Japonya’nın Siber Güvenlik Politikası

Yıl 2023, , 249 - 267, 27.12.2023

Fulya Köksoy

https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1348365

Öz

Sürekli değişim ve dönüşüm geçiren bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri, avantajları yanında içerisinde büyük riskleri barındırarak, güvenlik tehditlerinin yaşanmasına sebebiyet vermektedir. Bu noktada sadece devletlerin değil aynı zamanda kurumların ve bireylerin karşı karşıya kaldığı siber saldırılar, dijital çağın kırılgan yapısına işaret etmekte ve siber güvenlik kavramına alan açmaktadır. Siber güvenlik, özellikle son yıllarda üzerinde çalışılan, politikalar ve/veya stratejiler geliştirilen, sadece teorik düzeyde değil pratik boyutta da ne gibi adımlar atılabileceğinin sorgulandığı ve daha da ileri gidilerek evrensel bir mekanizma oluşturulabilir mi? sorusuna cevap aranan popüler bir konuyu yansıtmaktadır. Siber güvenliğin sağlanması konusunun bu denli önem arz etmesi ekseninde Japonya’da dijital dünya kaynaklı tehditlere yönelik farkındalık taşımakta ve siber güvenliğe ilişkin politikalar geliştirmeye çalışmaktadır. Nitekim Japonya’nın bu alana ilişkin politikalarını geliştirilmesinde genel olarak her yıl milyonlarca siber saldırı yaşaması etkili olurken bu saldırıların özellikle Çin, Kuzey Kore ve Rusya kaynaklı olduğu belirtilmektedir. Bu minvalden hareketle söz konusu çalışmada Japonya’nın siber güvenlik politikaları analiz edilmektedir. Ayrıca, betimsel analiz yöntemiyle oluşturulan ve Japonya’nın siber güvenliğinin sağlanmasına yönelik politikalarını inceleyen bu çalışma, elde edilen çıktılar üzerine tarihsel kurumsalcılık teorisi ve iş birliği modeli ekseninde bir okuma yapmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Siber Güvenlik, Japonya, Tarihsel Kurumsalcılık, İş Birliği Modeli

The Cyber Security Policy of Japan

Öz

Information and communication technologies, which are constantly changing and transforming, besides their advantages, contain great risks and pose security threats. At this point, the cyberattacks that not only states but also institutions and individuals face point to the fragile nature of the digital age and open up space for the concept of cyber security. Cybersecurity, especially in recent years, has become a popular topic on which policies and/or strategies have been developed, questioning what steps can be taken not only at the theoretical level but also at the practical level and seeking an answer to the question “Can a universal mechanism be created?” by going further. In line with the importance of providing cyber security, Japan is aware of the threats originating from the digital world and is trying to develop a policy regarding cyber security. As a matter of fact, the millions of cyberattacks experienced every year are effective in the development of Japan's policies in this field, while it is stated that these attacks especially originate from China, North Korea, and Russia. From this point of view, in this study, Japan's cyber security policies are analyzed. In addition, this study, which was created by descriptive analysis and examines the policies of Japan's cyber security, makes a reading on the outputs in the axis of historical institutionalism theory and cooperation model.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cyber Security, Japan, Historical Insitutionalism, Cooperation Model

