellite Application for NO2 and CO Studies Aiming at Environmental Valuation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 357, 131960.
  • Cohen, J. B., Wang, C., & Prinn, R. G. (2010, December). The Impact of Detailed Urban-Scale Processing on the Aerosol Direct Effect and Its Impacts on the Climate. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (Vol. 2010, pp. B11J-05).
  • Çilek, M. Ü. (2022). Troposferik Nitrojen Dioksitin (NO2) COVID-19 Pandemisinde Mekânsal ve Zamansal Analizi: Adana-Mersin Bölgesi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 27(3), 581-594.
  • Douros, J., Eskes, H., van Geffen, J., Boersma, K. F., Compernolle, S., Pinardi, G., ... & Veefkind, P. (2023). Comparing Sentinel-5P TROPOMI NO 2 Column Observations with the CAMS Regional Air Quality Ensemble. Geoscientific Model Development, 16(2), 509-534.
  • European Environmental Agency. (2018). Air Quality in Europe - 2018 report. EEA Report No 12/2018. ISSN 1977-8449.
  • Faisal, M., & Jaelani, L. M. (2023). Spatio-temporal Analysis of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) from Sentinel-5P Imageries Using Google Earth Engine Changes during the COVID-19 Social Restriction Policy in Jakarta. Natural Hazards Research, 3(2), 344-352.
  • Grzybowski, P. T., Markowicz, K. M., & Musiał, J. P. (2023). Estimations of the Ground-level NO2 Concentrations Based on the Sentinel-5P NO2 Tropospheric Column Number Density Product. Remote Sensing, 15(2), 378.
  • Grzybowski, P. T., Markowicz, K. M., & Musiał, J. P. (2023). Estimations of the Ground-level NO2 Concentrations Based on the Sentinel-5P NO2 Tropospheric Column Number Density Product. Remote Sensing, 15(2), 378.
  • Hettelingh, J. P., Stevens, C. J., Posch, M., Bobbink, R., & Vries, W. D. (2015). Assessing the Impacts of Nitrogen Deposition on Plant Species Richness in Europe. Critical Loads and Dynamic Risk Assessments: Nitrogen, Acidity and Metals in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems, 573-586.
  • Inness, A., Flemming, J., Heue, K. P., Lerot, C., Loyola, D., Ribas, R., ... & Zimmer, W. (2019). Monitoring and Assimilation Tests with TROPOMI Data in the CAMS System: Near-Real-Time Total Column Ozone. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19(6), 3939-3962.
  • İstanbul Ticaret Odası. (2025). Kocaeli İlindeki Organize Sanayi Bölgeleri, 2025. https://www.ito.org.tr/documents/Hizmetler/osb_radar/kocaeli_ilindeki_organize_sanayi_bolgeleri_02_2025.pdf
  • Kaplan, G., & Avdan, Z. Y. (2020). Space-borne Air Pollution Observation from Sentinel-5p Tropomi: Relationship between Pollutants, Geographical and Demographic Data. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 5(3), 130-137.
  • Omokpariola, D. O., Nduka, J. N., & Omokpariola, P. L. (2024). Short-Term Trends of Air Quality and Pollutant Concentrations in Nigeria from 2018–2022 Using Tropospheric Sentinel-5P and 3A/B Satellite Data. Discover Applied Sciences, 6(4), 182.
  • Sharifi, A., & Felegari, S. (2022). Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Pollution Monitoring With Sentinel-5P Satellite Imagery over during the Coronavirus Pandemic (Case Study: Tehran). Remote Sensing Letters, 13(10), 1029-1039.
  • Schneider, P., Hamer, P. D., Kylling, A., Shetty, S., & Stebel, K. (2021). Spatiotemporal Patterns in Data Availability of the Sentinel-5p No2 Product over Urban Areas in Norway. Remote Sensing, 13(11), 2095.
  • Shetty, S., Schneider, P., Stebel, K., Hamer, P. D., Kylling, A., & Berntsen, T. K. (2024). Estimating Surface NO2 Concentrations over Europe Using Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Observations and Machine Learning. Remote Sensing of Environment, 312, 114321.
  • Taheri, S., & Razban, A. (2021). Learning-Based CO2 Concentration Prediction: Application to Indoor Air Quality Control using Demand-Controlled Ventilation. Building and Environment, 205, 108164.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2023). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları, 2023. https://www.tuik.gov.tr Van Geffen, J., Eskes, H., Compernolle, S., Pinardi, G., Verhoelst, T., Lambert, J. C., ... & Veefkind, J. P. (2022).
  • Sentinel-5P TROPOMI NO 2 Retrieval: Impact of Version v2. 2 Improvements and Comparisons with OMI and Ground-Based Data. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 15(7), 2037-2060.
  • Vîrghileanu, M., Săvulescu, I., Mihai, B. A., Nistor, C., & Dobre, R. (2020). Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Pollution Monitoring with Sentinel-5P Satellite Imagery over Europe during the Coronavirus Pandemic Outbreak. Remote Sensing, 12(21), 3575.
  • Weinstock, B., & Niki, H. (1972). Carbon Monoxide Balance in Nature. Science, 176(4032), 290-292. World Health Organization. Air Pollution. Available online: https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1 (accessed on 14 August 2020)
  • Zheng, Z., Yang, Z., Wu, Z., & Marinello, F. (2019). Spatial Variation of NO2 and its Impact Factors in China: An Application of Sentinel-5P Products. Remote Sensing, 11(16), 1939.
  • Zheng, Z., Yang, Z., Wu, Z., & Marinello, F. (2019). Spatial Variation of NO2 and its Impact Factors in China: An Application of Sentinel-5P Products. Remote Sensing, 11(16), 1939.
Toplam 23 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çevre Yönetimi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Meltem Çelen 0000-0001-9487-497X

Aylin Bulut

Mustafacan Saygı 0009-0003-6015-1273

Osman Yavuz Altuntaş

İsmail Çölkesen 0000-0001-9670-3023

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 10

Kaynak Göster

APA Çelen, M., Bulut, A., Saygı, M., … Altuntaş, O. Y. (2025). Sentinel-5P Zaman Serisi Verileri ve Google Earth Engine ile Kocaeli İlinde Azot Dioksit (NO2) ve Karbon Monoksit (CO) Kirliliğinin Uzaktan Algılama Tabanlı İzlenmesi. Şura Akademi(10), 9-19.