Kaynakça

• Austin, G. (2018). International Legal Norms in Cyberspace: Evolution of China’s National Security Motivations. In A. Osula, & H. Roigas (Ed.), International Cyber Norms Legal, Policy & Industry Perspectives, https://ccdcoe.org/uploads/2018/10/InternationalCyberNorms_full_book.pdf.
• Barlett, B. (2019). How Japanese Cyber Security Policy Changes. https://programs.wcfia.harvard.edu/files/us-japan/files/19-01_bartlett.pdf.
• Basic Act on Information and Telecommunications Network Society. (2000). https://japan.kantei.go.jp/it/it_basiclaw/summary.html.
• Collier, R. B., & Collier, D. (1991). Framework: Critical Junctures and Historical Legacies. https://polisci.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/people/u3827/Collier-Collier%20SPA%20Chap%201.pdf.
• Cybersecurity Insiders. (2020). Cyber Attack on Mitsubishi Electric and China Held as a Suspect. https://www.cybersecurity-insiders.com/cyber-attack-on-mitsubishi-electric-and-china-held-as-a-suspect/.
• Cybersecurity Strategic Headquarters. (2017). The Cybersecurity Policy for Critical Infrastructure Protection. http://www.nisc.go.jp/eng/pdf/cs_policy_cip_eng_v4_r1.pdf.
• Cyber Security Strategy. (2015). https://www.nisc.go.jp/eng/pdf/cs-strategy-en.pdf.
• Cyber Security Strategy. (2018). https://www.nisc.go.jp/eng/pdf/cssenryaku2018-en.pdf.
• Cyber Security Strategy. (2021). www.nisc.go.jp/pdf/policy/kihon-s/cs-senryaku2021-en.pdf.
• Defence of Japan. (2023). https://www.mod.go.jp/en/publ/w_paper/wp2023/DOJ2023_Digest_EN.pdf.
• Demir, Y. (2020). Japonya’nın Siber Güvenlik Politikası. İçinde F. Köksoy (Ed.), Yeni Küresel Tehdit Siber Saldırılar (ss. 227-224). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
• Euronews. (2022). Japonya 2023’te Askeri Harcamaları Artırmak İçin Rekor Bütçe Açıkladı. https://tr.euronews.com/2022/12/23/japonya-2023te-askeri-harcamalari-artirmak-icin-rekor-butce-acikladi.
• Gady, F. S. (2017). Japan: The Reluctant Cyberpower. https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/gady_japan_reluctant_cyberpower_2017.pdf.
• Global Edge. (t.y.). Japan: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. https://globaledge.msu.edu/global-resources/resource/10557.
• Global Regulation. (2016). The Basic Act on Cybersecurity. https://www.global-regulation.com/law/japan/3009836/the-basic-act-on-cybersecurity.html.
• Guiora, A. N. (t.y.). Cybersecurity: A Cooperation Model. https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/cybersecurity-a-cooperation-model/.
• Hall, P., & Taylor, C. (1996). Political Science and The Three New Institutionalisms. Political Studies, 44 (2), 936-957.
• Information Security Policy Council. (2006). The First National Strategy on Information Security. https://www.nisc.go.jp/eng/pdf/national_strategy_001_eng.pdf.
• Information Security Policy Council. (2009). The Second National Strategy on Information Security. https://www.nisc.go.jp/eng/pdf/national_strategy_002_eng.pdf.
• Information Security Policy Council. (2013). International Strategy on Cybersecurity Cooperation – J-Initiative for Cybersecurity. http://www.nisc.go.jp/active/kihon/pdf/InternationalStrategyonCybersecurityCooperation_e.pdf.
• International Trade Administration. (2023). Japan Cybersecurity. https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/japan-cybersecurity.
• Iwamoto, A., & Verspieren, Q. (2023). Cybersecurity of Space Infrastructure and Space Sustainability: Japan’s View. https://www.cigionline.org/articles/cybersecurity-of-space-infrastructure-and-space-sustainability-japans-view/.
• Japan Ministry of Defense. (2020). https://www.mod.go.jp/e/publ/w_paper/pdf/2020/DOJ2020_Digest_EN.pdf.
• Japan Times. (2023). Cyberattacks Increasing in Japan Ahead of G7 Summit. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/04/30/national/crime-legal/cyberattacks-japan-g7/.
• JPCERT/CC. (t.y.). Coordination Center for Cyber Incidents Towards a Safer Cyber Space Without Incident. https://www.jpcert.or.jp/english/about/01.html.
• Kallendera, P., & Hughes, C. W. (2017). Japan’s Emerging Trajectory as a Cyber Power: From Securitization to Militarization of Cyberspace. The Journal of Strategic Studies, 40(1), 118-145.
• Kaneko, Y. (2001). Promoting Electronic Government: With a Focus on Statistical Activities. https://www.stat.go.jp/english/info/meetings/iaos/pdf/kaneko.pdf.
• Kingston, J. (2016). Japan’s Cybersecurity Upgrade: Too Little, Too Late?. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/05/21/commentary/japans-cybersecurity-upgrade-little-late/.
• Köksoy, F., & Ceyhan, N. (2023). Japonya’nın Yeni Güvenlik Stratejisi: Geleneksel Güvenlik Yaklaşımına Geri Dönüş Mü?. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(2), 775-785.
• Krasner, D. S. (1984). Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics. Comparative Politics, 16(2), 223–246.
• Lockwood, M. vd. (2016). Historical Institutionalism and the Politics of Sustainable Energy Transitions: A Research Agenda. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43098859.pdf.
• March , J. G., & Olsen, J. P. (1984). The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life. The American Political Science Review, 78(3) 734–749.
• Matsubara, M., & Mochinaga, D. (2021). Japan’s Cyber Security Strategy from the Olmpics to the Indo-Pacific. https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/matsubara_mochinaga_japan_cybersecurity_strategy_2021.pdf.
• Ministry of Defence. (2018). http://www.mod.go.jp/e/publ/w_paper/2018.html.
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (t.y.). National Security Council. https://www.mofa.go.jp/fp/nsp/page1we_000080.html.
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2021). Diplomatic Bluebook 2021. www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2021/pdf/pdfs/4-2.pdf.
• MOFA. (t.y). Japan’s Cyber Diplomacy. https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000412327.pdf.
• National Information Security Policy Council. (t.y.). https://www.nisc.go.jp/eng/index.html.
• Nikkei Asia. (2021). Cyberattacks on Japan Aerospace Industry Exploited Zero-Day Flaw. https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Technology/Cyberattacks-on-Japan-aerospace-industry-exploited-zero-day-flaw.
• Nitta, Y. (t.y.). Japan’s Approach Towards International Strategy on Cyber Security Cooperation. https://cybersummit.info/sites/cybersummit.info/files/Japan_edited%20v2.pdf-FINAL.pdf.
• OECD. (2019). Japan’s Information Security Initiatives. http://www.oecd.org/japan/japansinformationsecurityinitiatives.htm.
• Ogawa, H., & Tsuchiya, M. (2021). Cyber Security Governance in Japan. Internatinal Journal of Cyber Diplomacy, 7-30.
• Osowa, J. (2023). How Japan is Modernizing Its Cybersecurity Policy. https://www.stimson.org/2023/japan-cybersecurity-policy/.
• Pierson, P. (2000). Increasing Returns, Path Dependence and The Study of Politics. American Political Science Association, 94(2), 251-267.
• Pierson, P. (2004). Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis. Princeton University Press.
• Pierson, P., & Skocpol, T. (2002). Historical Institutionalism in Contemporary Political Science. In I. Katznelson, H. Milner, & A. Finifter (Ed.), Political Science: The State of the Discipline (pp. 693-721). NewYork: Norton Press.
• Phys. (2011). New Cyber Attack on Japan Parliament. https://phys.org/news/2011-11-cyber-japan-parliament.html.
• Pollack, M. (1996). The New Institutionalism and EU Governance: The Promise and Limits of Institutionalist Analysis. Governance, 9(4), 429-458.
• Pollack, M. (2009). The New Institutionalism and European Integration. In A. Wiener, & T. Diez (Ed.), European Integration Theory (pp. 125-143). Newyork: Oxford University Press.
• Reuters. (2023). US and Japan Agree to Step up Cyber Security Cooperation. https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-japan-agree-step-up-cybersecurity-cooperation-2023-01-07/.
• Savunma Sanayi. (2021). Japonya’nın Savunma Bütçesi Bir Kez Daha Rekor Kırdı. https://www.savunmasanayist.com/japonyanin-savunma-butcesi-bir-kez-daha-rekor-kirdi/.
• Schuetze, J. (2020). Japan’s Cybersecurity Policy: An Introduction. https://www.stiftung-nv.de/sites/default/files/rif-japan-schuetze-final.pdf.
• Skocpol, T., & Finegold, K. (1982). State Capacity and Economic Intervention in The Early New Deal. Political Science Quarterly , 97(2), 255–278.
• Thelen, K. (1999). Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 2, 369–404.
• Ukhanova, E. (2022). Cybersecurity and Cyber Defence Strategies of Japan. https://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/pdf/2022/04/shsconf_eac-law2021_00159.pdf.
• Vosse, W. M. (2019). Japan’s Cyber Diplomacy. https://eucd.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/eucd/assets/eapFPDHU/vosse_rif_topublish.pdf.
• Wildavsky, A. (1987). Choosing Preferences by Constructing Institutions: A Cultural Theory of Preference Formation. The American Political Science Review, 81(1), 4–21.